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  1. The gender pay gap: income inequality over life course – a multilevel analysis
    Autor*in: Toczek, Lisa; Bosma, Hans; Peter, Richard
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Universität Ulm, Ulm

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    Übergeordneter Titel: In: Frontiers in Sociology ; 6 (2021). - Art.-Nr. 815376. - eISSN 2297-7775
    Schlagworte: Geschlechterforschung; Einkommen; Geschlecht; Einkommensdisparität
    Weitere Schlagworte: employment biographies; gender inequality; income trajectories; LidA-study; trajectories of labor market factors; (LCSH)Sex discrimination in employment; (LCSH)Wages; Women; Germany
    Umfang: Online-Ressource
  2. Gender and corporate success
    an empirical analysis of gender-based corporate performance on a sample of Asian small and medium-sized enterprises
    Autor*in: Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad; Yoshino, Naoyuki; Fukuda, Lisa
    Erschienen: [2019]
    Verlag:  Asian Development Bank Institute, Tokyo, Japan

    Within a patriarchal society, women are placed in a precarious societal positioning that leads to a prevalence of gender inequality in education, financial literacy, and access to finance. In the context of Asia, where small and medium-sized... mehr

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    Within a patriarchal society, women are placed in a precarious societal positioning that leads to a prevalence of gender inequality in education, financial literacy, and access to finance. In the context of Asia, where small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of most Asian economies and the financial sector is dominated by banks, women in entrepreneurship are susceptible to facing greater credit constraints relative to their male counterparts, which can compromise their corporate performance. The objective of this research is to investigate whether there is a significant association between gender and success or failure of SMEs. Using a statistical analysis technique (principal component analysis) and running econometrics regressions on a random sample of 1,492 exporter SMEs from Iran, the research answers the question: is it plausible to conclude that female-owned SMEs are bound for lower corporate performance relative to those of male counterparts? Empirical results show that indeed, despite showing a good leverage status, female-owned SMEs perform lower relative to male counterparts as they have a higher default ratio and lower profitability, liquidity, and coverage. The paper will provide policy suggestions, such as establishment of credit guarantee funds for easing the female-owned SMEs' access to finance in Asia. Implementation of supportive policies for female-owned SMEs will have significant contribution to economic growth, employment, and ultimately, to gender equality.

     
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    hdl: 10419/222704
    Schriftenreihe: ADBI working paper series ; no. 937 (March 2019)
    Schlagworte: economics of gender; small and medium-sized enterprises; corporate performance of SMEs; financial literacy gap; access to finance; gender inequality; financial inclusion
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Tackling legal impediments to women's economic empowerment
    Autor*in: Christopherson, Katharine; Yiadom, Audrey; Johnson, Juliet Ellen; Fernando, Francisca; Yazid, Hanan; Thiemann, Clara
    Erschienen: 2022 FEB
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    It is well established that a wide range of legal impediments in countries' domestic laws have prevented women from achieving full economic empowerment, which in turn has negative macroeconomic implications. In many countries, laws often reflect and... mehr

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    It is well established that a wide range of legal impediments in countries' domestic laws have prevented women from achieving full economic empowerment, which in turn has negative macroeconomic implications. In many countries, laws often reflect and perpetuate gender norms that limit women's economic participation, and removal of these impediments through legal reform has been shown to be an effective method to catalyze greater participation of women in the economy-along with the related macroeconomic benefits. Once legal barriers are removed and provisions for more equal treatment under the law are embedded, the law can also be employed as a powerful tool to incentivize women to pursue equal opportunities, change mindsets regarding the role of women, and hold institutions and individuals accountable for achieving results. Accordingly, it is imperative for countries to focus on eliminating existing legal impediments and designing appropriate incentives to increase women's participation in the economy. This paper goes beyond previous Fund work by categorizing the key sources of laws that impede women's economic empowerment, as well as ways in which the law can be used as a tool to create behavioral changes and shifts in perceptions of women in the economy. Case studies of six countries (Iceland, Peru, Rwanda, The Philippines, Tunisia, and the United States) that rank high in gender equality in their respective regions demonstrate how legal reforms have been implemented in differing contexts to help achieve women's economic empowerment. Given the relevance to the Fund's mandate, the paper also notes the case for a stepped-up role for the IMF in advising on legal reforms that remove barriers to, and incentivize, women's economic empowerment. Although this paper highlights dominant belief systems and cultural norms that have contributed to limiting the economic empowerment of women, it does not intend to render any judgment on these systems or norms

     
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  4. Child penalties in labour market skills
    Autor*in: Jessen, Jonas; Kinne, Lavinia; Battisti, Michele
    Erschienen: [2024]
    Verlag:  University of Potsdam, Potsdam

    Child penalties in labour market outcomes are well-documented: after childbirth, mothers’ employment and earnings drop persistently compared to fathers. Beyond gender norms, a potential driver could be the loss in labour market skills due to mothers’... mehr

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    Child penalties in labour market outcomes are well-documented: after childbirth, mothers’ employment and earnings drop persistently compared to fathers. Beyond gender norms, a potential driver could be the loss in labour market skills due to mothers’ longer employment interruptions. This paper estimates child penalties in adult cognitive skills by adapting the pseudo-panel approach to a single cross-section of 29 countries in the PIAAC dataset. We find a persistent drop in numeracy skills after childbirth for both parents between 0.13 (short-run) and 0.16 standard deviations (long-run), but no statistically significant difference between mothers and fathers. Estimates of child penalties in skills strongly depend on controlling for pre-determined characteristics, especially education. Additionally, there is no evidence for worse occupational skill matches for mothers after childbirth. Our findings suggest that changes in general labour market skills cannot explain child penalties in labour market outcomes, and that a cross-sectional estimation of child penalties can be sensitive to characteristics of the outcome variable.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: CEPA discussion papers ; no. 81 (November 2024)
    Schlagworte: child penalty; cognitive skills; gender inequality; PIAAC
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (36 Seiten, 3910 KB), Illustratioen
  5. Gender gaps in the labor market and economic growth
    Autor*in: Agénor, Pierre-Richard; Ozdemir, Kamer Karakurum; Moreira, Emmanuel Pinto
    Erschienen: December 2018
    Verlag:  World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice, Washington, DC, USA

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    Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung, Bibliothek und wissenschaftliche Information
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    Schriftenreihe: Policy research working paper ; 8661
    Schlagworte: gender inequality; unemployment; economic growth
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Gender inequality and economic growth
    evidence from industry-level data
    Autor*in: Bertay, Ata Can; Dordevic, Ljubica; Sever, Can
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, DC]

    We study whether higher gender equality facilitates economic growth by enabling better allocation of a valuable resource: female labor. By allocating female labor to its more productive use, we hypothesize that reducing gender inequality should... mehr

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    We study whether higher gender equality facilitates economic growth by enabling better allocation of a valuable resource: female labor. By allocating female labor to its more productive use, we hypothesize that reducing gender inequality should disproportionately benefit industries with typically higher female share in their employment relative to other industries. Specifically, we exploit within-country variation across industries to test whether those that typically employ more women grow relatively faster in countries with ex-ante lower gender inequality. The test allows us to identify the causal effect of gender inequality on industry growth in value-added and labor productivity. Our findings show that gender inequality affects real economic outcomes

     
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  7. China's rebalancing and gender inequality
    Autor*in: Brussevich, Mariya; Dabla-Norris, Era; Li, Bin
    Erschienen: May 2021
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    This paper examines gender inequality in the context of structural transformation and rebalancing in China. We document declining women's relative wages and labor force participation in China during the last two decades, despite rapid growth and... mehr

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    This paper examines gender inequality in the context of structural transformation and rebalancing in China. We document declining women's relative wages and labor force participation in China during the last two decades, despite rapid growth and expansion of the service sector. Using household data, we provide evidence consistent with a U-shaped relationship between economic development and women's labor market outcomes. Using a model of structural transformation, we show that labor market barriers for women have increased over time. Model counterfactuals suggest that removing these barriers and increasing service sector productivity can boost both gender equality and economic growth in China

     
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  8. Violence against women: criminological aspect
    Autor*in: Stepanenko, Ekaterina
    Erschienen: 2019
    Verlag:  LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken

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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9786139455317; 6139455316
    Weitere Identifier:
    9786139455317
    Auflage/Ausgabe: 1. Auflage
    Weitere Schlagworte: (Produktform)Electronic book text; violence against women; aggression; PROTECTION OF WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE; CRIMINOLOGICAL MEASURES; PREVENTION OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN; victim; AGGRESSOR; HOME VIOLENCE; Gender; Gender Education; gender inequality; SOCIAL PROBLEM.; (VLB-WN)1726: Soziologie/Frauenforschung, Geschlechterforschung
    Umfang: Online-Ressource, 72 Seiten
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  9. Contemporary Women And Modern Indian Society
    Autor*in: Tripathy, Biplab; Raha, Subhechya
    Erschienen: 2019
    Verlag:  LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken

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    ISBN: 9786200312686; 6200312680
    Weitere Identifier:
    9786200312686
    Auflage/Ausgabe: 1. Auflage
    Weitere Schlagworte: (Produktform)Electronic book text; Women Empowerment; Modern Women; Female literacy; Women work participation; gender inequality; Female Demography; Sex ratio; Gender bias; Stereotype; (VLB-WN)1726: Soziologie/Frauenforschung, Geschlechterforschung
    Umfang: Online-Ressource, 60 Seiten
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  10. Culture, children and couple gender inequality
    Autor*in: Jessen, Jonas
    Erschienen: 25th February 2021
    Verlag:  Verein für Socialpolitik, [Köln]

    This paper examines how culture determines within-couple gender inequality. Exploiting the setting of Germany's division and reunification, I compare child penalties of couples socialised in a more gender-egalitarian culture to those in a... mehr

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    This paper examines how culture determines within-couple gender inequality. Exploiting the setting of Germany's division and reunification, I compare child penalties of couples socialised in a more gender-egalitarian culture to those in a gendertraditional culture. The long-run penalty on the female income share is 30.9% in West German couples, compared to 18.3% in East German couples. I additionally show that the arrival of children leads to a stronger increase in the share of housework performed by women in West Germany and that women are responsible for a larger share of child care as those from the East. A specialisation index indicates that children only lead to a permanent (re-)traditionalisation in West German couples. A battery of robustness checks confirms that differences between East and West socialised couples are not driven by current location, economic factors, day care availability or other smooth regional gradients. The main findings are complemented with an analysis of time-use diary data from the GDR and reunified Germany comparing parents with childless couples. Lastly, I show that attitudes towards maternal employment are more traditional in West Germany, but the arrival of children leads to some convergence.

     
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    hdl: 10419/242388
    Schriftenreihe: Jahrestagung 2021 / Verein für Socialpolitik ; 104
    Schlagworte: cultural norms; gender inequality; child penalty
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. The motherhood penalty in China
    having a child increases gender inequality in the labor market
    Autor*in: Zhang, Mingxue; Hou, Lingling; Wang, Yue
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Using a comprehensive individual panel dataset in China and an event study method, we examined the effects of having a child on gender inequality from the perspectives of labor market outcomes and its mechanisms. Results show that becoming a mother... mehr

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    Using a comprehensive individual panel dataset in China and an event study method, we examined the effects of having a child on gender inequality from the perspectives of labor market outcomes and its mechanisms. Results show that becoming a mother implies a sharp decline in labor earnings, labor market participation, working hours and wage rate, while fathers' outcomes remain unaffected. These outcomes are driven by two potential channels: career choices and social norms. After having a child, mothers have a higher likelihood for engaging in informal jobs and less possibility of being promoted if they work in the formal sector. Moreover, social norms towards gender roles lead mothers to devote more time to housework and babysit, which generate motherhood earnings penalty in labor market. Finally, well-being analysis shows that subjective happiness and life satisfaction of both males and females are barely not changed after childbirth, and females experience an increase in social status after child arrival.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263211
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1152
    Schlagworte: motherhood penalty; gender inequality; gender gap; individual earnings
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Expansions in paid parental leave and mothers' economic progress
    Autor*in: Corekcioglu, Gozde; Francesconi, Marco; Kunze, Astrid
    Erschienen: October 2022
    Verlag:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    We examine the impact of government-funded universal paid parental leave extensions on the likelihood that mothers reach top-pay jobs and executive positions, using eight Norwegian reforms. Up to a quarter of a century after childbirth, such reforms... mehr

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    We examine the impact of government-funded universal paid parental leave extensions on the likelihood that mothers reach top-pay jobs and executive positions, using eight Norwegian reforms. Up to a quarter of a century after childbirth, such reforms neither helped nor hurt mothers' chances to be at the top of their companies' pay ranking or in leadership positions. We detect no differential effect across many characteristics, and no impact on other outcomes, such as hours worked and promotions. No reform affected fathers' pay or the gender pay gaps between mothers and their male colleagues and between mothers and their partners.

     
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    hdl: 10419/267261
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working papers ; 10028 (2022)
    Schlagworte: gender inequality; within-firm pay ranking; glass ceiling; leadership; top executives
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 91 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Monetary policy and the gender and racial employment dynamics in Brazil
    Autor*in: Couto, Patricia; Brenck, Clara
    Erschienen: February 2023
    Verlag:  Levy Economics Institute, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY

    Monetary policy has been historically concerned with controlling inflation, using the interest rate as its main tool. However, such policies are not gender- or race-neutral. This paper explores econometrically the effect of changes in the interest... mehr

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    Monetary policy has been historically concerned with controlling inflation, using the interest rate as its main tool. However, such policies are not gender- or race-neutral. This paper explores econometrically the effect of changes in the interest rate for female and black employment creation in Brazil. We conduct a panel data fixed effects analysis for 13 states between 2012 and 2021 to estimate the effects of changes in interest rates on unemployment, separating the data by gender and race. Our results show that the real interest rate has a positive effect on the relative unemployment of black men to white men, no effect on the relative unemployment of black women to white men, and a negative effect on the relative unemployment of white women to white men. These effects are intensified in regions where the black population ratio is lower. This paper contributes to understanding the challenges to closing gender and racial gaps, particularly in developing economies. We conclude that social stratification, if not considered, can lead to misleading policies that perpetuate unequal socioeconomic outcomes.

     
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    hdl: 10419/283207
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Levy Economics Institute of Bard College ; no. 1016
    Schlagworte: Monetary policy; gender inequality; racial inequality; social stratification
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. The cost of gender identity norms
    evidence from a spouse tax credit
    Autor*in: Giommoni, Tommaso; Rubolino, Enrico
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Università Bocconi, The Dondena Centre, Milan, Italy

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    Schriftenreihe: Dondena working papers ; no. 153 (July 2022)
    Schlagworte: Gender norms; gender inequality; spouse tax credit; income taxation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Who is doing the chores and childcare in dual-earner couples during the COVID-19 era of working from home?
    Autor*in: Pabilonia, Sabrina Wulff; Vernon, Victoria
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Productivity and Technology, Washington, DC

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    Schriftenreihe: BLS working papers ; 554 (September 13, 2022)
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; household production; childcare; telework; remote work; working from home; gender care gap; gender inequality; pandemic parenting
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Do parental leaves make the motherhood wage penalty worse?
    assessing two decades of German reforms
    Autor*in: Mari, Gabriele; Cutuli, Giorgio
    Erschienen: 2019
    Verlag:  German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Women-friendly policies may have perverse effects on the wages of employed women and mothers in particular. Yet few have addressed the causal impact of such policies and the mechanisms they might trigger at the individual level to produce such wage... mehr

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    Women-friendly policies may have perverse effects on the wages of employed women and mothers in particular. Yet few have addressed the causal impact of such policies and the mechanisms they might trigger at the individual level to produce such wage responses. We assess if and how two decades of reforms of parental leave schemes in Germany have shaped changes in the motherhood wage penalty over time. We compare two sweeps of reforms inspired by opposite principles, one allowing for longer periods out of paid work, the other prompting quicker re-entry in the labour market. We deploy panel data (SOEP 1985-2014) and a within-person difference-in-differences design. Motherhood wage penalties were found to be harsher than previously assessed in the 1990s. As parental leave reform triggered longer time spent on leave coupled with better tenure accumulation, wage losses for mothers remained stable in this first period. Conversely, we can no longer detect motherhood wage penalties for women affected by the later reform. Shorter career breaks and increased work hours may have benefited new mothers in the late 2000s, leading to a substantial improvement in their wage prospects.

     
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    hdl: 10419/194106
    Schriftenreihe: SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research ; 1025 (2019)
    Schlagworte: Parental leave; motherhood wage penalty; difference-in-difference; gender inequality
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Changing male perceptions of gender equality
    evidence from an experimental study
    Autor*in: Cuong Viet Nguyen; Tarp, Finn
    Erschienen: December 2018
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Reducing gender inequality is a critically important development challenge, especially in countries with widespread and deep-rooted prejudices against women. In this study, we use a randomized control trial to examine whether facilitating Vietnamese... mehr

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    Reducing gender inequality is a critically important development challenge, especially in countries with widespread and deep-rooted prejudices against women. In this study, we use a randomized control trial to examine whether facilitating Vietnamese men to reflect about gender equality can reduce their gender bias. We randomly selected two groups of husbands and requested one group to make comments on gender-related laws and another group to write stories about gender equality. We find that commenting on gender-related laws reduces men's bias against women slightly, while writing stories has a strong effect on reducing existing prejudice against women. Moreover, writing gender-related stories improves men’s knowledge of gender-related laws. Nonetheless, there is only a small effect of this treatment on doing housework. Changing men's behaviour in practice requires stronger, more sustained interventions.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292566135
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    hdl: 10419/211212
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2018, 171
    Schlagworte: gender inequality; male perception; experimental design; women empowerment; cognitive dissonance
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. China's rebalancing and gender inequality
    Autor*in: Brussevich, Mariya; Dabla-Norris, Era; Li, Bin
    Erschienen: May 2021
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    This paper examines gender inequality in the context of structural transformation and rebalancing in China. We document declining women's relative wages and labor force participation in China during the last two decades, despite rapid growth and... mehr

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    This paper examines gender inequality in the context of structural transformation and rebalancing in China. We document declining women's relative wages and labor force participation in China during the last two decades, despite rapid growth and expansion of the service sector. Using household data, we provide evidence consistent with a U-shaped relationship between economic development and women's labor market outcomes. Using a model of structural transformation, we show that labor market barriers for women have increased over time. Model counterfactuals suggest that removing these barriers and increasing service sector productivity can boost both gender equality and economic growth in China

     
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  19. Gendered analysis of food security gaps in rural Nepal
    Autor*in: Aryal, Jeetendra Prakash; Rahut, Dil Bahadur; Gartaula, Hom Nath
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Asian Development Bank Institute, Tokyo, Japan

    Gender studies on food security have often focused on the differences between male-headed households (MHHs) and female-headed households (FHHs). Hence, they have mostly ignored the possibility of food security gaps between the different types of... mehr

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    Gender studies on food security have often focused on the differences between male-headed households (MHHs) and female-headed households (FHHs). Hence, they have mostly ignored the possibility of food security gaps between the different types of FHHs, treating them as homogeneous. Therefore, using nationally representative data from Nepal and applying exogenous switching treatment effect regression models, this study investigated whether food security differences exist between de facto FHHs (i.e., households managed by a woman whose husband is physically not present at home owing to work outside) and de jure FHHs (i.e., households managed by a single, widowed, or divorced woman). Contrary to the general hypothesis, this study did not find any significant difference in the food security status between MHHs and FHHs. Nevertheless, it found that food security is significantly lower among de jure FHHs than among MHHs. More surprising, considering the common belief, is that the food security difference between de facto FHHs and de jure FHHs is larger than the difference between de jure FHHs and MHHs. It is possible to explain these gaps between MHHs and de jure FHHs by unobserved heterogeneity effects but not by treatment effects, while both treatment effects (i.e., differences in returns to their assets, such as participation in off-farm income) and unobserved heterogeneity effects explain the differences between de facto and de jure FHHs. The results have important policy implications, primarily because they reject the general notion that FHHs are less food secure, and strongly recommend a deeper investigation into the heterogeneity among FHHs. This has a crucial implication for designing government policy related to two important Sustainable Development Goals - gender equality and food security.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/249458
    Schriftenreihe: ADBI working paper series ; no. 1279 (August 2021)
    Schlagworte: gender; food security; gender inequality; exogenous switching treatment regression; rural Nepal
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Wage inequality, selection and the evolution of the gender earnings gap in Sweden
    Autor*in: Ahrsjö, Ulrika; Niknami, Susan; Palme, Mårten
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Stockholm University, Department of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

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    Auflage/Ausgabe: This version: August 25, 2021
    Schriftenreihe: Research papers in economics / Stockholm University, Department of Economics ; no. 2021, 3
    Schlagworte: Gender pay gap; wage gap; gender inequality; selective samples
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Change and variation in couples' earnings equality following parenthood
    Autor*in: Musick, Kelly; Gonalons-Pons, Pilar; Schwartz, Christine
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Population Studies Center, [Philadelphia, PA]

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    Schriftenreihe: Population Center Working Papers (PSC/PARC) / Population Studies Center ; 2021, 68
    Schlagworte: parenthood; gender inequality; division of paid work; women's education
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Paid family leave and the gender division of paid and unpaid work
    Autor*in: Gonalons-Pons, Pilar
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Population Studies Center, [Philadelphia, PA]

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    Schriftenreihe: Population Center Working Papers (PSC/PARC) / Population Studies Center ; 2021, 73
    Schlagworte: paid leave policy; gender inequality; division of paid and unpaid work
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten)
  23. Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
    the role of partnership and parenthood status in growing disparities between types of families
    Autor*in: Hiekel, Nicole; Kühn, Mine
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany

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    Schriftenreihe: MPIDR working paper ; WP 2021, 013 (June 2021)
    Schlagworte: Mental health inequalities; Covid-19 pandemic; gender inequality; family types; stress; exhaustion; loneliness
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Culture, children and couple gender inequality
    Autor*in: Jessen, Jonas
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin

    This paper examines how culture impacts within-couple gender inequality. Exploiting the setting of Germany's division and reunification, I compare child penalties of couples socialised in a more gender-egalitarian culture (East Germany) to those in a... mehr

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    This paper examines how culture impacts within-couple gender inequality. Exploiting the setting of Germany's division and reunification, I compare child penalties of couples socialised in a more gender-egalitarian culture (East Germany) to those in a gender-traditional culture (West Germany). Using a household panel, I show that the long-run child penalty on the female income share is 26.9 percentage points in West German couples, compared to 15.5 in East German couples. I additionally show that among women in West Germany the arrival of a child leads to a greater increase in housework and a larger share of child care responsibilities than among women in the East. A battery of robustness checks confirms that differences between East and West socialised couples are not driven by current location, economic factors, day care availability or other smooth regional gradients. I add to the main findings by using time-use diary data from the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and reunified Germany, comparing parents with childless couples of similar age. This provides a rare insight into gender inequality in the GDR and allows to compare the effect of children in the GDR to the effects in East and West Germany after reunification. Lastly, I show that attitudes towards maternal employment are more egalitarian among East Germans, but that the arrival of children leads to more traditional attitudes for both East and West Germans. The findings confirm that socialisation has a strong impact on child penalties and thus on gender inequality as a whole.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion papers / Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung ; 1957
    Schlagworte: cultural norms; gender inequality; child penalty
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. What explains the gender gap in top incomes in developing countries?
    evidence from Ecuador
    Autor*in: Oliva, Nicolás; Jara, H. Xavier; Rattenhuber, Pia
    Erschienen: June 2021
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Based on tax records data from Ecuador, we analyse gender differences in top income groups from 2008 to 2017. Ecuador represents an interesting case as it shares many trends with other countries in the region in terms of women's status in the labour... mehr

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    Based on tax records data from Ecuador, we analyse gender differences in top income groups from 2008 to 2017. Ecuador represents an interesting case as it shares many trends with other countries in the region in terms of women's status in the labour market. While we observe a significant increase in the share of women at the top of the income distribution during this period, women remain underrepresented in top income groups, at 38.7 per cent in the top 10 per cent income group and 22.8 per cent in the top 0.1 per cent income group. The composition of total income-labour, business, and capital income-is broadly similar for men and women at the top, with the importance of business and capital increasing at the very top. However, while women's capital income is more concentrated on rental income from real estate, men are more likely to earn capital income from dividends and financial returns, and to figure as majority shareholders. In terms of observable characteristics, having (private) tertiary education is more important for women than men. In contrast, the effect of having a spouse who belongs to a top income group is more important for men than women. Finally, we observe a high degree of persistence in top incomes across gender, with around 80 per cent of individuals in the top 10 per cent group remaining in this group from year to year.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    ISBN: 9789292670498
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/243435
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 109
    Schlagworte: top incomes; gender inequality; tax records; capital incomes; Ecuador
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen