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  1. Transition finance country study Lebanon
    global public goods and the response to adverse shocks
    Autor*in: Chiofalo, Emilio; Poensgen, Konstantin; Rockenfeller, Yasmine
    Erschienen: May 2019
    Verlag:  OECD, Paris, France

    This study investigates transition finance in Lebanon, an upper middle-income country in the MENA region transitioning from a significant adverse shock. Lebanon’s development path has been historically non-linear and, most recently, the Syrian... mehr

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    This study investigates transition finance in Lebanon, an upper middle-income country in the MENA region transitioning from a significant adverse shock. Lebanon’s development path has been historically non-linear and, most recently, the Syrian conflict adversely affected the country’s development path. The Syrian conflict compounded pre-existing deficits and challenges in Lebanon, calling for increased international assistance. DAC donors increased official development assistance (ODA) to Lebanon to preserve stability and promote refugee protection. Donors also created special financing instruments such as the Global Concessional Financing Facility (GCFF) to foster the provision of multilateral concessional financing to Lebanon. Official development finance in Lebanon is high in comparison to its peers, particularly on a per capita basis and for humanitarian assistance. The country also attracts high amounts of FDI and remittances. Overall, domestic credit dominates the financing landscape and public debt is high. DAC members and other donors can strengthen the humanitarian-development-peace nexus, address long-standing country needs to promote self-sufficiency, and re-design partnerships driven by mutual accountability and appropriate incentive structures.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD development co-operation working paper ; 61
    OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers ; no.61
    Schlagworte: Development; Lebanon; humanitarian assistance; UMICs; SDGs; Addis Ababa Action Agenda; debt sustainability; Lebanon; humanitarian development peace nexus; Syrian conflict; global pubic goods; financing for sustainable development; refugees; transition finance
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 80 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Blended finance in fragile contexts
    opportunities and risks
    Autor*in: Basile, Irene; Neunuebel, Carolyn
    Erschienen: November 2019
    Verlag:  OECD, Paris, France

    The development community agrees on the need to address conflict and fragility for global security and sustainable development. In such complex situations, programming should strive to include multiple actors at various levels of society. Although... mehr

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    The development community agrees on the need to address conflict and fragility for global security and sustainable development. In such complex situations, programming should strive to include multiple actors at various levels of society. Although the use of private investment in fragile contexts has so far been low, the need to address the SDG funding gap makes innovative and more flexible financing methods worth considering. Official Development Aid remains critical, but blended finance can help enlarge the total resources available for development. This paper analyses the OECD-DAC statistics on amounts mobilised from the private sector by official development finance interventions, from 2012 to 2017, against the multidimensional lens presented in the OECD 2018 States of Fragility Framework. The data shows a positive relationship between blending opportunities and economic, political and environmental security. The amounts of private finance mobilised increase, as a country’s economic, political and environmental fragility decreases. The way blended finance interplays with societal fragility and security remains unclear, as these two dimensions exert more complex influence on the trade-off between perceived risks and anticipated returns, which typically guides private investors.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD development co-operation working paper ; 62
    OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers ; no.62
    Schlagworte: Development; stability; fragile contexts; development co-operation; fragility; development; blended finance; development finance
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Illicit financial flows
    the role of Al Qaeda and its affiliates in the Islamic Maghreb
    Autor*in: Kouts, Theodore
    Erschienen: December 2019
    Verlag:  OECD, Paris, France

    Illicit financial flows (IFFs) in West Africa have long contributed to the region’s instability, partly due to their links to regional terrorist organisations such as Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). AQIM has directly and indirectly... mehr

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    Illicit financial flows (IFFs) in West Africa have long contributed to the region’s instability, partly due to their links to regional terrorist organisations such as Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). AQIM has directly and indirectly participated in and perpetuated illicit financial flows in the region not only through violent means but also through diverse links with the local economy and society. AQIM and its regional affiliates have a profound influence on the political economy of the Sahel and the Maghreb, as well as greater West Africa, and it is important to understand the role played by AQIM in IFFs and the means by which this drives regional instability. This case study examines the political-economic context and the nature and scope of the mechanisms through which AQIM (and its affiliates) operate, with particular emphasis given to their interaction with the local economy and any resulting IFFs.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD development co-operation working paper ; 63
    OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers ; no.63
    Schlagworte: Development; Mali; illicit financial flows (IFFs); West Africa; smuggling; financial exclusion; illicit trade; trafficking; development; kidnap for ransom; AQIM; terrorist financing; poverty; Mali
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Illicit financial flows
    illicit narcotics transiting West Africa
    Autor*in: Shaw, Mark
    Erschienen: December 2019
    Verlag:  OECD, Paris, France

    This paper explores the flow of illicit narcotics transiting West Africa. It is divided into four sections, providing an overview of the nature and scope of the illicit narcotic economy, the networks and actors involved and its development impacts,... mehr

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    This paper explores the flow of illicit narcotics transiting West Africa. It is divided into four sections, providing an overview of the nature and scope of the illicit narcotic economy, the networks and actors involved and its development impacts, including its resulting illicit financial flows, the movement and impact of those financial flows, both to buy protection and to invest drug profits from West Africa, and finally, it provides concluding remarks that could inform future policy action. The paper is based on a review of the available secondary literature and interviews, and focuses on the cocaine trade due to the preponderance of available information and data compared to other types of drug trafficking. Comparisons or distinctions are also drawn between other illicit narcotics and emerging trends are highlighted where credible evidence is available.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD development co-operation working paper ; 64
    OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers ; no.64
    Schlagworte: Development; illicit financial flows (IFFs); informal economy; West Africa; development; political instability; illicit narcotics; corruption; illicit trade; cocaine trafficking; criminal markets; protection payments
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Illicit financial flows
    illicit trade in counterfeit, pirated and substandard goods in Ghana
    Autor*in: Lallerstedt, Karl
    Erschienen: December 2019
    Verlag:  OECD, Paris, France

    Illicit trade in goods that displace normally legal goods is an extensive global problem, which carries considerable development risks and losses for developing countries. Focusing on pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and consumer goods (which in itself... mehr

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    Universität Potsdam, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Illicit trade in goods that displace normally legal goods is an extensive global problem, which carries considerable development risks and losses for developing countries. Focusing on pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and consumer goods (which in itself consists of a broad range of goods), this case study reviews the example of Ghana to illustrate this problem, although it is a challenge afflicting all West African countries. This paper highlights the magnitude and significance of the problem. It also reveals the actors involved, with a view to identify the drivers and interests behind the trade, and their developmental impacts. Although the case study focuses primarily on three kinds of goods in a single country, the analysis further aims to identify common causal factors that can be extrapolated across the counterfeit, pirated and substandard trade in the wider region with a view to inform the development of prospective policy recommendations.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD development co-operation working paper ; 65
    OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers ; no.65
    Schlagworte: Development; Ghana; development; corruption; pirated goods; medicines; West Africa; consumer goods; illicit trade; trade routes; agrochemicals; illicit financial flows (IFFs); counterfeits; substandard goods; Ghana
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. TOSSD
    tracking peace and security expenditures in support of the SDGs
    Autor*in: Bejraoui, Aussama; Gaveau, Valérie; Benn, Julia
    Erschienen: December 2019
    Verlag:  OECD, Paris, France

    This Working Paper presents the main findings and recommendations of the pilot study carried out on the treatment of peace and security expenditures in the statistical measure of total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD). The pilot... mehr

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    This Working Paper presents the main findings and recommendations of the pilot study carried out on the treatment of peace and security expenditures in the statistical measure of total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD). The pilot study explored the relevance of including various peace and security expenditures in the TOSSD framework, and formulated recommendations to the International TOSSD Task Force on the eligibility criteria, the potential safeguards and the delineation between TOSSD pillar I and II for peace and security expenditures. On this basis, the Task Force adopted in June 2019 specific text on the treatment of peace and security in the TOSSD Reporting Instructions. The pilot study also allowed to derive first estimates of TOSSD flows for peace and security and a light assessment was carried out of the capacity of the organisations / countries met during the pilot to provide TOSSD data on peace and security.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD development co-operation working paper ; 66
    OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers ; no.66
    Schlagworte: Development; peace and security; development finance; TOSSD; SDG 16; SDG financing
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 96 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and GDP
    what national accounts bring to the table
    Autor*in: Alexander, Thomas; Dziobek, Claudia; Galeza, Tadeusz
    Erschienen: March 2018
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2015 represent a new global consensus to end poverty, promote prosperity, and protect the environment. Goal 8 seeks to improve global resource efficiency in consumption... mehr

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    The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2015 represent a new global consensus to end poverty, promote prosperity, and protect the environment. Goal 8 seeks to improve global resource efficiency in consumption and production and to decouple economic growth (GDP) from environmental degradation while Goal 12 focuses on sustainable consumption and production. While GDP does not capture these broader goals, we suggest that the System of National Accounts which incorporates but goes well beyond GDP, can be used for the measurement of these SDGs and to support policy. We construct a conceptual 'super balance sheet' with an expanded asset boundary to include durable consumer goods used to produce services, human capital, and access to resources such as clean water and air, education, health, and infrastructure, to produce an expanded household net worth

     
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  8. Mainstreaming biodiversity and development in Peru
    insights and lessons learned
    Autor*in: Alova, Galina; Orihuela, José Carlos; Karousakis, Katia
    Erschienen: July 2018
    Verlag:  OECD, Paris, France

    Peru relies significantly on its abundant natural capital for economic growth, development and human well-being. At the same time, the country’s rich terrestrial and marine biodiversity is subject to high pressure as a result of land-use change,... mehr

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    Peru relies significantly on its abundant natural capital for economic growth, development and human well-being. At the same time, the country’s rich terrestrial and marine biodiversity is subject to high pressure as a result of land-use change, overexploitation, industrial development and illegal mining and logging activities. This paper examines Peru’s efforts to integrate biodiversity into decision-making at different levels of the government and in various sectors of the economy. The analysis finds that the Peruvian government recognises the risk that depletion of the country’s natural capital may substantially undermine the long-term sustainability of the economy. Significant progress has been made to mainstream biodiversity, for example, through the creation of an enabling institutional and legal framework. However, a number of challenges remain, requiring targeted effective solutions, such as strengthening capacity of the public sector with a focus on the sub-national level, improving the quality and coverage of data to inform biodiversity mainstreaming, and scaling up biodiversity finance including through the use of economic instruments.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD development co-operation working paper ; 45
    OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers ; no.45
    Schlagworte: Entwicklungspolitik; Artenvielfalt; Peru; Development; Peru
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 71 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Indicators for resilient cities
    Autor*in: Figueiredo, Lorena; Honiden, Taku; Schumann, Abel
    Erschienen: 2018
    Verlag:  OECD Publishing, Paris

    This paper discusses approaches to strengthen and monitor urban resilience through the use of indicators. Resilience is the capacity of a city or community to prepare for, respond to and adapt from dangerous and disruptive events, such as natural... mehr

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    This paper discusses approaches to strengthen and monitor urban resilience through the use of indicators. Resilience is the capacity of a city or community to prepare for, respond to and adapt from dangerous and disruptive events, such as natural disasters, economic crises, demographic changes, health epidemics and others. Given that resilience is a multi-dimensional phenomenon, local authorities should design and implement strategies for urban resilience that integrate economic, social, environmental and institutional aspects. In order to monitor progress in becoming more resilient, local authorities should use indicators that measure resilience along these dimensions. The paper analyses different types of indicators and discusses the contexts in which they should be used. It provides recommendations on how local authorities can choose indicators tailored to their policy priorities and develops guidelines for the effective use of indicators in a broader governance framework.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD regional development working papers ; 2018, 02
    Schlagworte: Stadt; Kommunalpolitik; Krisenmanagement; Coping-Strategie; OECD-Staaten; Development
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 67 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Demystifying compact urban growth
    evidence from 300 studies from across the world
    Autor*in: Ahlfeldt, Gabriel M.; Pietrostefani, Elisabetta; Schumann, Abel; Matsumoto, Tadashi
    Erschienen: 2018
    Verlag:  OECD Publishing, Paris

    Most developed countries now pursue policies that implicitly or explicitly aim at promoting compact urban form. This report analyses more than 300 academic papers that study the effects of compact urban form, and finds that 69% of the papers reviewed... mehr

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    Most developed countries now pursue policies that implicitly or explicitly aim at promoting compact urban form. This report analyses more than 300 academic papers that study the effects of compact urban form, and finds that 69% of the papers reviewed find positive effects associated with compact urban form. Over 70% of studies find positive effects of economic density (the number of people living or working in an area). A smaller majority of studies attribute positive effects to mixed land use (58%) and the density of the built environment (56%). These averages hide significant variation across specific dimensions of urban development. In order to understand the effects of compact urban form, the report estimates the monetary per capita value of the change in 15 outcomes in response to a 10% change in economic density. The major benefits of economic density arise from improved productivity and better access to jobs and services. Further benefits are generated through the preservation of urban green space, greater energy efficiency, pollution reduction and safer urban environments. The major costs of higher economic density are related to congestion, health and well-being. Increasing compactness can also contribute to higher land values and housing costs, which are borne disproportionately by renters and first-time buyers. Increasing economic density therefore requires accompanying policy interventions to maximise the benefits and minimise the costs associated with compactness. In particular, policymakers need to facilitate large-scale investment in housing supply and public transport networks to ensure efficient and equitable access to housing, services and jobs in compact cities.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD regional development working papers ; 2018, 03
    Schlagworte: Stadtwachstum; Stadtentwicklung; Urbanistik; Bibliometrie; Welt; Development
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 96 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Economic globalisation, inequality and the role of social protection
    Autor*in: Bergh, Andreas; Kolev, Alexandre; Tassot, Caroline
    Erschienen: November 2017
    Verlag:  OECD Development Centre, Paris, France

    This paper examines the link between economic globalisation, social protection expenditure, and within-country income inequality. We examine the relationship using income inequality data from both the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) and the... mehr

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    This paper examines the link between economic globalisation, social protection expenditure, and within-country income inequality. We examine the relationship using income inequality data from both the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) and the Standardized World Income Inequality Database (SWIID). The results based on the LIS data confirm previous findings that economic globalisation, especially economic flows, associates with higher income inequality, and that social protection expenditure are negatively associated with inequality.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD Development Centre working paper ; no. 341
    OECD Development Centre Working Papers ; no.341
    Schlagworte: Development
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Breaking down the myths of triangular co-operation in Middle East and North Africa
    Autor*in: Casado-Asensio, Juan; Piefer, Nadine
    Erschienen: February 2018
    Verlag:  OECD, Paris, France

    The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development identifies triangular co-operation as a promising modality to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Triangular co-operation is thought mainly to happen in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). This... mehr

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    The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development identifies triangular co-operation as a promising modality to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Triangular co-operation is thought mainly to happen in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). This working paper shows that triangular co-operation is a modality that is also used in other regions and therefore dispels the myth that there is little triangular co-operation in the Middle East and North Africa. Arab countries and institutions engage in triangular co-operation, be it as pivotal, facilitating or beneficiary partner. Yet, their activities, approaches and solutions to tackle development challenges have not been sufficiently captured in research on the topic. Arab triangular co-operation activities are of relatively longer duration and have bigger budgets than general triangular co-operation trends; activities often follow clear guidelines and are integrated into broader development co-operation strategies – even if Arab providers do not always characterise their activities as ‘triangular’. To conclude, this working paper identifies the added value of triangular co-operation in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and shows how triangular co-operation can promote further collaboration between the Arab providers and the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), thus helping them to be more effective in supporting partner countries to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD development co-operation working paper ; 41
    OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers ; no.41
    Schlagworte: Nachhaltige Entwicklung; Entwicklungshilfe; Nordafrika; Mittlerer Osten; Süd-Süd-Beziehungen; Development
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. The Philippines’ perspective on TOSSD
    Autor*in: Delalande, Guillaume; Halvorson-Quevedo, Raundi; Sangaré, Cécile
    Erschienen: February 2018
    Verlag:  OECD, Paris, France

    This working paper presents the results of the country pilot carried out in the Philippines in 2017 in the context of the development of the new framework of total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD). The results of the pilot... mehr

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    This working paper presents the results of the country pilot carried out in the Philippines in 2017 in the context of the development of the new framework of total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD). The results of the pilot indicate the potential of TOSSD for the Philippines as an international measurement standard and as a useful contribution to overall transparency. It also demonstrates the necessity to urgently advance the technical design of the measure, including by looking at the definition, motivations and scope of cross-border flows in the context of TOSSD. For the measure to be useful, it is critical that it captures the totality of official development finance, including both official and officially supported resources, along with “satellite” indicators on the broader financing landscape. The inclusion of certain flows (such as export credits or South-South and Triangular co-operation) in TOSSD requires additional engagement and consultation. The pilot also provides a first estimate of TOSSD flows for the Philippines at approximately USD 3.5 billion (based on 2014-2015 proxy data). The total amount of TOSSD resources received by the Philippines is close to two and half times the amount of ODA provided to the country.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD development co-operation working paper ; 42
    OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers ; no.42
    Schlagworte: Entwicklungshilfe; Nachhaltige Entwicklung; Philippinen; Development; Philippines
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Senegal's perspective on TOSSD
    Autor*in: Delalande, Guillaume; Gaveau, Valérie
    Erschienen: February 2018
    Verlag:  OECD, Paris, France

    This working paper presents the results of the first country pilot carried out in a recipient country in the context of the development of the new framework of total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD). The results of the pilot... mehr

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    This working paper presents the results of the first country pilot carried out in a recipient country in the context of the development of the new framework of total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD). The results of the pilot indicate that a global measurement framework such as TOSSD is very much needed in light of profound changes in the development finance landscape, particularly given the new role played by emerging economies and related flows. The pilot also highlights the critical role that TOSSD could play in supporting transparency of development finance flows, particularly in capturing information about different components of complex financing arrangements, which would enable countries to learn from other countries’ experience in leveraging finance. The paper sheds light on critical questions related to the TOSSD measure, including the inclusion of private amounts mobilised through public interventions in the framework or of investments in global programmes supporting development enablers and addressing global challenges. The pilot study also provides estimates of orders of magnitude of total official support for sustainable development to Senegal.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD development co-operation working paper ; 43
    OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers ; no.43
    Schlagworte: Entwicklungshilfe; Nachhaltige Entwicklung; Senegal; Development; Senegal
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  15. Private foundations' giving for development in 2013 - 2015
    ongoing efforts to better reflect private philanthropic giving in OECD-DAC statistics on development finance
    Autor*in: Benn, Julia; Sangaré, Cécile; Hos, Tomáš
    Erschienen: February 2018
    Verlag:  OECD, Paris, France

    This working paper presents the results of the 2016-17 OECD data Survey on Global Private Philanthropy for Development and describes how this exercise relates to - and aims to complement - the existing regular data collection on development finance... mehr

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    This working paper presents the results of the 2016-17 OECD data Survey on Global Private Philanthropy for Development and describes how this exercise relates to - and aims to complement - the existing regular data collection on development finance by the OECD Development Co-operation Directorate.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD development co-operation working paper ; 44
    OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers ; no.44
    Schlagworte: Entwicklungshilfe; Entwicklungsfinanzierung; Wohltätigkeit; OECD-Staaten; Development
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. The unstable foundations of political stability in Chad
    Autor*in: Eizenga, Daniel
    Erschienen: 2018
    Verlag:  OECD Publishing, Paris, France

    Chad has emerged as an important counter-terrorism partner in the Lake Chad Basin and the broader Sahel-Sahara region due to its recent political stability and military contribution to security efforts in these troubled zones. However, a closer look... mehr

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    Chad has emerged as an important counter-terrorism partner in the Lake Chad Basin and the broader Sahel-Sahara region due to its recent political stability and military contribution to security efforts in these troubled zones. However, a closer look at developments in domestic politics, notably the continued and increasingly severe repression of the political opposition and civil society, suggests that this stability may not be built on solid foundations. This paper considers the role Chad has played in the fight against Boko Haram and other forms of regional violent extremism in an effort to take stock of the current threats the Chadian government faces from external actors. It then investigates growing domestic grievances due to an ongoing fiscal crisis, attacks on civil liberties, and a disrupted electoral calendar which risk escalating and destabilising the current government. The paper argues that the mitigation of these diverse and multi-dimensional security threats, particularly at the domestic level, would benefit from an environment that is more supportive of democratic institutions and the rule of law, thus enhancing the country’s prospects for stability in the short- and long-term.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: West African papers ; no. 12 (February 2018)
    Schlagworte: Development; Chad
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  17. Gender inequality in West African social institutions
    Autor*in: Bouchama, Nejma; Ferrant, Gaëlle; Fuiret, Léa; Meneses, Alejandra; Thim, Annelise
    Erschienen: 2018
    Verlag:  OECD Publishing, Paris, France

    Discriminatory social institutions – formal and informal laws, social norms and practices – restrict women’s rights and empowerment opportunities across 17 West African countries. New laws and measures to protect and promote women’s economic,... mehr

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    Discriminatory social institutions – formal and informal laws, social norms and practices – restrict women’s rights and empowerment opportunities across 17 West African countries. New laws and measures to protect and promote women’s economic, political and human rights have been accompanied by impressive reductions in gender gaps. However, discriminatory social institutions still constitute significant impediments to women’s access to land assets and restrict women’s physical integrity and decision-making power in both private and public spheres. This holds back women’s education and economic empowerment, thereby decreasing countries’ potential growth. The data and analysis based on the OECD Development Centre’s Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) aims to provide policy makers with the necessary tools and evidence to design more effective gender-responsive policies. Putting social institutions at the core of policy responses may open new and sustainable vistas to promote gender equality in national and regional development agendas.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: West African papers ; no. 13 (March 2018)
    Schlagworte: Development
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Agriculture, food and jobs in West Africa
    Autor*in: Allen, Thomas; Heinrigs, Philipp; Heo, Inhoi
    Erschienen: 2018
    Verlag:  OECD Publishing, Paris, France

    The food economy is the biggest employer in West Africa accounting for 66% of total employment. While the majority of food economy jobs are in agriculture, off-farm employment in food-related manufacturing and service activities is increasing as the... mehr

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    The food economy is the biggest employer in West Africa accounting for 66% of total employment. While the majority of food economy jobs are in agriculture, off-farm employment in food-related manufacturing and service activities is increasing as the food economy adapts to rapid population growth, urbanisation and rising incomes. Given the importance of the food economy in generating employment, its current structure and projected changes have major implications for the design of jobs strategies. This paper quantifies and describes the structure of employment in the food economy across four broad segments of activities: agriculture, processing, marketing and food-away-from home. It also examines some of the emerging spatial implications, in particular rural-urban linkages and rural employment diversification, which are related to the transformations that are reshaping this sector. Finally, it looks at policy considerations for designing targeted employment strategies that leverage the links between agricultural productivity, off-farm employment and rural-urban areas and ensure inclusiveness, particularly for youth and women.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: West African papers ; no. 14 (April 2018)
    Schlagworte: Agriculture and Food; Development
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Disentangling urban and rural food security in West Africa
    Autor*in: Wesenbeeck, Cornelia Francisca Adriana van
    Erschienen: 2018
    Verlag:  OECD Publishing, Paris, France

    Strategies to fight hunger and early warning systems often focus on identifying food crises rather than longer-term trends, and concentrate on rural areas. Data on the food and nutrition security situation of West Africa’s growing urban population is... mehr

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    Strategies to fight hunger and early warning systems often focus on identifying food crises rather than longer-term trends, and concentrate on rural areas. Data on the food and nutrition security situation of West Africa’s growing urban population is scarce and fragmented. Using geo-referenced information available in the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), this report estimates the total number and prevalence of under-nutrition and over-nutrition in West Africa for both urban and rural areas. The analysis reveals that almost 110 million people in West Africa are not receiving the correct nutrition for their needs. Over 58 million people in the region are underweight, 22 million of which live in cities. Another 52 million are either overweight or obese, the large majority of whom are adult urban dwellers. This situation reveals the severity of the “double burden” of under- and over-nutrition. It also calls for greater efforts to identify appropriate metrics to monitor food and nutrition security in urban areas.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: West African papers ; no. 15 (May 2018)
    Schlagworte: Development
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Gender equality and women's empowerment in fragile and conflict-affected situations
    a review of donor support
    Erschienen: [2017]
    Verlag:  OECD Publishing, [Paris, France]

    Gender inequality, conflict and fragility are key challenges to sustainable development. They are inextricably linked: unequal gender relations can drive conflict and violence, while women’s active participation contributes to peace and resilience.... mehr

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    Gender inequality, conflict and fragility are key challenges to sustainable development. They are inextricably linked: unequal gender relations can drive conflict and violence, while women’s active participation contributes to peace and resilience. This policy paper identifies recommendations for development partners based on four case study countries: Bangladesh, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ethiopia and Nepal. It concludes that providing effective support for gender equality and sustainable peace requires an understanding of gender, conflict and fragility that is deeper, wider, and more politically informed than currently, with a strong focus on women as agents of change.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD development policy papers ; no. 8 (October 2017)
    Schlagworte: Gender equality; women’s empowerment; conflict; fragility; fragile situations; development co-operation; donors; Development
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 100 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. The 2030 agenda and development co-operation results
    Autor*in: Engberg-Pedersen, Poul
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  OECD Publishing, [Paris, France]

    Providers of development co-operation can benefit from the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), targets and indicators for use in their results frameworks. The paper examines the SDG outcome and performance targets and indicators that fit with the... mehr

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    Providers of development co-operation can benefit from the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), targets and indicators for use in their results frameworks. The paper examines the SDG outcome and performance targets and indicators that fit with the goals of individual providers. It presents a menu of 60 SDG targets and indicators that can strengthen providers’ results frameworks, facilitate data collection and use, and offer improved platforms for dialogues on development co-operation results. The concept of “menu” recognises that individual providers and their partners prioritise different aspects of the 2030 Agenda. They can select and apply SDG targets and indicators to their existing results frameworks in accordance with their respective priorities. Results information is used for accountability and communication and hence tied to political goals for development co-operation. With clearer links to the SDGs, results information can also be used for strategic direction and learning by providers.

     
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    Beteiligt: Zwart, Rosie (MitwirkendeR)
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD development policy papers ; no. 9 (January 2018)
    Schlagworte: Development co-operation results; 2030 Agenda; Sustainable Development Goals; Results targets and indicators; Accountability; Development
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Financing for stability in the post-2015 era
    Autor*in: Poole, Lydia
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  OECD Publishing, [Paris, France]

    This study and its associated guidance contribute to advancing thinking and understanding about one of the most significant challenges that the international community faces in fragile contexts: how to provide the right financing. The paper... mehr

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    This study and its associated guidance contribute to advancing thinking and understanding about one of the most significant challenges that the international community faces in fragile contexts: how to provide the right financing. The paper summarises new and emerging instruments and approaches in financing stability and resilience, and points to some of the gaps and challenges that remain in the fragility, resilience and stability space. It is not intended as holistic policy guidance on “how to” engage effectively across international and domestic, public and private instruments in fragile contexts. Instead, the paper is complemented by separate guidance on financing strategies: approaches to better align financing to support the delivery of results at the country-level. The research acknowledges that there are many high-level strategic debates which have yet to be resolved, which concern the comparative advantage and future role of Official Development Assistance (ODA) within a more diverse division of labour in financing, as well as a huge range of technical and capacity challenges ahead. The analysis, observations and conclusions put forward in this study should be interpreted therefore as preliminary contributions to what is a live and dynamic process of debate and adaptation.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD development policy papers ; no. 10 (February 2018)
    Schlagworte: fragility; financing; stability; resilience; crisis; humanitarian; investment; peace; Development
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 73 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Financing for stability
    guidance for practitioners
    Autor*in: Poole, Lydia; Scott, Rachel
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  OECD Publishing, [Paris, France]

    This guidance outlines the process for developing financing strategies for fragile contexts: financing for stability. The process includes the concrete steps to take to deliver the financing strategy, accompanied by financing principles, and a range... mehr

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    This guidance outlines the process for developing financing strategies for fragile contexts: financing for stability. The process includes the concrete steps to take to deliver the financing strategy, accompanied by financing principles, and a range of tactical investments, that allow financing actors to use financing to incentivise certain behaviours and priority investments, and to invest in enabling conditions and public goods.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD development policy papers ; no. 11 (February 2018)
    Schlagworte: development finance; fragile contexts; fragility; stability; aid; ODA; strategy; guidance; Development
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  24. Increasing social insurance coverage in Viet Nam's SMEs
    Autor*in: Castel, Paulette; Pick, Alexander
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  OECD Publishing, [Paris, France]

    Viet Nam has made significant progress in expanding social insurance coverage in recent years. However, coverage amongst small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) remains very low and very few workers in this sector are expected to receive a pension... mehr

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    Viet Nam has made significant progress in expanding social insurance coverage in recent years. However, coverage amongst small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) remains very low and very few workers in this sector are expected to receive a pension in retirement. Drawing on two datasets for SMEs in Viet Nam, this paper seeks to explain this phenomenon by examining the characteristics of enterprises that are enrolled and those that opt out, and it identifies possible barriers to enrolment, such as high contribution rates. It also examines how enforcement mechanisms and formalisation policies might deter enterprises from enrolling. Drawing on lessons from international experience, the paper recommends a series of policy responses that seek both to address these barriers and to protect the livelihoods of those workers who are not yet covered.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD development policy papers ; no. 13 (October 2018)
    Schlagworte: social protection; social insurance; SMEs; formalisation; minimum wage; Viet Nam; Viet Nam; Development
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Integrating renewables in mining
    review of business models and policy implications
    Autor*in: Alova, Galina
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  OECD Publishing, [Paris, France]

    Mining activities are energy-intensive and rely largely on fossil fuels to meet their energy demands. This exposes the mining sector to potential policy and regulatory risks, stemming from government efforts to shift the global economy to a... mehr

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    Mining activities are energy-intensive and rely largely on fossil fuels to meet their energy demands. This exposes the mining sector to potential policy and regulatory risks, stemming from government efforts to shift the global economy to a low-emission development pathway, as envisaged by the Paris Agreement. At the same time, renewables have become an increasingly cost-competitive source of power generation. This has resulted in a business case for the adoption of solar and wind energy solutions in the mining sector, to reduce costs as well as carbon footprint of operations. The sector’s energy transition also presents an opportunity for resource-rich countries, including developing economies, to foster the synergistic development of higher value added domestic activities in the renewable energy sector. The shift of the mining industry to low-carbon energy has the potential to contribute to advancing the climate and sustainable development agenda, while also pursuing economic diversification objectives. However, the integration of new technologies into conventional power systems comes with risks and challenges. This paper aims to enhance the understanding of the key drivers for, and obstacles to, renewable energy integration in mining operations, based on a review of over 30 existing projects worldwide. The analysis identifies a need for an enabling policy environment, encompassing among others a competitive energy market structure and adequate energy infrastructure, to overcome current challenges and support the synergies between the development of the mining and renewable energy sectors.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD development policy papers ; no. 14 (November 2018)
    Schlagworte: mining; carbon dioxide emissions; renewable energy; wind power; photovoltaic energy; sustainable development; energy transition; Development
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