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  1. Pricing risk and ambiguity : The effect of perspective taking
  2. Why do preferences for redistribution differ across countries?
    an experimental analysis
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Kiel Institute for the World Economy, [Kiel]

    We test for different theories purporting to explain cross-country differences in income redistribution through standardized experimental choices. US Americans and Italians demand less redistribution than Norwegians and Germans, regardless of whether... mehr

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    We test for different theories purporting to explain cross-country differences in income redistribution through standardized experimental choices. US Americans and Italians demand less redistribution than Norwegians and Germans, regardless of whether self-interest is relevant. Those earning (or expecting to earn) below-median incomes behave as "libertarians" more frequently in the US and Italy than in Germany and Norway. Above-the-median earners behave similarly across countries. Higher overconfidence by US Americans and Italians further reduces their demand for redistribution under uncertainty. The "Prospect of Upward Mobility" hypothesis holds similarly in all countries. US Americans do not reward individual merit more than others.

     

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    hdl: 10419/268038
    Auflage/Ausgabe: This draft: January 2023
    Schriftenreihe: Kiel working paper ; no. 2230 (July 2022)
    Schlagworte: Income Redistribution; Inequality; Experiment; Merit; Overconfidence; Prospects of Upward Mobility; Cross-country research
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 170 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Corruption and cheating
    evidence from rural Thailand

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    German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS), Bibliothek
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    Übergeordneter Titel: Enthalten in: World development; Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier Science, 1973; 145(2021) vom: Sept., Artikel-ID 105526, Seite 1-15; Online-Ressource

    Schlagworte: Korruption; Wahrnehmung; Sozialverhalten; Verhaltensmuster; Motivation; Betrug; Experiment
  4. Why do preferences for redistribution differ across countries?
    an experimental analysis
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Kiel Institute for the World Economy, [Kiel]

    We provide an experimental test of theories to explain differences in redistribution preferences across countries. We involved participants in standardized situations of redistribution in four Western countries, varying the relevance of self-interest... mehr

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    We provide an experimental test of theories to explain differences in redistribution preferences across countries. We involved participants in standardized situations of redistribution in four Western countries, varying the relevance of self-interest and uncertainty over initial earnings. Demand for redistribution is, on average, lower in the US and Italy than in Norway and Germany, regardless of whether self-interest is relevant. When self-interest matters, differences across countries are driven by a larger share of participants who earn (or expect to earn) below-median incomes behaving as "libertarians" - thus letting rich people keep their earnings - in the US and Italy than in Germany and Norway. Those earning (or expecting to earn) above the median behave similarly across countries. This result suggests that international differences in redistribution depend more on how the poor accept the rich’s legitimacy to earn high incomes rather than the rich’s solidarity toward the poor. US Americans and Italians are significantly more overconfident than Norwegians and Germans, thus further reducing their demand for redistribution under uncertainty. We find support for the "Prospect of Upward Mobility" hypothesis in all countries. Contrary to our hypotheses, US Americans do not reward individual merit more than others, particularly when self-interest is at stake. The reason is that luck is considered as important as merit for the rich’s entitlement to high earnings. This result suggests revisiting common narratives on how meritocracy and tolerance of inequality are related.

     

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    hdl: 10419/262731
    Schriftenreihe: Kiel working paper ; no. 2230 (July 2022)
    Schlagworte: Redistribution; Inequality; Experiment; Cross-country research
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 169 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Asymmetrically dominated alternatives and random incentive mechanisms
    Autor*in: Schmidt, Ulrich
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Kiel Inst. for the World Economy, Kiel

    This note presents an experimental study of the random lottery incentive mechanism. In the baseline treatment we observe risk behavior in a given choice problem. We show that by integrating a second, asymmetrically dominated choice problem in a... mehr

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    This note presents an experimental study of the random lottery incentive mechanism. In the baseline treatment we observe risk behavior in a given choice problem. We show that by integrating a second, asymmetrically dominated choice problem in a random incentive mechanism risk behavior can be manipulated systematically. This implies that the isolation hypothesis is violated the random incentive mechanism does not elicit true preferences. -- Random incentive mechanism ; isolation ; asymmetrically dominated alternatives

     

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    hdl: 10419/39654
    Schriftenreihe: Kiel working paper ; 1646
    Schlagworte: Leistungsanreiz; Zufallsvariable; Risikopräferenz; Experiment
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: [6] S.)
  6. Common consequence effects with pricing data
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Kiel Inst. for the World Economy, Kiel

    This paper presents an experimental study analyzing common consequence effects with binary choice, willingness-to-pay (WTP), and willingness-to-accept (WTA). Consistent with previous research we do not find clearcut evidence of fanning out in the... mehr

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    This paper presents an experimental study analyzing common consequence effects with binary choice, willingness-to-pay (WTP), and willingness-to-accept (WTA). Consistent with previous research we do not find clearcut evidence of fanning out in the absence of certainty effects. Violation rates of EU are more pronounced for WTP and WTA than for choice data. Moreover, there is a strong tendency for violations in the direction of fanning out. Our results reinforce the significance of common consequence effects and provide support for the operation of cancellation in prospect theory. -- Common consequence effects ; fanning out ; WTP ; WTA ; cancellation

     

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    hdl: 10419/30248
    Schriftenreihe: Kiel working paper ; 1610
    Schlagworte: Erwartungsnutzen; Präferenztheorie; Zahlungsbereitschaftsanalyse; Experiment
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: [7] S.)
  7. Overconfidence, experience, and professionalism
    an experimental study
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Kiel Inst. for the World Economy, Kiel

    This paper presents an online-experiment on overconfidence in the context of financial markets. Our subject pool consists of institutional investors, investment advisors and individual investors, all of them being registered users of a large online... mehr

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    This paper presents an online-experiment on overconfidence in the context of financial markets. Our subject pool consists of institutional investors, investment advisors and individual investors, all of them being registered users of a large online platform for market sentiment data. Due to their registration, several socioeconomic characteristics of participants can be controlled for in our analysis. It turns out that there are stable differences in overconfidence between the three investor groups. Moreover, investment experience and age have a significant impact on the degree of overconfidence which goes surprisingly in opposite direction. We argue that these results have important implications for studies analyzing the impact of experience on behavior in (financial) markets. -- Market behavior ; overconfidence ; experience ; professionalism

     

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    hdl: 10419/30261
    Schriftenreihe: Kiel working paper ; 1612
    Schlagworte: Finanzanalyse; Anlageverhalten; Persönlichkeitspsychologie; Berufserfahrung; Online-Befragung; Experiment
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 17 S.)
  8. Testing independence conditions in the presence of errors and splitting effects
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Kiel Inst. for the World Economy, Kiel

    This paper presents an experimental test of several independence conditions implied by expected utility and alternative models. We perform a repeated choice experiment and fit an error model that allows us to discriminate between true violations of... mehr

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    This paper presents an experimental test of several independence conditions implied by expected utility and alternative models. We perform a repeated choice experiment and fit an error model that allows us to discriminate between true violations of independence and those that can be attributed to errors. In order to investigate the role of event splitting effects, we present each choice problem not only in coalesced form (as in most previous studies) but also in split form. It turns out previously reported violations of independence and splitting effects remain significant even when controlling for errors. Splitting effects have a substantial influence on the tests of independence conditions. When choices are presented in canonical split form, in which probabilities on corresponding probability-consequence ranked branches are equal, violations of the independence conditions we tested become either reversed, insignificant or unsystematic. -- Independence axiom ; splitting effects ; coalescing ; errors ; experiment

     

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    hdl: 10419/30270
    Schriftenreihe: Kiel working paper ; 1614
    Schlagworte: Erwartungsnutzen; Präferenztheorie; Experiment
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 27 S.)
  9. Paradoxes and mechanisms for choice under risk by James C. Cox, Vjollca Sadiraj, and Ulrich Schmidt
    Erschienen: 2011
    Verlag:  Kiel Inst. for the World Economy, Kiel

    Experiments on choice under risk typically involve multiple decisions by individual subjects. The choice of mechanism for selecting decision(s) for payoff is an essential design feature that is often driven by appeal to the isolation hypothesis or... mehr

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    Experiments on choice under risk typically involve multiple decisions by individual subjects. The choice of mechanism for selecting decision(s) for payoff is an essential design feature that is often driven by appeal to the isolation hypothesis or the independence axiom. We report two experiments with 710 subjects. Experiment 1 provides the first simple test of the isolation hypothesis. Experiment 2 is a crossed design with six payoff mechanisms and five lottery pairs that can elicit four paradoxes for the independence axiom and dual independence axiom. The crossed design discriminates between: (a) behavioral deviations from postulated properties of payoff mechanisms; and (b) behavioral deviations from theoretical implications of alternative decision theories. Experiment 2 provides tests of the isolation hypothesis and four paradoxes. It also provides data for tests for portfolio effect, wealth effect, reduction, adding up, and cross-task contamination. Data from Experiment 2 suggest that a new mechanism introduced herein may be less biased than random selection of one decision for payoff. -- Isolation ; mechanisms ; paradoxes ; independence ; dual independence ; cross-task contamination ; portfolio effect ; wealth effect ; reduction ; adding-up

     

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    hdl: 10419/49389
    Schriftenreihe: Kiel working paper ; 1712
    Schlagworte: Entscheidung unter Risiko; Verhaltensökonomik; Experiment
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 44 S., 982 KB)
  10. Pricing risk and ambiguity
    the effect of perspective taking
    Erschienen: 2011
    Verlag:  Kiel Inst. for the World Economy, Kiel

    There is a large literature showing that willingness-to-accept (WTA) is usually much higher than willingness-to-pay (WTP) in empirical studies although they should be roughly equal according to traditional economic theory. A second stream of... mehr

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    There is a large literature showing that willingness-to-accept (WTA) is usually much higher than willingness-to-pay (WTP) in empirical studies although they should be roughly equal according to traditional economic theory. A second stream of literature shows that people are typically ambiguity averse, i.e. they prefer lotteries with known probabilities over lotteries with unknown ones. Our study combines both streams of literature and analyzes whether there is an interaction between the WTP-WTA disparity and ambiguity aversion. -- WTP-WTA disparity ; ambiguity aversion ; comparative ignorance

     

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    hdl: 10419/49380
    Schriftenreihe: Kiel working paper ; 1727
    Schlagworte: Zahlungsbereitschaftsanalyse; Entscheidung unter Unsicherheit; Risikoaversion; Prospect Theory; Experiment
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 14 S., 827 KB), graph. Darst.
  11. Overconfidence and bubbles in experimental asset markets
    Erschienen: 2011
    Verlag:  Kiel Inst. for the World Economy, Kiel

    This paper investigates the relationship between market overconfidence and occurrence of stock-price bubbles. Sixty participants traded stocks in ten experimental asset markets. Markets were constructed on the basis of subjects’ overconfidence,... mehr

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    This paper investigates the relationship between market overconfidence and occurrence of stock-price bubbles. Sixty participants traded stocks in ten experimental asset markets. Markets were constructed on the basis of subjects’ overconfidence, measured in pre-experimental sessions. The most overconfident subjects form “overconfident markets”, and the least overconfident subjects “rational markets”. Prices in rational markets tend to track the fundamental asset value more accurately than prices in overconfident markets and are significantly lower and less volatile. Additionally we observe significantly higher bubble measures and trading volume on overconfident markets. Altogether, our data provide evidence that overconfidence has strong effects on prices and trading behavior in experimental asset markets. -- Overconfidence ; price bubbles ; experimental asset market

     

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    hdl: 10419/49375
    Schriftenreihe: Kiel working paper ; 1729
    Schlagworte: Börsenkurs; Spekulationsblase; Anlageverhalten; Prognosemarkt; Vertrauen; Experiment
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 35 S., 960 KB)
  12. Explaining the harmonic sequence paradox
    Erschienen: 2011
    Verlag:  Kiel Inst. for the World Economy, Kiel

    According to the harmonic sequence paradox (Blavatskyy 2006), an expected utility decision maker's willingness-to-pay for a gamble whose expected payoffs evolve according to the harmonic series is finite if and only if his marginal utility of... mehr

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    According to the harmonic sequence paradox (Blavatskyy 2006), an expected utility decision maker's willingness-to-pay for a gamble whose expected payoffs evolve according to the harmonic series is finite if and only if his marginal utility of additional income becomes zero for rather low payoff levels. Since the assumption of zero marginal utility is implausible for finite payoffs levels, expected utility theory - as well as its standard generalizations such as cumulative prospect theory - are apparently unable to explain a finite willingness-to-pay. The present paper presents first an experimental study of the harmonic sequence paradox. Additionally, it demonstrates that the theoretical argument of the harmonic sequence paradox only applies to time-patient decision makers whereas the paradox is easily avoided if time-impatience is introduced. -- St. Petersburg Paradox ; Expected Utility ; Time-Preferences

     

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    hdl: 10419/49383
    Schriftenreihe: Kiel working paper ; 1724
    Schlagworte: Zahlungsbereitschaftsanalyse; Erwartungsnutzen; Intertemporale Entscheidung; Experiment
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 18 S., 943 KB), graph. Darst.
  13. The importance of time series extrapolation for macroeconomic expectations
    Erschienen: 2011
    Verlag:  Kiel Inst. for the World Economy, Kiel

    This paper presents a simple experiment on how laypeople form macroeconomic expectations. Subjects have to forecast inflation and GDP growth. By varying the information provided in different treatments, we can assess the importance of historical... mehr

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    This paper presents a simple experiment on how laypeople form macroeconomic expectations. Subjects have to forecast inflation and GDP growth. By varying the information provided in different treatments, we can assess the importance of historical time-series information versus information acquired outside the experimental setting such as knowledge of expert forecasts. It turns out that the availability of historical data has a dominant impact on expectations and wipes out the influence of outside-lab information completely. Consequently, backward-looking behavior can be identified unambiguously as a decisive factor in expectation formation. -- Expectations ; macroeconomic experiment ; use of information ; inflation forecasts

     

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    hdl: 10419/49378
    Schriftenreihe: Kiel working paper ; 1723
    Schlagworte: Erwartungsbildung; Informationsverhalten; Inflationserwartung; Prognose; Experiment
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 25 S., 769 KB), graph. Darst.
  14. Allais paradoxes can be reversed by presenting choices in canonical split form
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Kiel Inst. for the World Economy, Kiel

    This paper tests Birnbaum’s (2004) theory that the constant consequence paradoxes of Allais are due to violations of coalescing, the assumption that when two branches lead to the same consequence, they can be combined by adding their probabilities.... mehr

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    This paper tests Birnbaum’s (2004) theory that the constant consequence paradoxes of Allais are due to violations of coalescing, the assumption that when two branches lead to the same consequence, they can be combined by adding their probabilities. Rank dependent utility and cumulative prospect theory imply that the Allais paradoxes are due to violations of restricted branch independence, a weaker form of Savage’s sure thing axiom. This paper will analyze separately whether erroneous random response variation might be responsible for these two effects. When errors are factored out, violations of restricted branch independence also remain significant and opposite from the direction of Allais paradoxes, suggesting that models such as CPT that attribute Allais paradoxes to violations of restricted branch independence should be rejected. -- Independence axiom ; splitting effects ; coalescing ; errors ; experiment

     

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    hdl: 10419/30254
    Schriftenreihe: Kiel working paper ; 1615
    Schlagworte: Präferenztheorie; Prospect Theory; Experiment
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 28 S.), graph. Darst.