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  1. Services trade and labour market outcomes in the United Kingdom
    Author: Lassmann, Andrea; Spinelli, Francesca
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  OECD Publishing, Paris

    Services trade has become increasingly important, yet its impact on employment has been understudied at present. This paper uses fine-grained data on firm- and worker-level information to shed light on the impact of services trade on employment and... more

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    Services trade has become increasingly important, yet its impact on employment has been understudied at present. This paper uses fine-grained data on firm- and worker-level information to shed light on the impact of services trade on employment and wages in the United Kingdom. It finds that firms can benefit from services trade, through increased employment, production and productivity. On average, workers’ wages are also positively impacted by increased services trade. The findings suggest that services imports enhance female wages more than those of males, thereby contributing to narrow the gender wage gap. They also suggest that reduction of services trade barriers in foreign markets with which the United Kingdom trades coincides with higher wages for employees of trading firms in the United Kingdom.

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: OECD trade policy papers ; no. 243
    Subjects: Employment; worker and firm-level data; gender pay gap; skills; wages; trade liberalisation; Trade; United Kingdom
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Internet job search, employment, and wage growth
    evidence from the Arab Republic of Egypt
    Author: El-Mallakh, Nelly
    Published: March 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Middle East and North Africa Region, Office of the Chief Economist, [Washington, DC, USA]

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 9196
    Subjects: Internet; job search; unemployment; wages; Egypt
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Labor mobility and the impact of import prices on U.S. wages
    Author: Riker, David A.
    Published: May 2020
    Publisher:  U.S. International Trade Commission, Washington, DC

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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: Economics working paper series / U.S. International Trade Commission ; no. 2020, 05-F
    Subjects: wages; imports; labor mobility; specific factors
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten)
  4. The effect of overtime regulations on employment
    strictly controlling overtime hours and pay does not boost employment - it could even lower it
    Author: Oaxaca, Ronald L.; Sagyndykova, Galiya
    Published: December 2020
    Publisher:  Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), Bonn

    Regulation of standard workweek hours and overtime hours and pay can protect workers who might otherwise be required to work more than they would like to at the going rate. By discouraging the use of overtime, such regulation can increase the... more

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    Regulation of standard workweek hours and overtime hours and pay can protect workers who might otherwise be required to work more than they would like to at the going rate. By discouraging the use of overtime, such regulation can increase the standard hourly wage of some workers and encourage work sharing that increases employment, with particular advantages for female workers. However, regulation of overtime raises employment costs, setting in motion economic forces that can limit, neutralize, or even reduce employment. And increasing the coverage of overtime pay regulations has little effect on the share of workers who work overtime or on weekly overtime hours per worker

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/260675
    Series: IZA world of labor ; 2020, 89v2
    Subjects: overtime; wages; labor demand; employment
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 11 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Italy and the little divergence in wages and prices
    new data, new results
    Author: Rota, Mauro; Weisdorf, Jacob
    Published: 09 January 2020
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: Array ; DP14295
    Subjects: Construction; Divergence; industrial revolution; living standards; prices; wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Labor demand in the past, present and future
    Author: Graetz, Georg
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, London

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: CEP discussion paper ; no 1683 (March 2020)
    Subjects: automation; labor demand; labor share; technology; wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Building bridges and widening gaps
    wage gains and equity concerns of labor market expansions
    Author: Løken, Katrine V.; Bütikofer, Aline; Willén, Alexander
    Published: 07 January 2020
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: Array ; DP14287
    Subjects: Labor Market Expansions; wages; Equity Concerns
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Does working at a start-up pay off?
    Author: Fackler, Daniel; Hölscher, Lisa; Schnabel, Claus; Weyh, Antje
    Published: March 2020
    Publisher:  Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für VWL, insbes. Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik, [Erlangen-Nürnberg]

    Using representative linked employer-employee data for Germany, this paper analyzes short- and long-run differences in labor market performance of workers joining start-ups instead of incumbent firms. Applying entropy balancing and following... more

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    Using representative linked employer-employee data for Germany, this paper analyzes short- and long-run differences in labor market performance of workers joining start-ups instead of incumbent firms. Applying entropy balancing and following individuals over ten years, we find huge and long-lasting drawbacks from entering a start-up in terms of wages, yearly income, and (un)employment. These disadvantages hold for all groups of workers and types of start-ups analyzed. Although our analysis of different subsequent career paths highlights important heterogeneities, it does not reveal any strategy through which workers joining start-ups can catch up with the income of similar workers entering incumbent firms. Mit verbundenen Arbeitgeber-Arbeitnehmer-Daten für Deutschland analysiert diese Studie kurz- und langfristige Unterschiede im Arbeitsmarkterfolg von Arbeitnehmern, die in neu gegründete statt bestehende Betriebe eintreten. Wir verwenden Entropy Balancing und folgen den Individuen in der Beobachtungs- und Kontrollgruppe über zehn Jahre. Dabei finden wir große und langanhaltende Nachteile eines Eintritts in Gründungen bezüglich Lohn, Jahresarbeitseinkommen, Beschäftigung und Arbeitslosigkeit. Diese Nachteile treffen auf alle betrachteten Arbeitnehmergruppen und Gründungstypen zu. Obwohl wir bei Betrachtung unterschiedlicher Karrierepfade einige wichtige Heterogenitäten identifizieren, zeigt sich keine Strategie, durch die in Gründungen eingetretene Arbeitnehmer zum Einkommen ähnlicher Arbeitnehmer aufschließen können, die in bestehende Unternehmen eintraten.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/215426
    Series: Discussion papers / Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für VWL, insbes. Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik ; no. 112
    Subjects: startups; young firms; wages; linked employer-employee data
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Does working at a start-up pay off?
    Author: Fackler, Daniel; Hölscher, Lisa; Schnabel, Claus; Weyh, Antje
    Published: March 2020
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Using representative linked employer-employee data for Germany, this paper analyzes short- and long-run differences in labor market performance of workers joining startups instead of incumbent firms. Applying entropy balancing and following... more

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    Using representative linked employer-employee data for Germany, this paper analyzes short- and long-run differences in labor market performance of workers joining startups instead of incumbent firms. Applying entropy balancing and following individuals over ten years, we find huge and long-lasting drawbacks from entering a start-up in terms of wages, yearly income, and (un)employment. These disadvantages hold for all groups of workers and types of start-ups analyzed. Although our analysis of different subsequent career paths highlights important heterogeneities, it does not reveal any strategy through which workers joining start-ups can catch up with the income of similar workers entering incumbent firms.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/216345
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13033
    Subjects: startups; young firms; wages; linked employer-employee data
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Parental leave reform and long-run earnings of mothers
    Author: Frodermann, Corinna; Wrohlich, Katharina; Zucco, Aline
    Published: 16 March 2020
    Publisher:  Institute for Employment Research of the Federal Employment Agency, Nürnberg

    Paid parental leave schemes have been shown to increase women's employment rates but decrease their wages in case of extended leave durations. In view of these potential trade-offs many countries are discussing the optimal design of parental leave... more

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    Paid parental leave schemes have been shown to increase women's employment rates but decrease their wages in case of extended leave durations. In view of these potential trade-offs many countries are discussing the optimal design of parental leave policies. We analyze the impact of a major parental leave reform on mothers' long-term earnings. The 2007 German parental leave reform replaced a means-tested benefit with a more generous earnings related benefit that is granted for a shorter period of time. Additionally, a 'daddy quota' of two months was introduced. To identify the causal effects of this policy on long-run earnings of mothers, we use a difference-in-difference approach that compares labor market outcomes of mothers who gave birth just before and right after the reform and nets out season effects by including the year before. Using administrative social security data, we confirm previous findings and show that the average duration of employment interruptions increased for high income mothers. Nevertheless, we find a positive long-run effect on earnings for mothers in this group. This effect cannot be explained by changes in working hours, observed characteristics, changes in employer stability or fertility patterns. Descriptive evidence suggests that the stronger involvement of fathers, incentivized by the 'daddy months', could have facilitated mothers' re-entry into the labor market and thereby increased earnings. For mothers with low prior-to-birth earnings, however, we do not find any beneficial labor market effects of this parental leave reform. In der bisherigen Forschung konnte gezeigt werden, dass bezahlte Elternzeiten zwar die Beschäftigungsquote von Frauen erhöht, im Fall von längeren Erwerbsunterbrechungen allerdings auch zu geringeren Löhnen führen. Angesichts dieses Zielkonflikts diskutieren momentan viele Ländern die optimale Gestaltung von Elternzeiten. In der vorliegenden Studie analysieren wir den Einfluss einer bedeutenden Elternzeitreform auf die langfristigen Löhne von Müttern. Mit dieser Reform wurde 2007 das Elterngeld eingeführt, wodurch das bedarfsorientierte Erziehungsgeld durch eine großzügigere einkommensabhängige Leistung ersetzt wurde, die allerdings nur für einen kürzeren Zeitraum gewährt wird. Zusätzlich wurden mit der Reform zwei Partnerschaftsmonate eingeführt. Um den kausalen Effekt dieser Reform zu identifizieren, nutzen wir einen Differenz-in-Differenz-Ansatz, in dem wir die Löhne von Müttern vergleichen, die kurz vor und unmittelbar nach der Reform ihr erstes Kind bekommen haben. Durch das zusätzliche Einbeziehen des Vorjahres können die saisonalen Effekte herausgerechnet werden. Anhand von administrativen Daten der Sozialversicherung können wir frühere Ergebnisse bestätigen und zeigen, dass die durchschnittliche Dauer der Erwerbsunterbrechung bei Müttern mit hohem Einkommen zwar zugenommen hat, dies jedoch zu positiven langfristigen Lohneffekten führt. Diese Effekte lassen sich nicht durch Veränderungen der Arbeitszeit, der beobachtbaren Charakteristika, der Arbeitgeberstabilität oder durch unterschiedliches Fertilitätsverhalten erklären. Deskriptive Evidenz deutet darauf hin, dass die stärkere Beteiligung von Vätern, die durch die Partnerschaftsmonate gefördert wurde, den Wiedereintritt der Mütter erleichtert und dadurch ihre Tageslöhne erhöht hat. Für Mütter mit einem geringen Lohn vor der Geburt finden wir jedoch keinerlei positive Effekte durch diese Reform.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English; German
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/222394
    Series: IAB-discussion paper ; 2020, 9
    Subjects: wages; labor supply; Parental leave; Wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (50 Seiten), Diagramme
  11. Informing employees in small and medium sized firms about training
    results of a randomized field experiment
    Author: Berg, Gerard J. van den; Dauth, Christine; Homrighausen, Pia; Stephan, Gesine
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  IFAU, Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy, Uppsala

    We mailed brochures to 10,000 randomly chosen employed German workers eligible for a subsizided occupational training program called WeGebAU,informing them about the importance of skill-upgrading occupational training in general and about WeGebAU in... more

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    We mailed brochures to 10,000 randomly chosen employed German workers eligible for a subsizided occupational training program called WeGebAU,informing them about the importance of skill-upgrading occupational training in general and about WeGebAU in particular. Using survey and register data,we estimate effects of the information treatment brochure on awareness of the program, on take-up of WeGebAU and other training,and on subsequent employment. The bRochure more than doubles awareness of the program. There are no effects on WeGebAU take-up but participation in other(unsubsidized) training increasesamong employees aged below 45. Short-term labor market outcomes are not affected.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/227851
    Series: Working paper / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy ; 2020, 3
    Subjects: employment; wages; skills; randomized controlled trial; information treatment
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Wage inequality in Germany after the minimum wage introduction
    Author: Bossler, Mario; Schank, Thorsten
    Published: February 2020
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We revisit the development of monthly wages in Germany between 2000 and 2017. While wage inequality strongly increased during the first years of this period, it recently returned to its initial level, raising the question what the role of the German... more

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    We revisit the development of monthly wages in Germany between 2000 and 2017. While wage inequality strongly increased during the first years of this period, it recently returned to its initial level, raising the question what the role of the German minimum wage introduction for this reversal is. We identify effects of the minimum wage from difference-in-differences based on unconditional quantile regressions applied to German administrative employment data. The results show significant wage effects of varying magnitudes along the lower half of the wage distribution. Employment dynamics do not explain effects along the wage distribution, implying strong wage increases among the existing workforce. The increased individual labor income is not offset by decreasing social benefits. Overall, the introduction of the minimum wage can account for about half of the recent decrease in wage inequality.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
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    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/216315
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13003
    Subjects: minimum wage; inequality; wages; Germany
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Does working at a start-up pay off?
    Author: Fackler, Daniel; Hölscher, Lisa; Schnabel, Claus; Weyh, Antje
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute for Economics, [Nürnberg]

    Using representative linked employer-employee data for Germany, this paper analyzes short- and long-run differences in labor market performance of workers joining start-ups instead of incumbent firms. Applying entropy balancing and following... more

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    Using representative linked employer-employee data for Germany, this paper analyzes short- and long-run differences in labor market performance of workers joining start-ups instead of incumbent firms. Applying entropy balancing and following individuals over ten years, we find huge and long-lasting drawbacks from entering a start-up in terms of wages, yearly income, and (un)employment. These disadvantages hold for all groups of workers and types of start-ups analyzed. Although our analysis of different subsequent career paths highlights important heterogeneities, it does not reveal any strategy through which workers joining start-ups can catch up with the income of similar workers entering incumbent firms.

     
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    Series: FAU discussion papers in economics ; no. 2020, 03
    Subjects: startups; young firms; wages; linked employer-employee data
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Wage developments in the Western Balkans, Moldova and Ukraine
    Author: Astrov, Vasily; Leitner, Sebastian; Mara, Isilda; Podkaminer, Leon; Weinberger-Vidovic, Hermine
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Verein "Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche" (wiiw), Wien

    In recent years, the general economic recovery has finally fed through to a significant increase in real wages in the Western Balkan countries, Moldova and Ukraine. Nevertheless, wage shares have barely picked up, and have even declined slightly in... more

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    In recent years, the general economic recovery has finally fed through to a significant increase in real wages in the Western Balkan countries, Moldova and Ukraine. Nevertheless, wage shares have barely picked up, and have even declined slightly in several places. Only in Kosovo has significant convergence with the Austrian wage level been registered. The improvement in labour market conditions in the countries covered has had only a moderately positive effect on wage developments. Despite recent declines, many countries continue to record double-digit unemployment rates, meaning that the bargaining power of employees has improved only slightly. The gradual decentralisation of wage-setting mechanisms has also slowed wage growth. In general, collective-bargaining mechanisms are much less developed than, for example, in Austria. Their scope is limited by the low share of employees in total (formal) employment. High unemployment and large wage gaps, especially in comparison with Western Europe, have led to considerable outward migration and population decline in many of these countries. This trend is expected to continue in the future. In the long run, this will result in the loss of an important share of the human capital of these countries, which might affect their prospects for convergence with Western European levels, including in terms of wages.

     
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    Series: Research report / wiiw ; 444 (April 2020)
    Subjects: wages; wage share; demographic trends; migration; Phillips curve; wage-setting mechanisms
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten), Illustrationen
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    This is a translation of the German version that was published as wiiw Research Report in German language No. 15 in September 2019
  15. Career paths of PhD graduates in Eastern and Western Germany
    same qualification, same labor market outcomes?
    Author: Rehs, Andreas; Fuchs, Michaela
    Published: 15 January 2020
    Publisher:  Institute for Employment Research of the Federal Employment Agency, Nürnberg

    This paper investigates the extent to which the returns to gaining a PhD degree depend upon the region of birth, the region where the degree was earned, and the place of work. Eastern Germany serves as an interesting showcase in light of the ongoing... more

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    This paper investigates the extent to which the returns to gaining a PhD degree depend upon the region of birth, the region where the degree was earned, and the place of work. Eastern Germany serves as an interesting showcase in light of the ongoing debate surrounding the underrepresentation of eastern Germans in top positions in Germany. We examine the career paths of eastern and western German PhD graduates who completed their dissertations between 1995 and 2010. We estimate the returns with regard to obtaining a job suited to their skill level and with high wages. Our data set combines information on PhD graduates and their place of birth collected from data on PhD dissertations in Germany with data from administrative social security records. This record linkage approach provides a unique source of individual employment and wage biographies of eastern and western German PhD graduates. Our findings show that labor market success is affected neither by being born in eastern Germany nor by earning a PhD at an eastern German university. However, the place of work does matter, suggesting that the stark differences between the two parts of Germany with regard to labor market conditions is the main reason for the differences in the labor market prospects of PhD graduates from eastern and western Germany. Dieses Papier geht der Frage nach, ob die regionale Herkunft ein Hindernis für die Inanspruchnahme der Bildungserträge einer Promotion darstellt. Ostdeutschland bietet hierfür aufgrund der anhaltenden Diskussionen über die Unterrepräsentation von Ostdeutschen in bundesdeutschen Spitzenpositionen ein gutes Beispiel. Wir untersuchen die Erwerbsbiografien ost- und westdeutscher Promovierter, die ihre Dissertationen zwischen 1995 und 2010 beendet haben, um herauszufinden, ob ein ostdeutscher Hintergrund die Bildungserträge reduziert. Diese messen wir anhand einer ausbildungsadäquaten Beschäftigung und hoher Löhne. Unser Datensatz kombiniert Informationen zu Promovierten und ihrem Geburtsort mit administrativen Daten und stellt damit einen einmaligen Datensatz für die Untersuchung der Erwerbbiografien ost- und westdeutscher Promovierter dar. Unsere Ergebnisse weisen weder dem Geburtsort noch dem Standort der Universität, an der die Promotion abgelegt wurde, einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Bildungserträge zu. Eine zentrale Rolle spielt allerdings der Arbeitsort in Ostdeutschland. Er reduziert die Chancen auf hohe Löhne, was die Bedeutung der Unterschiede in den wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen in Ost- und Westdeutschland für die Arbeitsmarktaussichten der Promovierten betont.

     
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    hdl: 10419/222386
    Series: IAB-discussion paper ; 2020, 01
    Subjects: Eastern Germany; overeducation; PhD graduates; record linkage; job-skill mismatch; wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. The impact of the manufacturing decline on local labour markets in Canada
    Author: Morissette, René
    Published: January 2020
    Publisher:  Statistics Canada, [Ottawa]

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    ISBN: 9780660335841
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    11F0019M-No. 440
    Series: Analytical Studies Branch research paper series ; no. 440
    Research paper / Statistics Canada
    Subjects: manufacturing; automation; local labour markets; wages; employment
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Neighbourhood deprivation, life satisfaction and earnings
    comparative analyses of neighbourhood effects at bespoke scales
    Author: Knies, Gundi; Melo, Patricia C.; Zhang, Min
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Institute for Social and Economic Research, [Colchester]

    We investigate the effect of neighbourhood deprivation on individual subjective and objective wellbeing for England and Wales. Our identification strategy combines rich longitudinal information on individual characteristics, family background and... more

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    We investigate the effect of neighbourhood deprivation on individual subjective and objective wellbeing for England and Wales. Our identification strategy combines rich longitudinal information on individual characteristics, family background and initial job conditions with panel data estimators and sample restrictions, which address residential sorting bias and neighbourhood-specific confounding effects. Our findings suggest that the effect of neighbourhood deprivation on life satisfaction and wages is not a genuine causal effect, but largely explained by strong spatial sorting mechanisms. We also find that the results overall do not vary by the bespoke spatial scale used to operationalize neighbourhoods.

     
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    hdl: 10419/227782
    Series: ISER working paper series ; no. 2020, 01 (January 2020)
    Subjects: neighbourhood effects; life satisfaction; wages; bespoke neighbourhoods
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  18. Parental leave reform and long-run earnings of mothers
    Author: Frodermann, Corinna; Wrohlich, Katharina; Zucco, Aline
    Published: January 2020
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Paid parental leave schemes have been shown to increase women's employment rates but decrease their wages in case of extended leave durations. In view of these potential trade-offs, many countries are discussing the optimal design of parental leave... more

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    Paid parental leave schemes have been shown to increase women's employment rates but decrease their wages in case of extended leave durations. In view of these potential trade-offs, many countries are discussing the optimal design of parental leave policies. We analyze the impact of a major parental leave reform on mothers' long-term earnings. The 2007 German parental leave reform replaced a means-tested benefit with a more generous earnings-related benefit that is granted for a shorter period of time. Additionally, a "daddy quota" of two months was introduced. To identify the causal effect of this policy on long-run earnings of mothers, we use a difference-in-difference approach that compares labor market outcomes of mothers who gave birth just before and right after the reform and nets out seasonal effects by including the year before. Using administrative social security data, we confirm previous findings and show that the average duration of employment interruptions increased for high-income mothers. Nevertheless, we find a positive long-run effect on earnings for mothers in this group. This effect cannot be explained by changes in working hours, observed characteristics, changes in employer stability or fertility patterns. Descriptive evidence suggests that the stronger involvement of fathers, incentivized by the "daddy months", could have facilitated mothers' re-entry into the labor market and thereby increased earnings. For mothers with low prior-to-birth earnings, however, we do not find any beneficial labor market effects of this parental leave reform.

     
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    hdl: 10419/215331
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12935
    Subjects: parental leave; wages; labor supply
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Financial constraints and small and medium enterprises
    a review
    Author: Bakhtiari, Sasan; Breunig, Robert; Magnani, Elisabetta; Zhang, Jacquelyn
    Published: January 2020
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We review the literature on financial constraints and the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). We consider the important role that SMEs play in the economies of Australia and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.... more

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    We review the literature on financial constraints and the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). We consider the important role that SMEs play in the economies of Australia and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. We examine the role of financial constraints in SME growth, with emphasis on business cycles and credit access. We discuss issues that SMEs face in accessing financial resources for expansion. We look at the literature that evaluates the impact of financial constraints on key outcomes: employment, productivity and wages. We review key policy debates and consider where government involvement might be appropriate.

     
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    hdl: 10419/215332
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12936
    Subjects: small and medium enterprises (SME); firm financial constraints; government business assistance; employment; wages; productivity; innovation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. The short-term economic consequences of COVID-19
    exposure to disease, remote work and government response
    Author: Béland, Louis-Philippe; Brodeur, Abel; Wright, Taylor
    Published: April 2020
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    In this ongoing project, we examine the short-term consequences of COVID-19 on employment and wages in the United States. Guided by a pre-analysis plan, we document the impact of COVID-19 at the national-level using a simple difference and test... more

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    In this ongoing project, we examine the short-term consequences of COVID-19 on employment and wages in the United States. Guided by a pre-analysis plan, we document the impact of COVID-19 at the national-level using a simple difference and test whether states with relatively more confirmed cases/deaths were more affected. Our findings suggest that COVID-19 increased the unemployment rate, decreased hours of work and labor force participation and had no significant impacts on wages. The negative impacts on labor market outcomes are larger for men, younger workers, Hispanics and less-educated workers. This suggest that COVID-19 increases labor market inequalities. We also investigate whether the economic consequences of this pandemic were larger for certain occupations. We built three indexes using ACS and O*NET data: workers relatively more exposed to disease, workers that work with proximity to coworkers and workers who can easily work remotely. Our estimates suggest that individuals in occupations working in proximity to others are more affected while occupations able to work remotely are less affected. We also find that occupations classifed as more exposed to disease are less affected, possibly due to the large number of essential workers in these occupations.

     
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    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13159
    Subjects: COVID-19; unemployment; wages; remote work; exposure to disease
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 92 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. The short-term economic consequences ofCOVID-19
    exposure to disease, remote work and government response
    Author: Béland, Louis-Philippe; Brodeur, Abel; Wright, Taylor
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    In this ongoing project, we examine the short-term consequences of COVID- 19 on employment and wages in the United States. Guided by a pre-analysis plan, we document the impact of COVID-19 at the national-level using a simple difference and test... more

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    In this ongoing project, we examine the short-term consequences of COVID- 19 on employment and wages in the United States. Guided by a pre-analysis plan, we document the impact of COVID-19 at the national-level using a simple difference and test whether states with relatively more confirmed cases/deaths were more affected. Our findings suggest that COVID-19 increased the unemployment rate, decreased hours of work and labor force participation and had no significant impacts on wages. The negative impacts on labor market outcomes are larger for men, younger workers, Hispanics and less-educated workers. This suggest that COVID-19 increases labor market inequalities. We also investigate whether the economic consequences of this pandemic were larger for certain occupations. We built three indexes using ACS and O*NET data: workers relatively more exposed to disease, workers that work with proximity to coworkers and workers who can easily work remotely. Our estimates suggest that individuals in occupations working in proximity to others are more affected while occupations able to work remotely are less affected. We also find that occupations classified as more exposed to disease are less affected, possibly due to the large number of essential workers in these occupations.

     
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    hdl: 10419/215888
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 524
    Subjects: COVID-19; unemployment; wages; remote work; exposure to disease
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 91 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Gender-specific duration of parental leave and current earnings
    Author: Gerst, Benedikt; Grund, Christian
    Published: May 2020
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Although male employees are increasingly making use of parental leave, gender differences in both usage and duration of parental leave are still prevalent. In this contribution, we explore the role of gender for the relation between the... more

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    Although male employees are increasingly making use of parental leave, gender differences in both usage and duration of parental leave are still prevalent. In this contribution, we explore the role of gender for the relation between the incidence/duration of parental leave and earnings after returning to a job. We use data on middle managers in the German chemical industry and show that parental leave pay gaps are much more severe for males than they are for females.

     
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    hdl: 10419/223658
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13216
    Subjects: compensation; gender; parental leave; stigma; wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. The long run earnings effects of a credit market disruption
    Author: Adamopoulou, Effrosyni; De Philippis, Marta; Sette, Enrico; Viviano, Eliana
    Published: April 2020
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper studies the long term consequences on workers' labour earnings of the credit crunch induced by the 2007-2008 financial crisis. We study the evolution of both employment and wages in a large sample of Italian workers followed for nine years... more

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    This paper studies the long term consequences on workers' labour earnings of the credit crunch induced by the 2007-2008 financial crisis. We study the evolution of both employment and wages in a large sample of Italian workers followed for nine years after the start of the crisis. We rely on a unique matched bank-employer-employee administrative dataset to construct a firm-specific shock to credit supply, which identifies firms that, because of the collapse of the interbank market during the financial crisis, were unexpectedly aected by credit restrictions. We find that workers who were employed before the crisis in firms more exposed to the credit crunch experience persistent and sizable earnings losses, mainly due to a permanent drop in days worked. These effects are heterogeneous across workers, with high-type workers being more affected in the long run. Moreover, firms operating in areas with favorable labor market conditions react to the credit shock by hoarding high-type workers and displacing low-type ones. Under unfavorable labor market conditions instead, firms select to displace also high-type (and therefore more expensive) workers, even though wages do react to the slack. All in all, our results document persistent eects on the earnings distribution.

     
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    hdl: 10419/216497
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13185
    Subjects: credit crunch; employment; wages; long run effects; administrative data; linked bank-employer-employee panel data
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Indian farm wages
    trends, growth drivers and linkages with food prices
    Author: Saini, Shweta; Gulati, Ashok; Braun, Joachim von; Kornher, Lukas
    Published: November 2020
    Publisher:  Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung (ZEF), Center for Development Research, Bonn, Germany

    This study looks at trends in Indian farm wages, analyses their linkage with food prices, and identifies factors which drove their growth in real terms. We employ quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques for this purpose. A vector-error... more

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    This study looks at trends in Indian farm wages, analyses their linkage with food prices, and identifies factors which drove their growth in real terms. We employ quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques for this purpose. A vector-error correction model (VECM) is used to determine the linkage between farm wage inflation and food inflation, and a pooled mean group (PMG) estimation method, used for dynamic heterogeneous panels, is used to identify the drivers of growth in real farm wages. In last 20 years (1998-99 to 2017-18), wages of India's farm labourers increased at an average annual rate of 9.3 per cent in nominal and 3.2 per cent in real terms. For an average agricultural labourer, the daily wage rates increased from less than INR 45 in 1998-99 to about INR 229 in 2017-18. In real terms (2004-05 prices), this increase was from INR 50 to about INR 90 per day. The empirical analysis of the monthly wage time series identified a structural break in January 2007. Specifically, the curve is near-flat before this break-point subsequent which it rises sharply. On the relation between food inflation and wage growth, evidence was found of a food-wage spiral where changes in food prices and farm wages were estimated to impact each other. However, the impact of food inflation emerged to be stronger on wages than vice-versa and this impact was observed to strengthen post 2007-08. The panel study (1987-88 to 2015-16) on the drivers of real wage growth was conducted around the January 2007 structural break. Before this break, growth in real wages was estimated to be mostly driven by growth in the agriculture sector. Any influence of nonagricultural sectors (manufacturing and construction) did not emerge significant during this period. However, post the break, the growth witnessed in both- non-agricultural (manufacturing and construction sectors) and agricultural sectors explained the sharp increases in real farm wages. The large public rural employment program, MGNREGA (introduced in 2005) was identified as a third potential force of influence on rural wages; however, among other significant factors, its contribution to farm wage growth was estimated to be low and with a lag. Policy implications based on these findings are that for faster growth in real farm wages, focus needs to be on augmenting labour productivity in agriculture. In order to pursue that, one needs to lead reforms in agriculture that can accelerate agri-GDP growth and ensure that the rest of the economy, especially the manufacturing and construction sector, grow much faster pulling labour out from the agricultural sector to higher productivity jobs in manufacturing, construction, and possibly also services.

     
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    hdl: 10419/229979
    Series: ZEF-discussion papers on development policy ; no. 301
    Subjects: farm labour; wages; MGNREGA; food inflation; real wages; agriculturalproductivity; rural non-farm employment; India
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Labour markets in the time of coronavirus: measuring excess
    Author: Wadsworth, Jonathan
    Published: July 2020
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    No matter the cause, recessions are usually accompanied by some combination of job loss, hiring freezes, wage cuts or hours reductions. In a rapidly evolving economic crisis there is a need for timely information to assess labour market performance... more

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    No matter the cause, recessions are usually accompanied by some combination of job loss, hiring freezes, wage cuts or hours reductions. In a rapidly evolving economic crisis there is a need for timely information to assess labour market performance and develop strategies to address the problems that emerge. Household labour force surveys are not point-in-time data, but do offer the opportunity to analyse a broader range of outcomes not readily available in administrative data. They can also be utilised at higher frequencies than is normally associated with them. In what follows, the weekly information contained in the UK Labour Force Survey is tracked for several labour market outcomes from the first week of 2020 and onward as the Covid-19 crisis developed in spring 2020. The indicators are presented in "excess" form to gauge how far the 2020 incidence of a particular outcome differs from its weekly norm. It seems that the most common metrics of labour market performance, like unemployment or wage rates, show little departure from recent norms over the first few months of the crisis. The initial margins of adjustment were instead some cumulative 50 million more weekly workplace absences than usual during lockdown, notable hours reductions of up to 25% among the majority who carried on working, together equivalent to around 3 weeks of lost working for the whole workforce, allied to a notable stalling of hiring that had already begun several weeks before lockdown.

     
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    hdl: 10419/223971
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13529
    Subjects: COVID-19; unemployment; hours; wages; hiring
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen