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  1. A signal of (train)ability?
    grade repetition and hiring chances
    Autor*in: Baert, Stijn; Picchio, Matteo
    Erschienen: July 2020
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This article contributes to the nascent literature on the effect of grade retention in school on later labour market success. A field experiment is conducted to rule out the endogeneity of both outcomes. More concretely, various treatments of grade... mehr

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    This article contributes to the nascent literature on the effect of grade retention in school on later labour market success. A field experiment is conducted to rule out the endogeneity of both outcomes. More concretely, various treatments of grade retention are randomly assigned to fictitious résumés sent in application to real vacancies. Overall, grade retention does not significantly affect positive call-back by employers. However, when narrowing in on vacancies for occupations where on-the-job training is important, job candidates with a record of grade retention are 16% less likely to receive a positive reaction. This finding is consistent with Queuing theory.

     
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    hdl: 10419/223930
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13488
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten)
  2. A signal of (train)ability?
    grade repetition and hiring chances
    Autor*in: Baert, Stijn; Picchio, Matteo
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This article contributes to the nascent literature on the effect of grade retention in school on later labour market success. A field experiment is conducted to rule out the endogeneity of both outcomes. More concretely, various treatments of grade... mehr

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    This article contributes to the nascent literature on the effect of grade retention in school on later labour market success. A field experiment is conducted to rule out the endogeneity of both outcomes. More concretely, various treatments of grade retention are randomly assigned to fictitious résumés sent in application to real vacancies. Overall, grade retention does not significantly affect positive call-back by employers. However, when narrowing in on vacancies for occupations where on-the-job training is important, job candidates with a record of grade retention are 16% less likely to receive a positive reaction. This finding is consistent with Queuing theory.

     
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    hdl: 10419/222313
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 598
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten)
  3. Hiring Discrimination
    Measures, Moderators and Mechanisms
    Autor*in: Drydakis, Nick
    Erschienen: 2018; ©2018
    Verlag:  Emerald Publishing Limited, Bradford, West Yorkshire

    Covers -- Editorial advisory board -- Do photos help or hinder field experiments of discrimination? -- How does labour market history influence the access to hiring interviews? -- Neighborhood signaling effects, commuting time, and employment -- Does... mehr

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    Covers -- Editorial advisory board -- Do photos help or hinder field experiments of discrimination? -- How does labour market history influence the access to hiring interviews? -- Neighborhood signaling effects, commuting time, and employment -- Does size matter? Hiring discrimination and firm size -- Does marital status affect how firms interpret job applicants' un/employment histories? -- What drives hiring discrimination against transgenders? -- Parental leave length, social norms, and female labor market re-entry frictions -- Masculine vs feminine personality traits and women's employment outcomes in Britain -- Economic pluralism in the study of wage discrimination: a note -- A "catch-22": self-inflicted failure of GCC nationalization policies.

     
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    Beteiligt: Baert, Stijn (MitwirkendeR); Carlsson, Magnus (MitwirkendeR)
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781787690868
    Schriftenreihe: International Journal of Manpower Ser. ; v.4
    Schlagworte: Personalauswahl; Personalbeschaffung; Arbeitsmarktdiskriminierung; Experiment; Arbeitsmarktdiskriminierung; Personalbeschaffung; Personalbeurteilung; Experiment; Mechanical movements-Design and construction; Electronic books
    Umfang: 1 online resource (156 pages)
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  4. A signal of train(ability)?
    grade repetition and hiring chances
    Autor*in: Baert, Stijn; Picchio, Matteo
    Erschienen: agosto 2020
    Verlag:  Università Politecnica delle Marche, Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Sociali, [Ancona]

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    Schriftenreihe: Quaderno di ricerca / Università Politecnica delle Marche, Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Sociali ; n. 446
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten)
  5. An Arab, an Asian, and a Black guy walk into a job interview
    ethnic stigma in hiring after controlling for social class
    Autor*in: Borm, Hannah Van; Lippens, Louis; Baert, Stijn
    Erschienen: November 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Over the last decades, researchers have found compelling evidence of hiring discrimination toward ethnic minorities based on field experiments using fictitious job applications. Despite increasing efforts to discover why ethnic minorities experience... mehr

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    Over the last decades, researchers have found compelling evidence of hiring discrimination toward ethnic minorities based on field experiments using fictitious job applications. Despite increasing efforts to discover why ethnic minorities experience hiring penalties, the academic world has not yet found a satisfying answer. With this study, we aim to close this gap in the literature by conducting a state-of-the-art scenario experiment with genuine American recruiters. In the experiment, we ask recruiters to assess fictitious job applicants of various race-ethnicities but consistent social class. The applicants are rated on 22 statements related to the dominant explanations for ethnic discrimination in hiring that the models of taste-based and statistical discrimination have offered. We find that different race-ethnicity groups are evaluated rather similarly, except for Asian Americans, who are perceived to have better intellectual abilities and organizational skills and to be more ambitious, motivated, efficient, and open. These results suggest that the hiring discrimination found in previous experimental research might be overestimated because part of the reported hiring penalty may be attributed to aspects other than race-ethnicity.

     
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    hdl: 10419/267444
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15707
    Schlagworte: hiring; ethnic discrimination; statistical discrimination; social class; stigma
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten)
  6. Homosexuality's signalling function in job candidate screening
    why gay is (mostly) OK
    Autor*in: Sterkens, Philippe; Dalle, Axana; Wuyts, Joey; Pauwels, Ines; Durinck, Hellen; Baert, Stijn
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    To explain the mixed findings on hiring discrimination against homosexual applicants, we explore the perceptual drivers behind employers' evaluations of gay men and lesbian women. Therefore, we conduct an extensive vignette experiment among 404... mehr

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    To explain the mixed findings on hiring discrimination against homosexual applicants, we explore the perceptual drivers behind employers' evaluations of gay men and lesbian women. Therefore, we conduct an extensive vignette experiment among 404 genuine recruiters, for which we test systematically-selected perceptions theoretically associated with homosexual job candidates in earlier studies. We find causal evidence for distinct effects of sexual identities on candidate perceptions and interview probabilities. In particular, interview probabilities are positively (negatively) associated with the perception of lesbian women (gay men) as being more (less) pleasant to work with compared to heterosexual candidates. In addition, interview chances are negatively associated with the perception of gay men and lesbian women as being more outspoken. Furthermore, our data align well with the idea of a concentrated discrimination account, whereby a minority of employers who privately hold negative attitudes towards homosexual individuals are responsible for most instances of hiring discrimination.

     
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    hdl: 10419/253729
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1090
    Schlagworte: homosexuality; signalling; statistical discrimination; taste-based discrimination; hiring experiment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. A poisoned gift?
    the hireability signals of an income-support program for the senior unemployed
    Autor*in: Dalle, Axana; Sterkens, Philippe; Baert, Stijn
    Erschienen: April 2023
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Many OECD countries invest heavily in labour-market programs to prolong careers. Although active labour-market programs designed for this purpose have frequently been evaluated, less is known about the employment impact of more passive regimes that... mehr

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    Many OECD countries invest heavily in labour-market programs to prolong careers. Although active labour-market programs designed for this purpose have frequently been evaluated, less is known about the employment impact of more passive regimes that make labour-market participation later in life feasible. This study focuses on the latter by investigating the hiring opportunities of senior job candidates who partake in a system that ensures older labour-market participants a company supplement in addition to unemployment benefits when they are dismissed. Therefore, we conduct a state-of-the-art scenario experiment in which 360 genuine recruiters evaluate fictitious job candidates who have spent varying durations unemployed in regimes with and without the company supplement. Because they evaluate candidates with respect to both hireability and productivity perceptions, we can identify the mechanisms at play. Overall, we find no evidence of employer-side stigma hindering the re-employment of older unemployed in the program. On the contrary, the longer-term unemployed even benefit - in terms of hiring chances - from partaking in this regime because it seemingly mitigates the regular stigmatisation of long-term unemployment, especially for men. More concretely, recruiters judge the long-term unemployed more mildly, especially with respect to perceived flexibility, when they receive the company supplement and still apply.

     
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    hdl: 10419/272684
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16057
    Schlagworte: hiring discrimination; signalling effect; income support; labour market program; vignettes
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 71 Seiten)
  8. Mens sana in corpore Sano!
    the hiring premium for physical versus mental exercise in different occupations
    Autor*in: Verhaest, Dieter; Baert, Stijn
    Erschienen: December 2023
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We investigate the impact of participation in physical and mental exercise activities on hirability. Besides by comparing both forms of exercising, we innovate against the existing literature by comparing their impact between different types of jobs,... mehr

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    We investigate the impact of participation in physical and mental exercise activities on hirability. Besides by comparing both forms of exercising, we innovate against the existing literature by comparing their impact between different types of jobs, where other effects could be expected. To this end, an audit experiment is conducted in which we send 2184 fictitious applications of young job seekers to real job vacancies. On average, the estimated effect of both physical and mental exercise activities is small and statistically insignificant. However, the effect of participation in any exercise activity is significantly positive for jobs combining low cognitive with low physical demands. These findings are not consistent with the common consideration of physical exercise activities being used by employers as signals of physical fitness and appearance.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16658
    Schlagworte: sports; mental fitness; skills; employment; field experiments
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 15 Seiten)
  9. How do recruiters assess applicants who express a political engagement?
    Autor*in: Moens, Eline; De Pessemier, Dyllis; Baert, Stijn
    Erschienen: January 2024
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Although unequal treatment of workers based on political affiliation is prohibited in many countries, it is conspicuously understudied in the discrimination literature. In this study, we set up a vignette experiment with genuine recruiters to provide... mehr

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    Although unequal treatment of workers based on political affiliation is prohibited in many countries, it is conspicuously understudied in the discrimination literature. In this study, we set up a vignette experiment with genuine recruiters to provide more insight into the effect of political engagement in job applicants on the assessment of their resumes by these professionals. We find that, overall, recruiters view an applicant as less creative, open-minded, empathetic and emotionally sensitive when a political engagement is expressed. These stigma are greater for candidates with a right-wing nationalist commitment. Relatedly, these candidates are assessed worse in terms of overall hireability and perceived inclination or taste among employers, colleagues and customers to collaborate with them. They are, however, seen as somewhat more assertive. In contrast to research conducted in one- or two-party systems, we do not find interactions with the political preference of the recruiter herself/himself. Overall, the effect of mentioning a political engagement in a resume is more negative when the required education level of the vacancy is high.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16730
    Schlagworte: hiring discrimination; political preference; vignette experiment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten)
  10. The subsidy trap
    explaining the unsatisfactory effectiveness of hiring subsidies for the senior unemployed
    Autor*in: Dalle, Axana; Verhofstadt, Elsy; Baert, Stijn
    Erschienen: February 2024
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    To extend the labour market participation of seniors, numerous countries provide subsidies to incentivise their recruitment or employment. Prior research demonstrates that the effectiveness of such subsidies is rather unsatisfactory, although the... mehr

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    To extend the labour market participation of seniors, numerous countries provide subsidies to incentivise their recruitment or employment. Prior research demonstrates that the effectiveness of such subsidies is rather unsatisfactory, although the reasons for this inadequacy remain unclear. Therefore, we examined negative employer perceptions triggered by eligibility for such subsidies that might explain this disappointing effectiveness. To this end, we set up a vignette experiment in which 292 genuine recruiters assessed fictitious candidates on their hireability and underlying productivity estimations. These candidates differed experimentally in their eligibility for a hiring subsidy targeted at the unemployed aged 58 or over. Our results indicate that the subsidy has a negative effect on their hiring outcomes. This adverse effect is explained by negative perceptions that counteract the financial incentive. Specifically, the subsidised candidates signal lower physical and technological skills along with an augmented difficulty in hiring and labour inspection.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16804
    Schlagworte: hiring discrimination; senior workers; labour market programmes; hiring subsidy; signalling effect; vignettes
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Does multitasking affect students' academic performance?
    evidence from a longitudinal study
    Autor*in: Amez, Simon; Baert, Stijn; Heydencamp, Emily; Wuyts, Joey
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Multitasking - alternating between two different tasks at the same time - has become a daily habit for many university students. However, this may come at a cost since the existing literature emphasises the negative association between multitasking... mehr

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    Multitasking - alternating between two different tasks at the same time - has become a daily habit for many university students. However, this may come at a cost since the existing literature emphasises the negative association between multitasking and academic performance. Nonetheless, this literature is based on cross-sectional observational data so that that estimates cannot be given a causal interpretation. To complement these studies, we opted for a longitudinal design in this study. Specifically, for three consecutive years, students at two Belgian universities, in more than ten different study programmes, were surveyed on their multitasking preferences and academic performance. Then, these results were merged with the students' exam scores. We exploited the longitudinal character of the data by running random and fixed effect models. Our results indicate that the positive and negative aspects of multitasking with respect to academic performance cancel each other out.

     
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    hdl: 10419/246594
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 982
    Schlagworte: multitasking; academic performance; longitudinal data
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 17 Seiten)
  12. The state of hiring discrimination
    a meta-analysis of (almost) all recent correspondence experiments
    Autor*in: Lippens, Louis; Vermeiren, Siel; Baert, Stijn
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Notwithstanding the improved integration of various minority groups in the workforce, unequal treatment in hiring still hinders many individuals' access to the labour market. To tackle this inaccessibility, it is essential to know which and to what... mehr

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    Notwithstanding the improved integration of various minority groups in the workforce, unequal treatment in hiring still hinders many individuals' access to the labour market. To tackle this inaccessibility, it is essential to know which and to what extent minority groups face hiring discrimination. Past meta-studies have charted parts of the discrimination literature but permit only limited comparisons across minority groups. This meta-analysis synthesises a quasi-exhaustive register of correspondence experiments on hiring discrimination published between 2005 and 2020. Using a random-effects model, we computed pooled discrimination ratios concerning a total of ten discrimination grounds upon which unequal treatment in hiring is forbidden under United Statesfederal or state law. First, we find that hiring discrimination against candidates with disabilities, older candidates, and less physically attractive candidates is at least equally severe as the unequal treatment of candidates with salient racial or ethnic characteristics. Remarkably, hiring discrimination against older applicants is even higher in Europe than in the United States. Furthermore, unequal treatment in hiring based on sexual orientation seems to be prompted mainly by signalling activism through an affiliation with an LGB+ rights organisation rather than same-sex orientation in itself. Last, hiring discrimination remains pervasive. Aside from a decrease in hiring discrimination based on race and national origin in Europe, we find no structural evidence of temporal changes in hiring discrimination based on the various other grounds within the scope of this review.

     
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    hdl: 10419/244614
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 972
    Schlagworte: hiring discrimination; unequal treatment; meta-analysis; correspondence experiment; audit study
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 95 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Labour market policy if the general public was in charge
    Autor*in: Baert, Stijn; Clays, Els; Derous, Eva; George, Bert; Neyt, Brecht; Schollaert, Eveline; Wille, Bart
    Erschienen: April 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This study uses survey data among both a random sample (N = 500) and a convenience sample (N = 2,919) of Flemish adults to assess public support for 24 potential labour market reforms. The results show that there is a lot of public support for (both... mehr

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    This study uses survey data among both a random sample (N = 500) and a convenience sample (N = 2,919) of Flemish adults to assess public support for 24 potential labour market reforms. The results show that there is a lot of public support for (both encouraged and mandatory) training and community service for the unemployed and for the so-called 'job bonus', which are all reforms planned by the Flemish government Jambon I. However, there is little public support for reforms which should make the - apparently strongly desired - increase of the minimum pension to 1,500 euro after taxes possible, such as gradually eliminating early retirement possibilities, decreasing how much equated periods (such as periods of sick leave and unemployment) count towards pension accrual, and (partly) unlinking wages from seniority. This indicates that the end-of-career-debate that the Belgian federal government De Croo I wants to have will not be an easy one. For the planned increased monitoring to fight social and fiscal fraud, there is, however, a lot of public support. Somewhat surprisingly, there is little public support for reforms which aim to strengthen the position of women on the labour market, such as more quota for women in boards of directors in private companies, more parental leave for couples who divide this leave more equally, and increased paternity leave from 10 to 20 days.

     
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    hdl: 10419/243462
    Schriftenreihe: IZA policy paper ; no. 176
    Schlagworte: labour market policy; labour market reforms; public support
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. What shifts did COVID-19 year 2020 bring to the labour market in Europe?
    Autor*in: Baert, Stijn
    Erschienen: April 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This letter discusses the evolution of key labour market indicators in the EU-27 countries between 2019 and 2020, i.e. between the year before the COVID-19 crisis broke out and the year in which it impacted the economy heavily. Whereas earlier... mehr

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    This letter discusses the evolution of key labour market indicators in the EU-27 countries between 2019 and 2020, i.e. between the year before the COVID-19 crisis broke out and the year in which it impacted the economy heavily. Whereas earlier policy-oriented studies have dealt with the evolution of unemployment in 2020, often country by country, this letter focuses on the evolution of unemployment as well as inactivity across European countries. Indeed, previous crises have typically lead not only to more unemployment but also to larger numbers of discouraged unemployed and thus more inactivity. It appears that the Southern European countries, in particular, recorded increases in inactivity, while the Baltic States experienced higher unemployment. In many other countries, unemployment and inactivity remained remarkably stable despite COVID-19.

     
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    hdl: 10419/243463
    Schriftenreihe: IZA policy paper ; no. 177
    Schlagworte: unemployment; inactivity; employment; COVID-19; iceberg decomposition; disincentive effect
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 17 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. What shifts did Covid-19 year 2020 bring to the labour market in Europe?
    Autor*in: Baert, Stijn
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This article discusses the evolution of key labour market indicators in the EU-27 countries between 2019 and 2020, i.e. between the year before the covid-19 crisis broke out and the year in which it impacted the economy heavily. Whereas earlier... mehr

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    This article discusses the evolution of key labour market indicators in the EU-27 countries between 2019 and 2020, i.e. between the year before the covid-19 crisis broke out and the year in which it impacted the economy heavily. Whereas earlier policy-oriented studies have dealt with the evolution of unemployment in 2020, often country by country, this article focuses on the evolution of unemployment as well as inactivity across European countries. Indeed, previous crises have typically lead not only to more unemployment but also to larger numbers of discouraged unemployed and thus more inactivity. It appears that the Southern European countries, in particular, recorded increases in inactivity, while the Baltic States experienced higher unemployment. In many other countries, unemployment and inactivity remained remarkably stable despite covid-19.

     
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    hdl: 10419/233480
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 828
    Schlagworte: unemployment; inactivity; employment; covid-19; iceberg decomposition; discouragement effect
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 16 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Loss aversion in taste-based employee discrimination
    evidence from a choice experiment
    Autor*in: Lippens, Louis; Baert, Stijn; Derous, Eva
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Using a choice experiment, we test whether taste-based employee discrimination against ethnic minorities is susceptible to loss aversion. In line with empirical evidence from previous research, our results indicate that introducing a hypothetical... mehr

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    Using a choice experiment, we test whether taste-based employee discrimination against ethnic minorities is susceptible to loss aversion. In line with empirical evidence from previous research, our results indicate that introducing a hypothetical wage penalty for discriminatory choice behaviour lowers discrimination and that higher penalties have a greater effect. Most notably, we find that the propensity to discriminate is significantly lower when this penalty is loss-framed rather than gain-framed. From a policy perspective, it could therefore be more effective to financially penalise taste-based discriminators than to incentivise them not to discriminate.

     
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    hdl: 10419/234499
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 856
    Schlagworte: taste-based discrimination; employee discrimination; loss aversion; ethnicity
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 16 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Does relative age at the onset of compulsory education affects the speed and quality of one's transition from school to work?
    Autor*in: Fumarco, Luca; Vandromme, Alessandro; Halewyck, Levi; Moens, Eline; Baert, Stijn
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  Tulane University, Department of Economics, New Orleans, LA

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    Schriftenreihe: Tulane Economics working paper series ; 2112
    Schlagworte: relative age; school starting age; labour market transition
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Mobile DNA and sleep quality
    Autor*in: Amez, Simon; Denecker, Floor; Ponnet, Koen; De Marez, Lieven; Baert, Stijn
    Erschienen: October 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Previous studies have demonstrated a strong negative association between smartphone use and sleep quality. However, the majority of these studies quantified smartphone use with subjective self-reported metrics. In contrast, the current study... mehr

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    Previous studies have demonstrated a strong negative association between smartphone use and sleep quality. However, the majority of these studies quantified smartphone use with subjective self-reported metrics. In contrast, the current study contributes to the literature by objectively logging university students' smartphone use and investigating the association thereof with sleep quality. The extensive, nuanced smartphone usage information obtained from this logging also enables us to explore the validity of several mechanisms theorised to underlie the previously reported negative association between smartphone use and sleep quality. In contrast to earlier research, we do not find a significant association between sleep quality and the duration or frequency of students' daily smartphone use. However, students with the internalised habit of launching a greater number of applications per session ('gateway habits') experience worse sleep quality. This finding is consistent with literature showing that smartphone-related stress is more strongly associated with checking habits stemming from 'fear-of-missing-out' than with overall screen time.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250477
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14816
    Schlagworte: mobile DNA; smartphone use; smartphone use logging; fear-of-missing-out; gateway habits; sleep quality
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten)
  19. The state of hiring discrimination: a meta-analysis of (almost) all recent correspondence experiments
    Autor*in: Lippens, Louis; Vermeiren, Siel; Baert, Stijn
    Erschienen: December 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Notwithstanding the improved integration of various minority groups in the workforce, unequal treatment in hiring still hinders many individuals' access to the labour market. To tackle this inaccessibility, it is essential to know which and to what... mehr

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    Notwithstanding the improved integration of various minority groups in the workforce, unequal treatment in hiring still hinders many individuals' access to the labour market. To tackle this inaccessibility, it is essential to know which and to what extent minority groups face hiring discrimination. This meta-analysis synthesises a quasi-exhaustive register of correspondence experiments on hiring discrimination published between 2005 and 2020. Using a random-effects model, we computed pooled discrimination ratios concerning ten discrimination grounds upon which unequal treatment in hiring is forbidden under United States federal or state law. Our meta-analysis shows that hiring discrimination against candidates with disabilities, older candidates, and less physically attractive candidates is at least equally severe as the unequal treatment of candidates with salient ethnic characteristics. Remarkably, hiring discrimination against older applicants is even more outspoken in Europe than in the United States. Furthermore, unequal treatment in hiring based on sexual orientation seems to be prompted mainly by signalling activism rather than same-sex orientation in itself. Last, aside from a significant decrease in ethnic hiring discrimination in Europe, we find no structural evidence of recent temporal changes in hiring discrimination based on the various other grounds within the scope of this review.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250627
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14966
    Schlagworte: hiring discrimination; unequal treatment; meta-analysis; correspondence experiment; audit study
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 100 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Which former professional football players become successful professional head coaches?
    Autor*in: Balliauw, Matteo; Verheuge, Marco; Baert, Stijn
    Erschienen: January 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    One of the potential avenues for former professional football players to pursue their career is to become a head coach of a club’s first team. An important question is how to best prepare for such a reconversion. This letter is the first in the... mehr

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    One of the potential avenues for former professional football players to pursue their career is to become a head coach of a club’s first team. An important question is how to best prepare for such a reconversion. This letter is the first in the academic literature quantifying the association between success as a professional head coach and prior experience of former professional players as a youth coach, player-coach, head coach at a lower division, assistant coach, in other staff positions and in club management positions. Our regression analyses, based on unique coach career data, show a significant positive association for the jobs of assistant or youth coach.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15024
    Schlagworte: football; coaching; education; regression analysis; sports management
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 11 Seiten)
  21. Does multitasking affect students' academic performance?
    evidence from a longitudinal study
    Autor*in: Amez, Simon; Baert, Stijn; Heydencamp, Emily; Wuyts, Joey
    Erschienen: November 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Multitasking - alternating between two different tasks at the same time - has become a daily habit for many university students. However, this may come at a cost since the existing literature emphasises the negative association between multitasking... mehr

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    Multitasking - alternating between two different tasks at the same time - has become a daily habit for many university students. However, this may come at a cost since the existing literature emphasises the negative association between multitasking and academic performance. Nonetheless, this literature is based on cross-sectional observational data so that that estimates cannot be given a causal interpretation. To complement these studies, we opted for a longitudinal design in this study. Specifically, for three consecutive years, students at two Belgian universities, in more than ten different study programmes, were surveyed on their multitasking preferences and academic performance. Then, these results were merged with the students' exam scores. We exploited the longitudinal character of the data by running random and fixed effect models. Our results indicate that the positive and negative aspects of multitasking with respect to academic performance cancel each other out.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250557
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14896
    Schlagworte: multitasking; academic performance; longitudinal data
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 18 Seiten)
  22. Which former professional football players become successful professional head coaches?
    Autor*in: Balliauw, Matteo; Verheuge, Marco; Baert, Stijn
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    One of the potential avenues for former professional football players to pursue their career is to become a head coach of a club's first team. An important question is how to best prepare for such a reconversion. This letter is the first in the... mehr

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    One of the potential avenues for former professional football players to pursue their career is to become a head coach of a club's first team. An important question is how to best prepare for such a reconversion. This letter is the first in the academic literature quantifying the association between success as a professional head coach and prior experience of former professional players as a youth coach, player-coach, head coach at a lower division, assistant coach, in other staff positions and in club management positions. Our regression analyses, based on unique coach career data, show a significant positive association for the jobs of assistant or youth coach.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1024
    Schlagworte: football; coaching; education; regression analysis; sports management
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 10 Seiten)
  23. Does relative age affect speed and quality of transition from school to work?
    Autor*in: Fumarco, Luca; Vandromme, Alessandro; Halewyck, Levi; Moens, Eline; Baert, Stijn
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    We are the first to estimate the impact of relative age (i.e., the difference in classmates' ages) on both speed and quality of individuals' transition from education to the labour market. Moreover, we are the first to explore whether and how this... mehr

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    We are the first to estimate the impact of relative age (i.e., the difference in classmates' ages) on both speed and quality of individuals' transition from education to the labour market. Moreover, we are the first to explore whether and how this impact passes through characteristics of students' educational career. We use rich data pertaining to schooling and to labour market outcomes one year after graduation to conduct instrumental variables analyses. We find that a one-year increase in relative age increases the likelihood of (i) being employed then by 3.5 percentage points, (ii) having a permanent contract by 5.1 percentage points, and (iii) having full-time employment by 6.5 percentage points. These relative age effects are partly mediated by intermediate outcomes such as having had a schooling delay at the age of sixteen or taking on student jobs. The final mediator is particularly notable as no earlier studies examined relative age effects on student employment.We are the first to estimate the impact of relative age (i.e., the difference in classmates' ages) on both speed and quality of individuals' transition from education to the labour market. Moreover, we are the first to explore whether and how this impact passes through characteristics of students' educational career. We use rich data pertaining to schooling and to labour market outcomes one year after graduation to conduct instrumental variables analyses. We find that a one-year increase in relative age increases the likelihood of (i) being employed then by 3.5 percentage points, (ii) having a permanent contract by 5.1 percentage points, and (iii) having full-time employment by 6.5 percentage points. These relative age effects are partly mediated by intermediate outcomes such as having had a schooling delay at the age of sixteen or taking on student jobs. The final mediator is particularly notable as no earlier studies examined relative age effects on student employment.

     
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    hdl: 10419/248474
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1010
    Schlagworte: relative age; school starting age; labour market transition
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustration
  24. Diving in the minds of recruiters
    what triggers gender stereotypes in hiring?
    Autor*in: Borm, Hannah Van; Baert, Stijn
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    We investigate the drivers of gender differentials in hiring chances. More concretely, we test (i) whether recruiters perceive job applicants in gender stereotypical terms when making hiring decisions and (ii) whether the activation of these gender... mehr

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    We investigate the drivers of gender differentials in hiring chances. More concretely, we test (i) whether recruiters perceive job applicants in gender stereotypical terms when making hiring decisions and (ii) whether the activation of these gender stereotypes in recruiters' minds varies by the salience of gender in a particular hiring context and the gender prototypicality of a job applicant, as hypothesised in Ridgeway and Kricheli-Katz (2013). To this end, we conduct an innovative vignette experiment in the United States with 290 genuine recruiters who evaluate fictitious job applicants regarding their hireability and 21 statements related to specific gender stereotypes. Moreover, we experimentally manipulate both the gender prototypicality of a job applicant and the salience of gender in the hiring context. We find that employers perceive women in gender stereotypical terms when making hiring decisions. In particular, women are perceived to be more social and supportive than men, but also as less assertive and physically strong. Furthermore, our results indicate that the gender prototypicality of job applicants moderates these perceptions: the less prototypical group of African American women, who are assumed to be less prototypical, are perceived in less stereotypical terms than white women, while some stereotypes are more outspoken when female résumés reveal family responsibilities.

     
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    hdl: 10419/253364
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1083
    Schlagworte: hiring; gender discrimination; stereotypes; race; motherhood
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten)
  25. Disentangling the attractiveness of telework to employees
    a factorial survey experiment
    Autor*in: Moens, Eline; Verhofstadt, Elsy; Van Ootegem, Luc; Baert, Stijn
    Erschienen: March 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This research adds to the literature on the attractiveness of telework to employees. To this end, we set up an innovative factorial survey experiment in which a high-quality sample of employees evaluates job offers with diverging characteristics,... mehr

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    This research adds to the literature on the attractiveness of telework to employees. To this end, we set up an innovative factorial survey experiment in which a high-quality sample of employees evaluates job offers with diverging characteristics, among which a wide variation in telework possibilities. We find that the relationship between the possibility to telework and job attractiveness is approximately linear: 10 percentage points more telework hours yield a rise of 2.2 percentage points in job attractiveness and, therefore, the willingness to give up an increase of 2.3 percentage points in wage in the new job. Our experimental design also allows us to investigate the underlying mechanisms of this relationship as well as its moderators. We find that the attractiveness of telework is particularly explained by expectations of an improved work-life balance, more work scheduling autonomy, a higher job satisfaction, and more work methods autonomy in jobs with a greater possibility to telework. In addition, our analyses show that less conscientious employees are on average more attracted to jobs with greater telework possibilities, so that it is important that self-selection in jobs with more telework is well-monitored.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263406
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15190
    Schlagworte: telework; job attractiveness; factorial survey experiment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen