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  1. 45 years of the Regional Gender Agenda
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago

    Forty-five years ago, the first Regional Conference on the Integration of Women into the Economic and Social Development of Latin America was held (Havana, 1977), as an intergovernmental platform for the region following the World Conference of the... mehr

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    Forty-five years ago, the first Regional Conference on the Integration of Women into the Economic and Social Development of Latin America was held (Havana, 1977), as an intergovernmental platform for the region following the World Conference of the International Women’s Year (Mexico City, 1975). This meeting culminated in the adoption by the governments of the region of the Regional Plan of Action for the Integration of Women into Latin American Economic and Social Development, the region’s first road map for active inclusion of women in economic, political, social and cultural life, and increased awareness of the obstacles they faced in improving their circumstances, given multiple inequalities. The governments of the region thus gave the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) a mandate to convene periodically, at intervals of no more than three years, a Regional Conference on Women.This report is a contribution to implementation of the commitments assumed. It compiles the agreements adopted by governments at the sessions of the Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean, and is a tool for consultation, but above all for action and construction of a future based on the collective memory of the women of Latin America and the Caribbean and of the care society; a future of sustainable development with equality and sustainability of life as principles to drive the change of era sought by the region. Foreword .-- Regional Plan of Action La Habana (1977) .-- Regional Programme of Action Mar del Plata (1994) .-- Santiago Consensus (1997) .-- Lima Consensus (2000) .-- Mexico City Consensus (2004) .-- Quito Consensus (2007) .-- Brasilia Consensus (2010) .-- Santo Domingo Consensus (2013) .-- Montevideo Strategy (2016) .-- Santiago Commitment (2020) .-- Reservations and declarations.

     
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  2. Vaccine research and development (R&D) in the Asia-Pacific
    the economics of vaccine R&D and policy recommendations to overcome market failures and promote R&D cooperation
    Autor*in: Postigo, Antonio
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  ARTNeT, United Nations ESCAP, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand

    The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted both the strengths and weaknesses of national, regional, and global vaccine research and development (R&D) systems. Translating public and private R&D efforts into effective vaccines in a timely manner requires... mehr

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    The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted both the strengths and weaknesses of national, regional, and global vaccine research and development (R&D) systems. Translating public and private R&D efforts into effective vaccines in a timely manner requires not only sufficient financial and scientific resources but also a policy-driven R&D ecosystem that fosters innovation, public-private partnerships, and international cooperation. This paper outlines several supply-side and demand-side factors behind vaccine R&D that generate economic disincentives for pharmaceutical firms to invest in vaccine R&D and can lead to a market failure for vaccines targeting diseases in low-income countries. Most developing countries in Asia-Pacific not only lack the financial and technological resources to invest in vaccine R&D, but it is also not sensible to develop and replicate R&D capabilities in each country. Consequently, low-income countries are dependent on vaccines researched, developed, and manufactured by other nations that they must obtain through trade and international cooperation. The Asia-Pacific region accounts for the largest share of global R&D spending and large shares in publications and patents on vaccine R&D. The region is home to dozens of state-owned and private pharmaceutical firms and contract research organizations that conduct vaccine R&D. Global pharmaceutical firms have not only offshored part of their vaccine manufacturing to Asia-Pacific but also transferred some of their R&D activities. Countries in Asia-Pacific have used several supply-side and demand-side approaches to incentivize investments in vaccine R&D. For instance, high-income countries are major contributors to product development partnerships and philanthropic foundations and have launched programs to boost university-industry R&D ties. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many high- and middle-income countries in the region established advanced market commitments for vaccine doses. The COVID-19 pandemic also showed the possibilities and challenges of international cooperation in vaccine R&D. Pharmaceutical firms in some developing countries built their vaccine R&D capabilities through technological transfer from highincome countries. Regional institutions and intergovernmental organizations in AsiaPacific have also helped promote and coordinate regional cooperation in vaccine R&D. This paper proposes policy actions to stimulate investments in vaccine R&D and promote regional cooperation along four dimensions, namely a) on the prioritization of targets in the vaccine R&D pipeline; b) on how to overcome market failures in vaccine R&D; c) on fostering partnerships between relevant stakeholders at the national and regional levels; and d) on increasing the preparedness and response of national and regional vaccine R&D systems.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    hdl: 10419/266153
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade ; no. 216 (2022)
    Special series on trade and health
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; vaccines; medical products; R&D; regional cooperation; Asia-Pacific
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 106 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Regulatory cooperation in vaccines in the Asia-Pacific region
    Autor*in: Lacey, Simon; Mitchell, Andrew D.
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  ARTNeT, United Nations ESCAP, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand

    The global health crisis that came to be known as the COVID-19 pandemic and started to sweep across the world in early 2020 revealed many vulnerabilities in the economic, social, and political fabric underpinning what much of the world had come to... mehr

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    The global health crisis that came to be known as the COVID-19 pandemic and started to sweep across the world in early 2020 revealed many vulnerabilities in the economic, social, and political fabric underpinning what much of the world had come to accept as normal. In ways that we are still grappling to understand, the pandemic and the many disruptions it brought about have ushered in significant changes to the way we work, consume, spend our leisure time, and even our relationships to government. In many ways, the pandemic has wrought a significant realignment between citizens and governments, both in terms of the expectations the former have of the latter and the powers the latter claims and exerts over the former. This paper explores the ways in which medicines (of which vaccines are a subset) are regulated today and what goals governments generally pursue in this policy area. It then turns to an examination of international regulatory cooperation in medicines before examining the unprecedented levels of international cooperation seen in response to the COVID-19 pandemic between not only governments but also the private sector and non-governmental organizations. The paper seeks to elucidate the regulatory cooperation in the area of vaccines that took place during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Asia-Pacific and concludes by discussing the present outlook while also setting out some policy recommendations for governments going forward.

     
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    hdl: 10419/266156
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade ; no. 219 (2022)
    Special series on trade and health
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; vaccines; regulatory cooperation; regional cooperation; AsiaPacific
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 74 Seiten)
  4. Practical means of applying the TRIPS Agreement's flexibilities to spur vaccine production
    Autor*in: Mitchell, Andrew D.; Taubman, Antony
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  ARTNeT, United Nations ESCAP, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand

    Timely and equitable access to vaccines and other health technologies is vital in effectively responding to pandemics and treating other communicable diseases. This paper shows how countries might overcome real or purported intellectual property (IP)... mehr

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    Timely and equitable access to vaccines and other health technologies is vital in effectively responding to pandemics and treating other communicable diseases. This paper shows how countries might overcome real or purported intellectual property (IP) barriers to regional COVID-19 vaccine production. In particular, it examines how countries can utilise IP flexibilities to increase and diversify the manufacture and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines. It provides concrete examples of how these flexibilities are practised in various domestic jurisdictions in Asia and the Pacific and sets out practical recommendations for different policy areas.

     
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    hdl: 10419/268383
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade ; no. 225 (2023)
    Special series on trade and health
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; vaccines; intellectual property rights; regional cooperation; Asia-Pacific
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 127 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Role of regional cooperation and integration in improving energy insecurity in South Asia
    Autor*in: Sarker, Tapan; Hossain, Shanawez; Islam, K. M. Nazmul
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  Asian Development Bank Institute, Tokyo, Japan

    Energy security affects national security as well as the availability, extraction, and utilization of natural resources like water, agriculture land, and mining resources. Therefore, energy security is a nation's ability to meet the energy needs of... mehr

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    Energy security affects national security as well as the availability, extraction, and utilization of natural resources like water, agriculture land, and mining resources. Therefore, energy security is a nation's ability to meet the energy needs of its inhabitants uninterruptedly at an affordable price-both in the short and in the long term. Over the last two decades, the energy security landscape has changed enormously at the global, regional, and local levels. This is particularly true in the context of South Asia, which has experienced rapid economic growth. However, wide disparity exists in terms of its energy security across the regions and between and within countries in Asia. These interrelated aspects, coupled with natural resource and energy constraints, are critical for Asia's long-term growth and development. In particular, people see enhancing energy security through regional cooperation as an important precondition for improving its relationship to regional trade and cooperation. This paper critically examines the literature on energy security in Asia and identifies existing gaps. In particular, the paper provides a growth nexus overview of Asia in the face of a resource-constrained future and discusses key challenges and potentials in enhancing energy security in the region. This paper shows that increasing regional cooperation can help to improve the access to energy among the energy-deficit developing countries in Asia and can benefit the region in terms of the preservation of natural assets, agricultural production, and food security. The paper concludes that enhancing regional cooperation and integration in different layers of resource sharing, production, and trade can bring countries together into an interdependence network to ensure maximum use of renewable and non-renewable energy resources.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/238477
    Schriftenreihe: ADBI working paper series ; no. 1120 (April 2020)
    Schlagworte: energy security; regional cooperation; regional integration; water-energy-growth nexus; South Asia
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Smart specialisation in the Western Balkans
    potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation : smart specialisation in the EU enlargement region
    Autor*in: Matusiak, Monika; Conte, Andrea; Salotti, Simone; Dosso, Mafini; Hollanders, Hugo; Merkelbach, Iris; Tolias, Yannis; Duran, Nicolau; Fuster, Enric; Massucci, Francesco A.; Plazas, Adrià
    Erschienen: 2024
    Verlag:  Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

    All Western Balkan economies launched their first respective Smart Specialisation strategy development processes by 2018, wishing to enhance their innovation policy frameworks with the evidence-based and participatory approach for revealing priority... mehr

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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    All Western Balkan economies launched their first respective Smart Specialisation strategy development processes by 2018, wishing to enhance their innovation policy frameworks with the evidence-based and participatory approach for revealing priority areas for policy intervention. Within these efforts, the economies had a complex task to thoroughly analyse their promising domains through economic, innovation and scientific mapping exercises. This report gives an overview of the regional competitiveness based on providing evidence on specialisation as well as emerging areas, highlighting their potential in detail. Although common patterns of economic specialisation are relatively rare, Western Balkan economies express a certain potential for science & technology collaborations. Smart Specialisation processes can enhance regional collaborations and contribute to bridging gaps between Science and Industry.

     
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    Beteiligt: Radovanovic, Nikola (HerausgeberIn, VerfasserIn); Fabbri, Emanuele (HerausgeberIn, VerfasserIn)
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789268144114
    Weitere Identifier:
    Schriftenreihe: EUR ; 31911
    JRC ; 136606
    JRC technical report
    Schlagworte: smart specialisation; value chain; enlargement of the Union; regional cooperation; innovation; competitiveness; EU regional policy; information technology; economic development; knowledge management; Western Balkans; report
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 164 Seiten)
  7. Turkey's strategic autonomy in the Black Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean
    Autor*in: Isachenko, Daria; Kaymak, Erol
    Erschienen: [September 2024]
    Verlag:  SWP, Berlin

    In the Black Sea, Turkey has been able to engage in resource exploration and joint security arrangements with its neighbours. Ankara's approach to the Black Sea demonstrates that with the right diplomatic efforts and mutual recognition of inter­ests,... mehr

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    In the Black Sea, Turkey has been able to engage in resource exploration and joint security arrangements with its neighbours. Ankara's approach to the Black Sea demonstrates that with the right diplomatic efforts and mutual recognition of inter­ests, regional cooperation is possible even in complex geopolitical environments. The contrast in Ankara's positioning in the Black Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean highlights the potential for Turkey to participate in cooperative frameworks in the latter case, provided its concerns and interests are adequately addressed.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/304322
    Schriftenreihe: SWP comment ; 2024, no. 39 (September 2024)
    Schlagworte: Sicherheitspolitik; Internationale Kooperation; Regionale Kooperation; Politisches Interesse; Meer; Politik; Turkey; foreign policy; Recep Tayyip Erdoğan; North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); Russia; European Union (EU); United States (US); Black Sea; Eastern Mediterranean; regional cooperation; Organization of Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS); Blue Homeland doctrine
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (7 Seiten), 1 Karte
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  8. Cohesion policy in the outermost regions
    study requested by the REGI committee
    Erschienen: January 2024
    Verlag:  European Union, Brussels

    This study focuses on EU Cohesion Policy in the nine outermost regions. It first outlines the geographic, climate, socio-economic, demographic and administrative characteristics of these regions and further analyses the vulnerabilities affecting... mehr

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    This study focuses on EU Cohesion Policy in the nine outermost regions. It first outlines the geographic, climate, socio-economic, demographic and administrative characteristics of these regions and further analyses the vulnerabilities affecting their convergence processes. It pays particular attention to the implementation of EU Cohesion Policy and the use of place-based approaches to foster their economic growth. Finally, it reviews the importance of Article 349 of the TFEU and concludes with recommendations for its wider application.

     
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  9. Regional cooperation and integration
    why? where? and so what?
    Autor*in: De Lombaerde, Philippe
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  UNU CRIS, [Brugge, Belgium]

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / United Nations University, Institute on Comparative Regional Integration Studies ; no. 2023, 04
    Schlagworte: Regional integration; regional cooperation; regionalism; migration; trade; digital governance; finance; security; democracy; rights; taxes; social policy; health; education; culture; science; natural resources
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 17 Seiten)
  10. Regional cooperation and integration in support of a sustainable developmentoriented multilateral trading system
    Autor*in: Lee, Yern Fai; Witada Anukoonwattaka; Taylor-Strauss, Heather; Duval, Yann
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  United Nations, ESCAP, Trade, Investment and Innovation Division, Bangkok

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    Schriftenreihe: Trade, investment and innovation working paper series ; no. 01 (March 2022)
    Schlagworte: regional cooperation; regional integration; trade policy; trade agreements; Asia-Pacific; Foreign Direct Investment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. 45 years of the Regional Gender Agenda
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago

    Forty-five years ago, the first Regional Conference on the Integration of Women into the Economic and Social Development of Latin America was held (Havana, 1977), as an intergovernmental platform for the region following the World Conference of the... mehr

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    Forty-five years ago, the first Regional Conference on the Integration of Women into the Economic and Social Development of Latin America was held (Havana, 1977), as an intergovernmental platform for the region following the World Conference of the International Women’s Year (Mexico City, 1975). This meeting culminated in the adoption by the governments of the region of the Regional Plan of Action for the Integration of Women into Latin American Economic and Social Development, the region’s first road map for active inclusion of women in economic, political, social and cultural life, and increased awareness of the obstacles they faced in improving their circumstances, given multiple inequalities. The governments of the region thus gave the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) a mandate to convene periodically, at intervals of no more than three years, a Regional Conference on Women.This report is a contribution to implementation of the commitments assumed. It compiles the agreements adopted by governments at the sessions of the Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean, and is a tool for consultation, but above all for action and construction of a future based on the collective memory of the women of Latin America and the Caribbean and of the care society; a future of sustainable development with equality and sustainability of life as principles to drive the change of era sought by the region. Foreword .-- Regional Plan of Action La Habana (1977) .-- Regional Programme of Action Mar del Plata (1994) .-- Santiago Consensus (1997) .-- Lima Consensus (2000) .-- Mexico City Consensus (2004) .-- Quito Consensus (2007) .-- Brasilia Consensus (2010) .-- Santo Domingo Consensus (2013) .-- Montevideo Strategy (2016) .-- Santiago Commitment (2020) .-- Reservations and declarations.

     
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  12. Decentralised cross-border interconnection
    Autor*in: Crampes, Claude; Fehr, Nils-Henrik M. von der
    Erschienen: March 2022
    Verlag:  [Toulouse School of Economics], [Toulouse]

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    Schriftenreihe: Working papers / Toulouse School of Economics ; no 1315
    Schlagworte: electrical grid; interconnector; externality; regulation; regional cooperation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten)
  13. Restoring "lost connections" between the EU and the UK as a consequence of Brexit through local and regional authorities
    Autor*in: Bergstra, Machteld; Hagemejer, Jan; Karunska, Kateryna
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  European Committee of the Regions, Bruxelles, Belgique

    The United Kingdom (UK) left the European Union (EU) on 31 January 2020. However, the terms of the UK's departure from the EU were to a large extent unclear until as late as December 2020, which marked the end of the transition period. While Brexit... mehr

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    The United Kingdom (UK) left the European Union (EU) on 31 January 2020. However, the terms of the UK's departure from the EU were to a large extent unclear until as late as December 2020, which marked the end of the transition period. While Brexit itself was negotiated at the highest levels of national governments and EU authorities, it also affects local communities and regions. In recognition of that fact, the European Committee of the Regions (CoR) launched a UK Contact Group intended to maintain lines of communication between local and regional authorities (LRAs) in EU and UK cities, regions, and devolved administrations. This study aims to provide scientific support to the CoR-UK Contact Group in the assessment of the impact of Brexit on the functioning of LRAs, analysing the lost connections between the UK and the EU at the local and regional level as well as exploring possible avenues and methods of future cooperation between EU and UK LRAs following Brexit. The study analyses the main policy areas affected by Brexit (Section 2) and the related impact on LRAs (Section 3). As Brexit is a largely unprecedented event which unfolded alongside the COVID-19 pandemic, we greatly rely on information gathered through stakeholder interviews, who deserve profound acknowledgments. They include representatives of LRAs and LRA associations located in the EU regions with most ties to the UK as well as selected UK regions, coordinators of cross-border projects, and representatives of academia. To assess possibilities for future cooperation, this study discusses the main drivers and challenges to cooperation imposed by Brexit as well as the key factors for maintaining or restoring further cooperation between EU and UK LRAs. It also presents relevant examples of functioning cooperation frameworks and successful bottom-up initiatives that can be used by LRAs to leverage future cooperation opportunities. The last section of the study provides brief conclusions and recommendations.

     
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  14. Scaling up private investment in low-carbon energy systems through regional cooperation
    market-based trade policy measures
    Autor*in: Kalirajan, Kaliappa; Thi Thu Tran Huong; Liu, Yochang
    Erschienen: January 2020
    Verlag:  Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, [Jakarta]

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    Schriftenreihe: ERIA discussion paper series ; ERIA-DP-2019-24 = no. 310
    Schlagworte: Low-carbon energy systems; renewable energy; market-based trade policies; regional cooperation; East, South and Southeast Asia
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Unlocking the potentials of private financing for low-carbon energy transition
    ideas and solutions from ASEAN markets
    Autor*in: Anbumozhi, Venkatachalam; Locastro, Matthew; David, Dharish; Lutfiana, Dian; Rakhmah, Tsani Fauziah
    Erschienen: January 2020
    Verlag:  Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, [Jakarta]

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    Schriftenreihe: ERIA discussion paper series ; ERIA-DP-2019-27 = no. 313
    Schlagworte: Paris Agreement; low-carbon energy transition; private sector; regional cooperation; innovative financing
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Regional cooperation for improving agriculture production efficiency
    a strategic tool for emission reduction
    Autor*in: Zaman, Kazi Arif Uz
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Asian Development Bank Institute, Tokyo, Japan

    The growing population and climatic uncertainties have compelled producers to undertake faster exploitation of the resources in agricultural production to meet global food security, which, in turn, leads towards unsustainable and input-led... mehr

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    The growing population and climatic uncertainties have compelled producers to undertake faster exploitation of the resources in agricultural production to meet global food security, which, in turn, leads towards unsustainable and input-led inefficient production growth. The problem is further exacerbated by the increasing emission of GHGs from this production process. This paper suggests a solution to this by advocating the role of regional cooperation to increase the technical efficiency level in the agricultural production of countries through technology transfer, knowledge sharing, capacity building, and adequate investment under the regional cooperation framework. Concurrently, this study links this improvement of production efficiency with the reduction of emissions both theoretically and empirically for all Asian subregions. This paper first adopts the stochastic frontier model-a widely used statistical technique that frames the production functions while estimating the inefficiencies of economic units. Using 2010-2016 panel data on agriculture production and five inputs-land, labor, capital, fertilizer, and energy-this paper estimates the agriculture production efficiencies of the countries under five Asian subregions. Estimations reveal that West Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, East Asia, and Central Asia have agriculture production efficiencies of 70%, 85%, 66%, 92%, and 76%, respectively. Following the estimations and other calculations, this study reveals that with concerted efforts towards optimizing production efficiencies under (sub)regional cooperation frameworks, an annual emission of 384.5 megatons of CO2eq GHG could have been reduced in Asia while keeping the production at the current level. The potential reduction of emissions equals 16.8% of Asia's total emissions originating from agricultural activities and 7.1% of that of global emissions.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/264161
    Schriftenreihe: ADBI working paper series ; no. 1301 (January 2022)
    Schlagworte: agriculture production efficiency; regional cooperation; stochastic frontier model; emission reduction; Asian subregions
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Turkey's strategic autonomy in the Black Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean
    Autor*in: Isachenko, Daria; Kaymak, Erol
    Erschienen: [September 2024]
    Verlag:  SWP, Berlin

    Zusammenfassung: In the Black Sea, Turkey has been able to engage in resource exploration and joint security arrangements with its neighbours. Ankara's approach to the Black Sea demonstrates that with the right diplomatic efforts and mutual... mehr

     

    Zusammenfassung: In the Black Sea, Turkey has been able to engage in resource exploration and joint security arrangements with its neighbours. Ankara's approach to the Black Sea demonstrates that with the right diplomatic efforts and mutual recognition of inter­ests, regional cooperation is possible even in complex geopolitical environments. The contrast in Ankara's positioning in the Black Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean highlights the potential for Turkey to participate in cooperative frameworks in the latter case, provided its concerns and interests are adequately addressed.tion policy is important both for understanding the actions of the invader and for developing action plans for the Ukrainian authorities after the end of the war and the liberation of these territories

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    Schriftenreihe: SWP comment ; 2024, no. 39 (September 2024)
    SWP comment ; 2024, no. 39 (September 2024)
    Weitere Schlagworte: Turkey; foreign policy; Recep Tayyip Erdoğan; North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); Russia; European Union (EU); United States (US); Black Sea; Eastern Mediterranean; regional cooperation; Organization of Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS); Blue Homeland doctrine; Graue Literatur
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (7 Seiten), 1 Karte
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  18. New cross-border electricity balancing arrangements in Europe
    Autor*in: Lorenz, Casimir; Gerbaulet, Clemens
    Erschienen: 2014
    Verlag:  DIW, Berlin

    The European electricity system is undergoing significant changes, not only with respect to developments in generation and networks but also the arrangements for the operation of the system. These are specified in the Network Codes endorsed by... mehr

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    The European electricity system is undergoing significant changes, not only with respect to developments in generation and networks but also the arrangements for the operation of the system. These are specified in the Network Codes endorsed by regulators, network operators and the European Commission with the objective to create an \Internal Energy Market". In 2013, European network operators formulated the Network Code on Electricity Balancing (NC EB) which foresees arrangements to foster cross-border exchange of balancing services with the objective to lower overall costs and to increase social welfare. Assuming that Switzerland adopts the \Electricity Agreement" which would make EU Electricity rulings binding also in Switzerland, we perform an quantitative analysis of the region consisting of Switzerland, Austria, and Germany. To conduct our analysis, we use an electricity market model with a detailed representation of power plants, scheduled power withdrawals and localized imbalances leading to the need to reserve balancing capacity and activate balancing energy. We consider different levels of integration, as outlined in the NC EB. Our results show that coordinated procurement and activation of balancing services lead to cost decreases, but at the same time distributional effects, which might need to be compensated are incurred.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/103359
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion papers / Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung ; 1400
    Schlagworte: balancing energy markets; regional cooperation; network code electricity balancing
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (25 S.), graph. Darst., Kt.
  19. Energy security in Asia
    prospects for regional cooperation
    Autor*in: Lucas, Nigel J.
    Erschienen: 2014
    Verlag:  Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines

    Three case studies illustrate some of the secondary consequences of the search for energy security and its relationship to regional trade and cooperation: the role of the People's Republic of China, the emerging market in biofuels in Southeast Asia,... mehr

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    Three case studies illustrate some of the secondary consequences of the search for energy security and its relationship to regional trade and cooperation: the role of the People's Republic of China, the emerging market in biofuels in Southeast Asia, and diverse feed-in tariffs for renewable energy. The three main ways regional cooperation can strengthen national policies on energy security are (i) sharing information and knowledge to create a sound evidence base for policies, (ii) agreeing on common policies, and (iii) developing subregional markets in electricity and gas. The priorities of the knowledge base should be energy efficiency and renewable energy; in many cases it will be advantageous to work further toward harmonized policies. In the long term, the biggest impact of regional cooperation on national energy security will be creating regional networks; developing subregional markets will likely be the most effective approach. An Asian infrastructure cell at the Asian Development Bank could identify technically feasible projects of Asian interest and determine country support; serve as the secretariat for an Asian infrastructure fund; further monitor the development of subregional markets in electricity and gas; and encourage a harmonized approach through facilitating information exchanges, dialogues, and regional agreements.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 11540/1617
    Schriftenreihe: ADB economics working paper series ; 407
    Schlagworte: Nachhaltige Energieversorgung; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien; Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration; Asiatisch-pazifischer Raum; energy security; regional cooperation; energy sustainability; renewable energy; Asia and the Pacific
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (38 S.)
  20. Scrutinizing urbanization challenges in the Philippines through the infrastructure lens
    Autor*in: Navarro, Adoracion M.
    Erschienen: 2014
    Verlag:  PIDS, Manila

    Managing urban growth in countries requires that leaders plan ahead using national physical plans that, among others, safeguard land for utilities and physical infrastructure decades ahead, deliberately configures transport networks (including... mehr

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    Managing urban growth in countries requires that leaders plan ahead using national physical plans that, among others, safeguard land for utilities and physical infrastructure decades ahead, deliberately configures transport networks (including strategic seaports, controlled expressways and, if necessary, railway extension to suburbs) in order to induce factor mobility, and actively targets the removal of slums and urban renewal. Given this, it appears that Philippine urban development planning and implementation have overly focused on housing and neglected other types of physical infrastructure. Moreover, the urban development plans of local government units are fragmented and lack complementarity. This paper traces the roots of this state of affairs, proposes alternative ways of responding to the urbanization challenges in the Philippines, and discusses how regional cooperation among ASEAN Plus Three countries can help countries like the Philippines respond to urbanization challenges.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/126993
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Philippine Institute for Development Studies ; 2014-37
    Schlagworte: urbanization; infrastructure; urban development; regional cooperation; Philippines; ASEAN Plus Three
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (1, 22 S.), graph. Darst., Kt.
  21. The People's Republic of China's financial policy and regional cooperation in the midst of global headwinds
    Autor*in: Azis, Iwan J.
    Erschienen: 2013
    Verlag:  Asian Development Bank, Mandaluyong City

    Although growth deceleration in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is inevitable, if the country's new direction of financial policy (on exchange rate, capital flows, banking, capital market) can be achieved, it will be good not only for the... mehr

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    Although growth deceleration in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is inevitable, if the country's new direction of financial policy (on exchange rate, capital flows, banking, capital market) can be achieved, it will be good not only for the country but also for the rest of Asia. This is consistent with the increased degree of Asia's integration and interdependence. But given the nature of financial contagion and spillovers across countries and asset classes, the financial headwinds from global crisis may require regional cooperation in safety nets provision, as the domestic policy in the PRC and other Asian countries is likely insufficient. Equally essential is the cooperation among Asian regulators to secure financial stability and enhance market liquidity. If coordinated well, such cooperation can also strengthen Asia's collective voice to ensure that harmonization of international rules does not mean applying the same laws in all jurisdictions, and that the global debates on bank-centric regulations do not have adverse consequences on Asian capital markets.

     
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    hdl: 10419/109612
    hdl: 11540/2316
    Schriftenreihe: ADB working paper series on regional economic integration ; 114
    Schlagworte: PRC financial policy; global headwind; Asia interdependence; regional cooperation; financial regulation
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (44 S.)
  22. South-South economic linkages
    an overview
    Autor*in: Jha, Shikha; McCawley, Peter
    Erschienen: 2011
    Verlag:  Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines

    The nature of South-South international economic relations has changed significantly in recent decades, especially since the early 1990s. In areas such as trade, investment, labor markets, technology, and policy coordination, regional cooperation... mehr

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    The nature of South-South international economic relations has changed significantly in recent decades, especially since the early 1990s. In areas such as trade, investment, labor markets, technology, and policy coordination, regional cooperation between countries of the South and pro-market policies have supported a rapid growth in South-South linkages. Looking ahead, the prospects are that the changing architecture of international economic relations that SouthSouth cooperation has underpinned will contribute to growth across the developing world. Governments in developing countries of the Asia and Pacific region can foster expanded SouthSouth cooperation by strengthening the capacity of governments to support pro-market policies. Potential gains for the region include expanded opportunities to promote growth and productivity, openings to expand connectivity between and within countries, a stronger collective voice in global decision making, more effective regional institutions, and improved economic security and stability.

     
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    hdl: 11540/2016
    hdl: 10419/109414
    Schriftenreihe: ADB economics working paper series ; 270
    Schlagworte: Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen; Handelsliberalisierung; Finanzmarktregulierung; Süd-Süd-Beziehungen; Weltwirtschaftsordnung; Asiatisch-pazifischer Raum; Welt; South-South economic linkages; trade; investment; labor markets; policy coordination; regional cooperation
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (51 S.)
  23. Philippine priorities in expanding APEC-wide connectivity through infrastructure development
    Autor*in: Navarro, Adoracion M.
    Erschienen: 2015
    Verlag:  PIDS, Manila

    Well-developed infrastructure systems and services are vital means of enhancing the connectivity of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) member economies. In essence, efforts by APEC to enhance connectivity through infrastructure should be... mehr

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    Well-developed infrastructure systems and services are vital means of enhancing the connectivity of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) member economies. In essence, efforts by APEC to enhance connectivity through infrastructure should be considered regional public goods since these create positive spill-over effects for each member of the region, or net benefits for a member which are greater than what it could achieve if it were to produce the by-products of regional cooperation on its own. To contribute to APEC efforts and at the same time help meet the infrastructure development needs of the Philippines, this study recommends that the Philippine government elevate cross-cutting topics and sector-specific concerns as priorities for discussion during its hosting of APEC 2015. The Philippines can propose regional cooperation on investing and building disaster-resilient infrastructure, as well as sharing of best practices and lessons learned in complying with infrastructure resilience requirements (e.g., plans, technologies, and logistics for humanitarian activities). The Philippines can also drive discussions related to publicprivate partnerships (PPPs) by expressing the need for truly dynamic capacity building and sharing of best practices on viability studies, risk sharing, and contracting (from design to management and monitoring) - which are crucial factors in ensuring that PPP projects are bankable. The Philippines can also recommend knowledge sharing and actual investments toward infrastructure quality upgrading in the transport, energy, telecommunications and information sectors.

     
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    hdl: 10419/127022
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Philippine Institute for Development Studies ; 2015-15
    Schlagworte: APEC; connectivity; energy; infrastructure; public-private partnerships; regional cooperation; telecommunications and information; transportation
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (VII, 43 S.), graph. Darst., Kt.
  24. Paperless trade in regional trade agreements
    Autor*in: Duval, Yann; Mengjing, Kong
    Erschienen: 2016
    Verlag:  United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Trade, Investment and Innovation Division, Bangkok

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    Schriftenreihe: Trade, investment and innovation working paper series ; no. 02 (Nov 16)
    Schlagworte: regional trade agreements; paperless trade; trade facilitation; digital trade; electronic certificates; trade integration; regional cooperation; free trade agreements; cross-border paperless trade; e-commerce; treaty; RTAs; WTO; ESCAP; Asia; Pacific
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen