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Displaying results 101 to 125 of 571.

  1. Upstreamness, wages and gender
    equal benefits for all?
    Author: Gagliardi, Nicola; Mahy, Benoît; Rycx, François
    Published: June 2019
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper provides first evidence on the impact of a direct measure of firm-level upstreamness (i.e. the steps before the production of a firm meets final demand) on workers' wages. It also investigates whether results vary along the earnings... more

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    This paper provides first evidence on the impact of a direct measure of firm-level upstreamness (i.e. the steps before the production of a firm meets final demand) on workers' wages. It also investigates whether results vary along the earnings distribution and by gender. Findings, based on unique matched employer-employee data relative to the Belgian manufacturing industry for the period 2002-2010, show that workers earn significantly higher wages when employed in more upstream firms. Yet, the gains from upstreamness are found to be very unequally shared among workers. Unconditional quantile estimates suggest that male top-earners are the main beneficiaries, whereas women, irrespective of their earnings, appear to be unfairly rewarded. Quantile decompositions further show that these differences in wage premia account for a substantial part of the gender wage gap, especially at the top of the earnings' distribution.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/202795
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12449
    Subjects: upstreamness; global value chains; wages; gender
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten)
  2. Automation and new tasks
    how technology displaces and reinstates labor
    Author: Acemoglu, Daron; Restrepo, Pascual
    Published: April 12, 2019
    Publisher:  Boston University - Department of Economics, [Boston, MA]

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    Format: Online
    Series: [IED working papers] ; 315
    Subjects: automation; displacement effect; labor demand; inequality; productivity; reinstatement effect; tasks; technology; wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Estimating the gains from trade in frictional local labor markets
    Author: Pupato, Germàn; Sand, Ben; Tschopp, Jeanne
    Published: [2019]
    Publisher:  Universität Bern, Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Sciences, Department of Economics, Bern, Switzerland

    We develop a theory and an empirical strategy to estimate the welfare gains of economic integration in economies with frictional local labor markets. The model yields a welfare formula that nests previous results in the literature and features an... more

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    We develop a theory and an empirical strategy to estimate the welfare gains of economic integration in economies with frictional local labor markets. The model yields a welfare formula that nests previous results in the literature and features an additional adjustment margin, via the employment rate, that generates new insights. We show that the quantitative impact of this new channel depends on the goods market structure and on the degree of firm heterogeneity. To obtain causal estimates of the two key structural parameters needed for the welfare analysis, the trade elasticity and the elasticity of substitution in consumption, we propose a theoretically-consistent identification strategy that exploits exogenous variation in production costs driven by differences in industrial composition across local labor markets. As an application, we exploit Germany's rapid trade integration with China and Eastern Europe between 1988 and 2008 to assess the quantitative importance of accounting for unemployment changes when computing the gains from trade across local labor markets in West Germany. Under monopolistic competition with free entry and firm heterogeneity, the median welfare gains in the frictional setting are 6% larger relative to the frictionless setting. The relative welfare gains are typically more modest under alternative market structures.

     
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    hdl: 10419/228887
    Series: Discussion papers / Universität Bern, Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Sciences, Department of Economics ; 19, 09 (August 2019)
    Subjects: Welfare gains from trade; trade elasticity; local labor markets; unemployment; wages; search and bargaining
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. The Arab inequality puzzle
    the role of income sources in Egypt and Tunisia
    Author: Krafft, Caroline; Davis, Elizabeth E.
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Egypt and Tunisia are perceived to have high levels of inequality, yet based on standard measures, inequality in these two countries is not unusually high. In this study we explore a new dimension of inequality in Egypt and Tunisia by using a more... more

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    Egypt and Tunisia are perceived to have high levels of inequality, yet based on standard measures, inequality in these two countries is not unusually high. In this study we explore a new dimension of inequality in Egypt and Tunisia by using a more complete measure of income and decomposing inequality by income sources (factor components). We find that higher-income households have more income sources than lower-income ones. Informal wage work and earnings from household enterprises are more common in Egypt than Tunisia, while formal wage work, pensions, and social assistance are more common in Tunisia. Social assistance does little to offset income inequality in either country. Enterprise earnings (in Egypt) and agricultural earnings (in Tunisia) as well as rent and other capital income in both countries play a large role in inequality. High inequality in these non-wage income sources may help explain why inequality is perceived to be high.

     
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    hdl: 10419/204300
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 405
    Subjects: Income inequality; inequality decomposition; wages; Egypt; Tunisia
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Global value chains and labour markets - wages, employment or both: input-output aproach
    Author: Szymczak, Sabina; Wolszczak-Derlacz, Joanna
    Published: November 2019
    Publisher:  Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Management and Economics, Gdańsk

    This article examines the overall effect of global value chains (GVCs) on labour market outcomes, namely wages and labour demand. The analysis exploits the World Input-Output Database (WIOD, 2016 release) covering 43 countries and 54 sectors from... more

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    This article examines the overall effect of global value chains (GVCs) on labour market outcomes, namely wages and labour demand. The analysis exploits the World Input-Output Database (WIOD, 2016 release) covering 43 countries and 54 sectors from 2000 to 2014. GVC involvement is measured by the recently developed GVC participation indexes (based on both backward and forward linkages) and relative GVC position (Wang et al., 2017a, 2017b). The estimates employ the three-least-squares method. The results indicate that GVC position is negatively correlated both with wages and with employment, while the effect of GVC participation as such depends on whether backward or forward linkages are considered. We find some heterogeneity between countries (middle- versus high-income) and sectors (manufacturing versus services). Importantly, the labour market effect of involvement in GVCs is different from the channel of traditional trade in which the production process does not cross national borders. The R codes for calculation of input-output measures of GVC are provided.

     
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    hdl: 10419/246276
    Edition: This version: 29 November 2019
    Series: Array ; 2019, no. 7 = 59
    Subjects: global value chains; input-output; employment; wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Mixing the rich and poor
    the impact of peers on education and earnings
    Author: Einiö, Elias
    Published: December 2019
    Publisher:  VATT Institute for Economic Research, Helsinki

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    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9789522742483
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    Series: VATT working papers ; 128
    Subjects: Earnings; employment; education; wages; peer effects; family background
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten)
  7. Offshoring within South African manufacturing firms
    an analysis of the labour market effects
    Author: Pretorius, Anmar; Bezuidenhout, Carli; Matthee, Marianne; Blaauw, Derick
    Published: October 2019
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    In South Africa, the manufacturing sector -- important for growth and employment creation -- has shown declining growth, poor productivity performance, decreased labour demand, and increased imports of intermediate goods (offshoring activities).... more

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    In South Africa, the manufacturing sector -- important for growth and employment creation -- has shown declining growth, poor productivity performance, decreased labour demand, and increased imports of intermediate goods (offshoring activities). Offshoring influences jobs and wages differently depending on the type of industry and worker. We provide a nuanced view of offshoring in South Africa, using firm- and employer-employee-level data to disentangle its impact on the labour market in terms of capital- and labour-intensive industries and skilled and unskilled workers. Contrary to previous findings in developed countries, we find that offshoring generally lowers employment in manufacturing firms, and seems to increase the percentage of unskilled workers and lower the percentage of skilled workers. There are indications that increased narrow offshoring increases the cohort of unskilled workers, particularly in ultra-labour-intensive industries. As offshoring gains momentum, worker-level earnings increase in capital- and labour-intensive industries but decrease in ultra-labour-intensive industries.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292567095
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    hdl: 10419/211308
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2019, 75
    Subjects: offshoring; firm-level data; employer-employee data; employment; skills; wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. The differential effects of technology and trade on female and male workers in India
    Author: Sharma, Shruti
    Published: [2019]
    Publisher:  Asian Development Bank Institute, Tokyo, Japan

    This paper uses the task content model of occupations to investigate whether technology and trade have had differential effects on male and female workers in India. It describes trends in employment shares and wages for female and male workers based... more

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    This paper uses the task content model of occupations to investigate whether technology and trade have had differential effects on male and female workers in India. It describes trends in employment shares and wages for female and male workers based on whether they have routine manual, routine cognitive, or non-routine cognitive occupations. It finds that, though there are some similarities in the broad trends for both female and male workers, such as the fact that those with routine cognitive occupations for both categories have the smallest employment shares, there are also important differences. An investigation into the changes in employment shares reveals that female workers suffer less of a decline in routine cognitive jobs within industry than male workers. Furthermore, male workers experience a bigger increase in demand than female workers due to more jobs within industries that intensively employ workers in non-routine cognitive occupations. The findings in this paper have important implications for labor market policies that target skill development in developing countries.

     
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    hdl: 10419/222798
    Series: ADBI working paper series ; no. 1031 (November 2019)
    Subjects: occupational choice; tasks; wages; employment; skills; economics of gender
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Informing employees in small and medium sized firms about training
    results of a randomized field experiment
    Author: Berg, Gerard J. van den; Dauth, Christine; Homrighausen, Pia; Stephan, Gesine
    Published: 7. November 2019
    Publisher:  Institute for Employment Research of the Federal Employment Agency, Nürnberg

    We analyze a labor market program that subsidizes skill-upgrading occupational training for work-ers employed in small and medium sized enterprises. The program covers a substantial share of training costs. Nonetheless, take-up has been low. In an... more

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    We analyze a labor market program that subsidizes skill-upgrading occupational training for work-ers employed in small and medium sized enterprises. The program covers a substantial share of training costs. Nonetheless, take-up has been low. In an experimental setup, we mailed 10,000 brochures to potentially eligible workers, informing them about the importance of skill-upgrading occupational training in general and about the subsidy program in particular. Using combined survey and register data, we analyze the impact of receiving the brochure on workers' knowledge of the program, on take-up of subsidized and unsubsidized training, and on job characteristics. The survey data reveal that the brochure more than doubled workers' awareness of the program. We do not find effects on program take-up or short-run labor market outcomes in the register data. However, the information treatment positively affected participation in other (unsubsidized) training among employees under 45 years. Wir untersuchen ein Arbeitsmarktprogramm, das Weiterbildung für Beschäftigte in kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen fördert. Im Rahmen des Programms übernimmt die Bundesagentur für Arbeit einen substanziellen Anteil der Weiterbildungskosten. Die Zugangszahlen in das Weiterbildungsprogramm sind dennoch gering. Im Rahmen eines experimentellen Ansatzes verschickten wir 10 000 Broschüren an potenziell förderberechtigte Beschäftigte und informierten diese über die Bedeutung von Weiterbildung allgemein sowie über das Förderprogramm im Besonderen. Mithilfe verknüpfter Befragungs- und Registerdaten analysieren wir den Einfluss der Info-Broschüre auf die Bekanntheit des Förderprogramms unter Beschäftigten, auf die Aufnahme einer geförderten oder ungeförderten Weiterbildung und auf Merkmale der Beschäftigung. Die Befragungsdaten zeigen, dass die Broschüre die Bekanntheit des Programms unter den Beschäftigten mehr als verdoppelte. Wir finden weder Effekte auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit eine geförderte Weiterbildung aufzunehmen noch auf kurzfristige Arbeitsmarkterfolgsindikatoren aus den Registerdaten. Das Info-Treatment beeinflusste jedoch die Teilnahme an ungeförderten Weiterbildungen bei Beschäftigten unter 45 Jahren.

     
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    hdl: 10419/222382
    Series: IAB-discussion paper ; 2019, 22
    Subjects: employment; wages; skills; randomized controlled trial; information treatment
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten)
  10. Do workers benefit from resource booms in their home state?
    evidence from the fracking era
    Author: Winters, John V.; Cai, Zhengyu; Maguire, Karen; Sengupta, Shruti
    Published: September 2019
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Fracking innovations revolutionized the United States oil and gas industry and facilitated a boom in energy production in states with oil and gas resources. This paper examines effects of oil and gas booms within a state on individual employment and... more

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    Fracking innovations revolutionized the United States oil and gas industry and facilitated a boom in energy production in states with oil and gas resources. This paper examines effects of oil and gas booms within a state on individual employment and earnings. To account for endogenous migration decisions, we instrument for oil and gas production in workers' state of residence via the predicted percent of oil and gas employment in their state of birth. We find statistically significant and economically meaningful positive effects. The bulk of the effects accrue to workers employed outside the oil and gas industry indicating sizable spillovers.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/207444
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12619
    Subjects: resource boom; regional economic development; employment; wages; income
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Much ado about nothing?
    the wage penalty of holding a Ph.D. degree but not a Ph.D. job position
    Author: Gaeta, Giuseppe Lucio; Lubrano Lavadera, Giuseppe; Pastore, Francesco
    Published: 2017
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Maastricht

    This paper contributes to the literature on overeducation by empirically investigating the wage penalty of job-education mismatch among Ph.D. holders who completed their studies in Italy; a country where the number of new doctoral recipients has... more

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    This paper contributes to the literature on overeducation by empirically investigating the wage penalty of job-education mismatch among Ph.D. holders who completed their studies in Italy; a country where the number of new doctoral recipients has dramatically increased over recent years while personnel employed in R&D activities is still below the European average. We use cross-sectional micro-data collected in 2009 and rely on different definitions of education-job mismatch such as, overeducation, overskilling and dissatisfaction with the use of skills. We find that overeducation and skills dissatisfaction are associated with significantly lower wages but there is no wage penalty from overskilling. Furthermore, those who simultaneously report overeducation and skills dissatisfaction experience a particularly high wage penalty.

     
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    hdl: 10419/154749
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 12
    Subjects: job-education mismatch; overeducation; overskilling; job satisfaction; wages; Ph.D. holders
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Competition, institutions and company-sponsored training
    Author: Hinz, Tina; Mohrenweiser, Jens
    Published: June 2019
    Publisher:  Universität Zürich, IBW - Institut für Betriebswirtschaftslehre, Zürich

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    Edition: Version: June 2019
    Series: Working paper / Swiss Leading House ; no. 162
    Subjects: training; productivity; wages; wage compression
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten)
  13. Stock market wealth and the real economy
    a local labor market approach
    Author: Chodorow-Reich, Gabriel; Nenov, Plamen T.; Simsek, Alp
    Published: 12 July 2019
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Series: Array ; DP13856
    Subjects: stock prices; consumption wealth effect; marginal propensity to consume; employment; wages; regional heterogeneity; time-varying risk premium; nominal rigidities; monetary policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 112 Seiten)
  14. Short-time work in the Great Recession
    firm-level evidence from 20 EU countries
    Author: Lydon, Reamonn; Mathä, Thomas; Millard, Stephen
    Published: [2018]
    Publisher:  Central Bank of Ireland, [Dublin]

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    Series: Research technical paper / Central Bank of Ireland ; vol. 2018, no. 13
    Subjects: Firms; survey; crisis; short-time work; wages; recession
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Italy and the little divergence in wages and prices
    new data, new results
    Author: Rota, Mauro; Weisdorf, Jacob
    Published: 09 January 2020
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Series: Array ; DP14295
    Subjects: Construction; Divergence; industrial revolution; living standards; prices; wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Labor demand in the past, present and future
    Author: Graetz, Georg
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, London

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    Series: CEP discussion paper ; no 1683 (March 2020)
    Subjects: automation; labor demand; labor share; technology; wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Building bridges and widening gaps
    wage gains and equity concerns of labor market expansions
    Author: Løken, Katrine V.; Bütikofer, Aline; Willén, Alexander
    Published: 07 January 2020
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Series: Array ; DP14287
    Subjects: Labor Market Expansions; wages; Equity Concerns
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Reflections on wage-setting
    Author: Zimmermann, Klaus F.
    Published: [2018]
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Maastricht

    Central banks need to be concerned about wages since they are a major driver of inflation. Rising wages are needed to signal directions for market adjustments to ensure growth. Wage growth is driven by relative scarcity, labor productivity and... more

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    Central banks need to be concerned about wages since they are a major driver of inflation. Rising wages are needed to signal directions for market adjustments to ensure growth. Wage growth is driven by relative scarcity, labor productivity and expectations about inflation and future growth. Migration plays a significant role to balance wages across regions and countries. Wage growth has been low in most developed economies because of underutilized labor if properly measured. Germany seems to be an exception, but the scarcity of workers has been tamed by internal flexibility resulting from more decentralized wage setting and labor market reforms.

     
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    hdl: 10419/180664
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 230
    Subjects: Phillips-curve; wages; union wages; decentralized wage bargaining; labor market reforms; internal flexibility; unemployment; underemployment; mobility and wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 7 Seiten)
  19. Economic impact of STEM immigrant workers
    Author: Baum, Christopher F.; Lööf, Hans; Stephan, Andreas
    Published: October 4, 2018
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Maastricht

    STEM-focused industries are critical to the innovation-driven economy. As many firms are running short of STEM workers, international immigrants are increasingly recognized as a potential for high-tech job recruitment. This paper studies STEM... more

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    STEM-focused industries are critical to the innovation-driven economy. As many firms are running short of STEM workers, international immigrants are increasingly recognized as a potential for high-tech job recruitment. This paper studies STEM occupations in Sweden 2011-2015 and tests hypotheses on new recruitment and the economic impact of foreign STEM workers. The empirical analysis shows that the probability that a new employee is a STEM immigrant increases with the share of STEM immigrants already employed, while the marginal effect on average firm wages is positively associated with the share of immigrant STEM workers. We also document heterogeneity in the results, suggesting that European migrants are more attractive for new recruitment, but non-EU migrants have the largest impact on wage determination.

     
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    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 257
    Subjects: STEM; migration; employment; wages; correlated random effects
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten)
  20. Early cannabis use and school to work transition of young men
    Author: Williams, Jenny; Ours, Jan C. van
    Published: 2017
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Maastricht

    We study the impact of early cannabis use on the school to work transition of young men. Our empirical approach accounts for common unobserved confounders that jointly affect selection into cannabis use and the transition from school to work using a... more

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    We study the impact of early cannabis use on the school to work transition of young men. Our empirical approach accounts for common unobserved confounders that jointly affect selection into cannabis use and the transition from school to work using a multivariate mixed proportional hazard framework in which unobserved heterogeneities are drawn from a discrete mixing distribution. Extended models account for school leavers' option of returning to school rather than starting work as a competing risk. We find that early cannabis use leads young men to accept job offers more quickly and at a lower wage rate compared to otherwise similar males who did not use cannabis. These effects are present only for those who use cannabis for longer than a year before leaving school. Overall, our findings are consistent with a mechanism whereby early non-experimental cannabis use leads to greater impatience in initial labor market decision-making.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/155757
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 31
    Subjects: multivariate duration models; discrete factors; cannabis use; job search; wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. The workforce's age structure and wages
    do age and the type of occupation matter?
    Author: Majchrowska, Aleksandra; Broniatowska, Paulina
    Published: [2018]
    Publisher:  Faculty of Economics and Sociology, University of Lodz, [Lodz]

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    Language: English
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    hdl: 11089/26353
    Series: Lodz economics working papers ; 2018, 8
    Subjects: workforce ageing; age structure; wages; occupational groups
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Does working at a start-up pay off?
    Author: Fackler, Daniel; Hölscher, Lisa; Schnabel, Claus; Weyh, Antje
    Published: March 2020
    Publisher:  Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für VWL, insbes. Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik, [Erlangen-Nürnberg]

    Using representative linked employer-employee data for Germany, this paper analyzes short- and long-run differences in labor market performance of workers joining start-ups instead of incumbent firms. Applying entropy balancing and following... more

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    Using representative linked employer-employee data for Germany, this paper analyzes short- and long-run differences in labor market performance of workers joining start-ups instead of incumbent firms. Applying entropy balancing and following individuals over ten years, we find huge and long-lasting drawbacks from entering a start-up in terms of wages, yearly income, and (un)employment. These disadvantages hold for all groups of workers and types of start-ups analyzed. Although our analysis of different subsequent career paths highlights important heterogeneities, it does not reveal any strategy through which workers joining start-ups can catch up with the income of similar workers entering incumbent firms. Mit verbundenen Arbeitgeber-Arbeitnehmer-Daten für Deutschland analysiert diese Studie kurz- und langfristige Unterschiede im Arbeitsmarkterfolg von Arbeitnehmern, die in neu gegründete statt bestehende Betriebe eintreten. Wir verwenden Entropy Balancing und folgen den Individuen in der Beobachtungs- und Kontrollgruppe über zehn Jahre. Dabei finden wir große und langanhaltende Nachteile eines Eintritts in Gründungen bezüglich Lohn, Jahresarbeitseinkommen, Beschäftigung und Arbeitslosigkeit. Diese Nachteile treffen auf alle betrachteten Arbeitnehmergruppen und Gründungstypen zu. Obwohl wir bei Betrachtung unterschiedlicher Karrierepfade einige wichtige Heterogenitäten identifizieren, zeigt sich keine Strategie, durch die in Gründungen eingetretene Arbeitnehmer zum Einkommen ähnlicher Arbeitnehmer aufschließen können, die in bestehende Unternehmen eintraten.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/215426
    Series: Discussion papers / Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für VWL, insbes. Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik ; no. 112
    Subjects: startups; young firms; wages; linked employer-employee data
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Does working at a start-up pay off?
    Author: Fackler, Daniel; Hölscher, Lisa; Schnabel, Claus; Weyh, Antje
    Published: March 2020
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Using representative linked employer-employee data for Germany, this paper analyzes short- and long-run differences in labor market performance of workers joining startups instead of incumbent firms. Applying entropy balancing and following... more

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    Using representative linked employer-employee data for Germany, this paper analyzes short- and long-run differences in labor market performance of workers joining startups instead of incumbent firms. Applying entropy balancing and following individuals over ten years, we find huge and long-lasting drawbacks from entering a start-up in terms of wages, yearly income, and (un)employment. These disadvantages hold for all groups of workers and types of start-ups analyzed. Although our analysis of different subsequent career paths highlights important heterogeneities, it does not reveal any strategy through which workers joining start-ups can catch up with the income of similar workers entering incumbent firms.

     
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    hdl: 10419/216345
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13033
    Subjects: startups; young firms; wages; linked employer-employee data
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Parental leave reform and long-run earnings of mothers
    Author: Frodermann, Corinna; Wrohlich, Katharina; Zucco, Aline
    Published: 16 March 2020
    Publisher:  Institute for Employment Research of the Federal Employment Agency, Nürnberg

    Paid parental leave schemes have been shown to increase women's employment rates but decrease their wages in case of extended leave durations. In view of these potential trade-offs many countries are discussing the optimal design of parental leave... more

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    Paid parental leave schemes have been shown to increase women's employment rates but decrease their wages in case of extended leave durations. In view of these potential trade-offs many countries are discussing the optimal design of parental leave policies. We analyze the impact of a major parental leave reform on mothers' long-term earnings. The 2007 German parental leave reform replaced a means-tested benefit with a more generous earnings related benefit that is granted for a shorter period of time. Additionally, a 'daddy quota' of two months was introduced. To identify the causal effects of this policy on long-run earnings of mothers, we use a difference-in-difference approach that compares labor market outcomes of mothers who gave birth just before and right after the reform and nets out season effects by including the year before. Using administrative social security data, we confirm previous findings and show that the average duration of employment interruptions increased for high income mothers. Nevertheless, we find a positive long-run effect on earnings for mothers in this group. This effect cannot be explained by changes in working hours, observed characteristics, changes in employer stability or fertility patterns. Descriptive evidence suggests that the stronger involvement of fathers, incentivized by the 'daddy months', could have facilitated mothers' re-entry into the labor market and thereby increased earnings. For mothers with low prior-to-birth earnings, however, we do not find any beneficial labor market effects of this parental leave reform. In der bisherigen Forschung konnte gezeigt werden, dass bezahlte Elternzeiten zwar die Beschäftigungsquote von Frauen erhöht, im Fall von längeren Erwerbsunterbrechungen allerdings auch zu geringeren Löhnen führen. Angesichts dieses Zielkonflikts diskutieren momentan viele Ländern die optimale Gestaltung von Elternzeiten. In der vorliegenden Studie analysieren wir den Einfluss einer bedeutenden Elternzeitreform auf die langfristigen Löhne von Müttern. Mit dieser Reform wurde 2007 das Elterngeld eingeführt, wodurch das bedarfsorientierte Erziehungsgeld durch eine großzügigere einkommensabhängige Leistung ersetzt wurde, die allerdings nur für einen kürzeren Zeitraum gewährt wird. Zusätzlich wurden mit der Reform zwei Partnerschaftsmonate eingeführt. Um den kausalen Effekt dieser Reform zu identifizieren, nutzen wir einen Differenz-in-Differenz-Ansatz, in dem wir die Löhne von Müttern vergleichen, die kurz vor und unmittelbar nach der Reform ihr erstes Kind bekommen haben. Durch das zusätzliche Einbeziehen des Vorjahres können die saisonalen Effekte herausgerechnet werden. Anhand von administrativen Daten der Sozialversicherung können wir frühere Ergebnisse bestätigen und zeigen, dass die durchschnittliche Dauer der Erwerbsunterbrechung bei Müttern mit hohem Einkommen zwar zugenommen hat, dies jedoch zu positiven langfristigen Lohneffekten führt. Diese Effekte lassen sich nicht durch Veränderungen der Arbeitszeit, der beobachtbaren Charakteristika, der Arbeitgeberstabilität oder durch unterschiedliches Fertilitätsverhalten erklären. Deskriptive Evidenz deutet darauf hin, dass die stärkere Beteiligung von Vätern, die durch die Partnerschaftsmonate gefördert wurde, den Wiedereintritt der Mütter erleichtert und dadurch ihre Tageslöhne erhöht hat. Für Mütter mit einem geringen Lohn vor der Geburt finden wir jedoch keinerlei positive Effekte durch diese Reform.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English; German
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/222394
    Series: IAB-discussion paper ; 2020, 9
    Subjects: wages; labor supply; Parental leave; Wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (50 Seiten), Diagramme
  25. Informing employees in small and medium sized firms about training
    results of a randomized field experiment
    Author: Berg, Gerard J. van den; Dauth, Christine; Homrighausen, Pia; Stephan, Gesine
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  IFAU, Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy, Uppsala

    We mailed brochures to 10,000 randomly chosen employed German workers eligible for a subsizided occupational training program called WeGebAU,informing them about the importance of skill-upgrading occupational training in general and about WeGebAU in... more

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    We mailed brochures to 10,000 randomly chosen employed German workers eligible for a subsizided occupational training program called WeGebAU,informing them about the importance of skill-upgrading occupational training in general and about WeGebAU in particular. Using survey and register data,we estimate effects of the information treatment brochure on awareness of the program, on take-up of WeGebAU and other training,and on subsequent employment. The bRochure more than doubles awareness of the program. There are no effects on WeGebAU take-up but participation in other(unsubsidized) training increasesamong employees aged below 45. Short-term labor market outcomes are not affected.

     
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    hdl: 10419/227851
    Series: Working paper / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy ; 2020, 3
    Subjects: employment; wages; skills; randomized controlled trial; information treatment
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen