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  1. Low-wage employment
    are low-paid jobs stepping stones to higher-paid jobs, do they become persistent, or do they lead to recurring unemployment?
    Author: Schnabel, Claus
    Published: March 2021
    Publisher:  Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), Bonn

    Low-wage employment has become an important feature of the labor market and a controversial topic for debate in many countries. How to interpret the prominence of low-paid jobs and whether they are beneficial to workers or society is still an open... more

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    Low-wage employment has become an important feature of the labor market and a controversial topic for debate in many countries. How to interpret the prominence of low-paid jobs and whether they are beneficial to workers or society is still an open question. The answer depends on whether low-paid jobs are largely transitory and serve as stepping stones to higher-paid employment, whether they become persistent, or whether they result in repeated unemployment. The empirical evidence is mixed, pointing to both stepping-stone effects and "scarring" effects (i.e. long-lasting detrimental effects) of low-paid work.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    hdl: 10419/260702
    Series: IZA world of labor ; 2021, 276v2
    Subjects: low-wage employment; wages; stepping stone; state dependence
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 10 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Noncompete agreements in employment contracts
    can regulation ensure that noncompete agreements benefit both workers and firms?
    Author: Lavetti, Kurt
    Published: September 2021
    Publisher:  Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), Bonn

    Labor market institutions that may weaken workers' bargaining leverage have received increased scrutiny in recent years. One example is noncompete agreements, which prevent workers from freely moving across employers, potentially weakening earnings... more

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    Labor market institutions that may weaken workers' bargaining leverage have received increased scrutiny in recent years. One example is noncompete agreements, which prevent workers from freely moving across employers, potentially weakening earnings growth. New data sources and empirical evidence have led policymakers to consider sharp restrictions on their use, especially among lower-income workers. These restrictions take many different forms, each of which has unique tradeoffs between the desire to protect workers while allowing firms to use noncompetes in cases where they may create social value.

     
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    hdl: 10419/260720
    Series: IZA world of labor ; 2021, 486
    Subjects: noncompete agreements; employment law; wages; job mobility
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 12 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Does emigration increase the wages of non-emigrants in sending countries
    emigration can increase the wages of non-emigrants, but may eventually lead to lower productivity and wage losses
    Author: Elsner, Benjamin
    Published: March 2022
    Publisher:  Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), Bonn

    How migration affects labor markets in receiving countries is well understood, but less is known about how migration affects labor markets in sending countries, particularly the wages of workers who do not emigrate. Most studies find that emigration... more

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    How migration affects labor markets in receiving countries is well understood, but less is known about how migration affects labor markets in sending countries, particularly the wages of workers who do not emigrate. Most studies find that emigration increases wages in the sending country but only for non-emigrants with substitutable skills similar to those of emigrants; non-emigrants with different (complementary) skills lose. These wage reactions are short-term effects, however. If a country loses many highly educated workers, the economy can become less productive altogether, leading to lower wages for everyone in the long term.

     
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    hdl: 10419/260688
    Series: IZA world of labor ; 2022, 208v2
    Subjects: emigration; wages; human capital
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 12 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Notes:

    Previous version November 2015
  4. The long-run effects of immigration
    evidence across a barrier to refugee settlement
    Author: Ciccone, Antonio; Nimczik, Jan Sebastian
    Published: March 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    After the end of World War II in 1945, millions of refugees arrived in what in 1949 became the Federal Republic of Germany. We examine their effect on today's productivity, wages, income, rents, education, and population density at the municipality... more

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    After the end of World War II in 1945, millions of refugees arrived in what in 1949 became the Federal Republic of Germany. We examine their effect on today's productivity, wages, income, rents, education, and population density at the municipality level. Our identification strategy is based on a spatial discontinuity in refugee settlement at the border between the French and US occupation zones in the South-West of post-war Germany. These occupation zones were established in 1945 and dissolved in 1949. The spatial discontinuity arose because the US zone admitted refugees during the 1945-1949 occupation period whereas the French zone restricted access. By 1950, refugee settlement had raised population density on the former US side of the 1945-1949 border significantly above density on the former French side. Before the war, there never had been significant differences in population density. The higher density on the former US side persists entirely in 2020 and coincides with higher rents as well as higher productivity, wages, and education levels. We examine whether today's economic differences across the former border are the result of the difference in refugee admission; the legacy of other policy differences between the 1945-1949 occupation zones; or the consequence of socio-economic differences predating WWII. Taken together, our results indicate that today's economic differences are the result of agglomeration effects triggered by the arrival of refugees in the former US zone. We estimate that exposure to the arrival of refugees raised income per capita by around 13% and hourly wages by around 10%.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263401
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15185
    Subjects: immigration; productivity; wages; refugees; long-run effects
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 76 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Tasks, automation, and the rise in US wage inequality
    Author: Acemoglu, Daron; Restrepo, Pascual
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Boston University - Department of Economics, [Boston, MA]

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    Format: Online
    Series: [IED working papers] ; 367
    Subjects: tasks; automation; productivity; technology; inequality; wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 99 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. The first East Asian economic miracle
    wages, living standards and foundations of modern economic growth in Southeast Asia, 1880-1938
    Author: Bassino, Jean-Pascal; Eng, Pierre van der
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  The Australian National University, Acton ACT, Australia

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    Series: Discussion paper series / Centre for Economic History, The Australian National University ; no. 2021, 05 (October 2021)
    Subjects: East Asian Economic Miracle; welfare; wages; Southeast Asia
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. A shot at economic prosperity
    long-term effects of India's childhood immunization program on earnings and consumption expenditure
    Author: Summan, Amit; Nandi, Arindam; Bloom, David E.
    Published: June 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Routine childhood vaccinations are among the most cost-effective interventions. In recent years, the broader benefits of vaccines, which include improved cognitive and schooling outcomes, have also been established. This paper evaluates the long-term... more

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    Routine childhood vaccinations are among the most cost-effective interventions. In recent years, the broader benefits of vaccines, which include improved cognitive and schooling outcomes, have also been established. This paper evaluates the long-term economic benefits of India's national program of childhood vaccinations, known as the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP). We combine individual-level data from the 68th round of the National Sample Survey of India (2011–2012) with district-wise data on the rollout of UIP in 1985–1990. We employ age-district fixed effects regression models to compare the earnings and per capita household consumer spending of 21- to 26-year-old adults who were born in UIP-covered districts vis-à-vis non-UIP districts in 1985-1990. We find that exposure to UIP in infancy increases weekly wages by 13.8% (95% CI: 7.6% to 20.3%, p<0.01) and monthly per capita household consumption expenditure by 2.9% (95% CI: 0.7% to 5.0% , p<0.01). Program exposure also reduces the probability that an individual's household relies on agriculture as the main source of income by 1.9% (95% CI: 0.0% to 3.5%, p<0.01). The findings are robust to several specifications, including varying study duration and accounting for potential migration. The effects vary by sex, location, and caste groups.

     
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    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15368
    Subjects: India; child immunization; health; wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 76 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Commuting, children and the gender wage gap
    Author: Borghorst, Malte; Mulalic, Ismir; Ommeren, Jos van
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    It has been documented that the gender pay gap strongly increases after the birth of the first child. We focus on Denmark and show that gender differences regarding commuting play an important role in explaining this. We offer 3 pieces of evidence.... more

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    It has been documented that the gender pay gap strongly increases after the birth of the first child. We focus on Denmark and show that gender differences regarding commuting play an important role in explaining this. We offer 3 pieces of evidence. First, the gender pay and commuting gaps come into existence at the same moment: when the first child is born. Second, wage compensation for commuting is lower for women after the birth compared to men: about 3 − 4 percentage points of the overall gender pay gap is due to gender differences related to compensation for commuting when having children. Third, women who get a child are much more likely to leave their job when they have a long commute, which is not true for men. Using information on job moving through the lens of a dynamic search model, these results imply that the marginal cost of commuting increases substantially for women with a child. For female workers with a child, a one standard deviation increase in commuting distance induces costs equivalent to about 10% of their wage, whereas for all other workers these costs are equivalent to only 3-4% of their wages.

     
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    hdl: 10419/248773
    Series: Array ; TI 2021, 089
    Subjects: commuting; wages; gender wage gap
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Does over-education raise productivity and wages equally?
    the moderating role of workers' origin and immigrants' background
    Author: Jacobs, Valentine; Rycx, François; Volral, Mélanie
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    We provide first evidence of the impact of over-education, among natives and immigrants, on firm-level productivity and wages. We use Belgian linked panel data and rely on the methodology from Hellerstein et al. (1999) to estimate ORU (over-,... more

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    We provide first evidence of the impact of over-education, among natives and immigrants, on firm-level productivity and wages. We use Belgian linked panel data and rely on the methodology from Hellerstein et al. (1999) to estimate ORU (over-, required, and under-education) equations aggregated at the firm level. Our results show that the over-education wage premium is higher for natives than for immigrants. However, since the differential in productivity gains associated with over-education between natives and immigrants outweighs the corresponding wage premium differential, we conclude - based on OLS and dynamic GMM-SYS estimates - that over-educated native workers are in fact underpaid to a greater extent than their over-educated immigrant counterparts. This conclusion is refined by sensitivity analyses, when testing the role of immigrants' background (e.g. region of birth, immigrant generation, age at arrival in the host country, tenure).

     
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    hdl: 10419/249567
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1044
    Subjects: Immigrants; over-education; productivity; wages; linked panel data; Belgium
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten)
  10. The impact of global value chain integration on wages
    evidence from matched worker-industry data in Thailand
    Author: Sasiwimon Warunsiri Paweenawat
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, [Jakarta]

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    Series: ERIA discussion paper series ; ERIA-DP-2019-05 = no. 291
    Subjects: Global value chains; foreign value added; wages; skill premium; wage inequality; trade liberalisation; labour market; Thailand
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Cognitive skills, strategic sophistication, and life outcomes
    Author: Fe, Eduardo; Gill, David; Prowse, Victoria
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  [Krannert School of Management, Purdue University, Institute for Research in the Behavioral, Economic, and Management Sciences], [West Lafayette, Indiana]

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    Edition: This version: July 22, 2021
    Series: Purdue University Economics Department working paper ; no. 1329
    Subjects: Cognitive skills; theory-of-mind; cognitive ability; fluid intelligence; children; experiment; strategic sophistication; level-k; bounded rationality; non-equilibrium thinking; intentions; gift-exchange game; competitive game; strategic game; ALSPAC; social skills; adult outcomes; life outcomes; education; fertility; labor market; wages; employment; schoolspending; childhoodintervention
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 133 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. The full returns to the choice of occupation and education
    Author: Clark, Andrew E.; Cotofan, Maria; Layard, Peter R. G.
    Published: May 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Information on both earnings and non-pecuniary rewards is needed to understand the occupational dispersion of wellbeing. We analyse subjective wellbeing in a large UK sample to construct a measure of "full earnings", the sum of earnings and the value... more

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    Information on both earnings and non-pecuniary rewards is needed to understand the occupational dispersion of wellbeing. We analyse subjective wellbeing in a large UK sample to construct a measure of "full earnings", the sum of earnings and the value of non-pecuniary rewards, in 90 different occupations. Labour-market inequality is underestimated: the dispersion of full earnings is one-third larger than the dispersion of earnings. Equally, the gender and ethnic gaps in the labour market are larger than those in earnings alone, and the full returns to education on the labour market are underestimated. These results are similar in data on US workers. In neither cross-section nor panel data do we find evidence of compensating differentials.

     
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    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15279
    Subjects: occupation; wages; non-pecuniary benefits; inequality
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Real estate agent earnings and local housing prices
    Author: Hirsch, Barry T.; Macpherson, David A.; Qu, Zichong
    Published: May 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Real estate agents typically receive commissions based on a fixed percentage of home price purchases. Because housing prices vary across markets, one might expect that realtors have higher earnings in high-priced markets. Prior work by Hsieh and... more

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    Real estate agents typically receive commissions based on a fixed percentage of home price purchases. Because housing prices vary across markets, one might expect that realtors have higher earnings in high-priced markets. Prior work by Hsieh and Moretti (2003) suggests that entry among realtors leads to roughly equivalent earnings across markets. We examine evidence from U.S. metro areas during 1996-2021 using Zillow housing price indices, coupled with realtor microdata (the CPS and ACS) including realtors' location, earnings, and work hours. Realtors' earnings elasticity with respect to local home prices is roughly 0.30, so that 10 percent higher home prices lead to 3 percent higher earnings. The positive wage-price relationship is not unique to realtors. The overall workforce has wage-price elasticities (conditioned on covariates) of about 0.20, two-thirds the size of realtors' elasticity. Realtors receive slightly higher earnings in higher-priced cities, about 1 percent for each 10 percent difference in housing prices. Weekly work hours across markets vary little with respect to metro housing prices, both for realtors and non-realtors. Evidence supports Hsieh and Moretti's conclusion that "over-entry" in high-priced markets is due to the inefficiency of fixed percentage commissions. Realtors have higher hourly earnings (and variance) than do "similar" non-realtor workers within the same labor markets, on the order of 10 percent. Evidence supports the view that real estate agents (on average) realize wage premiums. We suspect that higher earnings reflects both unmeasured personal attributes and compensating differentials for risk (e.g., variable earnings).

     
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    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15300
    Subjects: wages; housing prices; real estate agents; wage differentials
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 18 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. The long-run effects of immigration
    evidence across a barrier to refugee settlement
    Author: Ciccone, Antonio; Nimczik, Jan Sebastian
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    After the end of World War II in 1945, millions of refugees arrived in what in 1949 became the Federal Republic of Germany. We examine their effect on today's productivity, wages, income, rents, education, and population density at the municipality... more

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    After the end of World War II in 1945, millions of refugees arrived in what in 1949 became the Federal Republic of Germany. We examine their effect on today's productivity, wages, income, rents, education, and population density at the municipality level. Our identification strategy is based on a spatial discontinuity in refugee settlement at the border between the French and US occupation zones in the South-West of post-war Germany. These occupation zones were established in 1945 and dissolved in 1949. The spatial discontinuity arose because the US zone admitted refugees during the 1945-1949 occupation period whereas the French zone restricted access. By 1950, refugee settlement had raised population density on the former US side of the 1945-1949 border significantly above density on the former French side. Before the war, there never had been significant differences in population density. The higher density on the former US side persists entirely in 2020 and coincides with higher rents as well as higher productivity, wages, and education levels. We examine whether today's economic differences across the former border are the result of the difference in refugee admission; the legacy of other policy differences between the 1945-1949 occupation zones; or the consequence of socio-economic differences predating WWII. Taken together, our results indicate that today's economic differences are the result of agglomeration effects triggered by the arrival of refugees in the former US zone. We estimate that exposure to the arrival of refugees raised income per capita by around 13% and hourly wages by around 10%.

     
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    hdl: 10419/259556
    Series: SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research ; 1165 (2022)
    Subjects: Immigration; productivity; wages; refugees; long-run effects
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 76 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. The labour supply of mothers
    Author: Turon, Hélène
    Published: 23 May 2022
    Publisher:  School of Economics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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    Series: Discussion paper / [School of Economics, University of Bristol] ; 769 (22)
    Subjects: Labour force participation; hours of work; children; collective model; wages; childcare; social norms
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. The Australian labour market in 2021
    Author: Birch, Elisa Rose; Preston, Alison
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  [The University of Western Australia, Economics], [Crawley, WA]

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    Series: Discussion paper / The University of Western Australia, Economics ; 22, 02
    Subjects: Employment; unemployment; underutilisation; wages; younger workers; COVID-19; labour market
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Trade and inequality in Europe and the US
    Author: Dorn, David; Levell, Peter
    Published: 06 December 2021
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Series: Array ; DP16780
    Subjects: Trade; globalisation; Inequality; employment; wages; consumer prices; public policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 69 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Uncovering the roots of obesity-based wage discrimination
    the role of job characteristics
    Author: Dolado, Juan J.; Guerra, Airam
    Published: 07 December 2021
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Series: Array ; DP16785
    Subjects: Obesity; wages; Job Characteristics; NLSY97; O*Net Online
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten)
  19. Work permit regulations and migrants' labor market outcomes
    Author: Qendrai, Pamela
    Published: March 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper studies how the introduction of a novel residence permit for working purposes - the so-called Blue Card introduced in August 2012 - has affected entry-level wages of non-EU migrants in Germany. The Blue Card was targeted at non-EU... more

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    This paper studies how the introduction of a novel residence permit for working purposes - the so-called Blue Card introduced in August 2012 - has affected entry-level wages of non-EU migrants in Germany. The Blue Card was targeted at non-EU university graduates with degrees received or recognized in Germany. It provided immediate residence to students with a working contract that pays above clearly-announced and regularly-updated wage thresholds. We leverage a difference-in-difference approach and unique data on national and international graduates in Germany between 2011-2014. We find that the introduction of the Blue Card increases entry-level wages of non-EU graduates relative to the control group by approximately 2 percent of the pre-treatment entry-level wages. We provide suggestive evidence that these results are not driven by more or better-quality non-EU graduates staying in Germany, but rather because the Blue Card wage threshold acts as a reference point.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263407
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15191
    Subjects: work permit; foreign students; highly-educated migrants; wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Women's work and wages in the sixteenth century and Sweden's position in the "Little divergence"
    Author: Molinder, Jakob; Pihl, Christopher
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Lund University, Department of Economic History, Lund

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    VS 346
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Lund papers in economic history ; no. 227 (2021)
    Subjects: women’s work; wages; little divergence; Sweden; gender gap; Early Modern period
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Labour market concentration, wages and job security in Europe
    Author: Bassanini, Andrea; Bovini, Giulia; Caroli, Eve; Casanova Ferrando, Jorge; Cingano, Federico; Falco, Paolo; Felgueroso, Florentino; Jansen, Marcel; Martins, Pedro S.; Melo, António; Oberfichtner, Michael; Popp, Martin
    Published: April 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We investigate the impact of labour market concentration on two dimensions of job quality, namely wages and job security. We leverage rich administrative linked employer-employee data from Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain in the... more

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    We investigate the impact of labour market concentration on two dimensions of job quality, namely wages and job security. We leverage rich administrative linked employer-employee data from Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain in the 2010s to provide the first comparable cross-country evidence in the literature. Controlling for productivity and local product market concentration, we show that the elasticities of wages with respect to labour market concentration are strikingly similar across countries: increasing labour market concentration by 10% reduces wages by 0.19% in Germany, 0.22% in France, 0.25% in Portugal and 0.29% in Denmark. Regarding job security, we find that an increase in labour market concentration by 10% reduces the probability of being hired on a permanent contract by 0.46% in France, 0.51% in Germany and 2.34% in Portugal. While not affecting this probability in Italy and Spain, labour market concentration significantly reduces the probability of being converted to a permanent contract once hired on a temporary one. Our results suggest that considering only the effect of labour market concentration on wages underestimates its overall impact on job quality and hence the resulting welfare loss for workers.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263447
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15231
    Subjects: labour market concentration; monopsony; wages; job security
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Return to skills and urban size
    evidence from the skill requirements of Hungarian firms
    Author: Czaller, László; Hermann, Zoltán
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest

    While most empirical studies document that cognitive and social skills are strong predictors of individual earnings, their impact is not homogenous in space. We argue that dense urban settings utilize cognitive and social skills more intensively than... more

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    While most empirical studies document that cognitive and social skills are strong predictors of individual earnings, their impact is not homogenous in space. We argue that dense urban settings utilize cognitive and social skills more intensively than rural areas, therefore the labour market return to these skills is higher in cities. Using data from a representative survey recording the skills requirements of Hungarian firms, we show that social skills are rewarded more in dense urban areas. Surprisingly, this pattern is not observed for cognitive skills. We use instrumental variables strategy to correct for measurement errors in skills, and to deal with the endogeneity of agglomeration. Our results are robust to alternative agglomeration measures and a large set of controls, however, returns to skills vary considerably across worker groups and industries.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/256918
    Series: KRTK KTI working papers ; KRTK KTI WP - 2022, 5 (February 2022)
    Subjects: agglomeration; cognitive and social skills; wages; urban labour markets
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Exploring and presenting eighteenth-century private consumption
    the web application account books spängler online
    Author: Reith, Reinhold; Stöger, Georg
    Published: 2022

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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen
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    Language: English
    Media type: Article (journal)
    Format: Print
    Parent title: Enthalten in: Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte; Stuttgart : Steiner, 1903; 109(2022), 1, Seite 72-86

    Subjects: digital humanities; account book; consumption; standard of living; household economy; everyday life; wages; prices
  24. "The double-dividend of training" labour market effects of work-related continuous education in Switzerland
    Author: Denzler, Stefan; Ruhose, Jens; Wolter, Stefan C.
    Published: September 2022
    Publisher:  Universität Zürich, IBW - Institut für Betriebswirtschaftslehre, Zürich

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Working paper / Swiss Leading House ; no. 196
    Subjects: Continuous education; wages; unemployment; entropy balancing; Switzerland
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Brecha salarial de género en Costa Rica
    una desigualdad persistente
    Author: Torres, Rebeca; Zaclicever, Dayna
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Naciones Unidas, CEPAL, Santiago

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Spanish
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 11362/48049
    Series: Serie comercio internacional ; 169
    Subjects: employment; gender equality; inequality; labour policy employment; women's employment; wages; income; labour market; labour policy; statistical data
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen