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Displaying results 1 to 25 of 59.

  1. All that glitters is not gold
    wages and education for US immigrants
    Author: Bertoli, Simone; Stillman, Steven
    Published: February 2019
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Many destination countries consider implementing points-based migration systems as a way to improve migrants' quality, but our understanding of the actual effects of selective policies is limited. We use data from the ACS 2001-2017 to analyze the... more

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    Many destination countries consider implementing points-based migration systems as a way to improve migrants' quality, but our understanding of the actual effects of selective policies is limited. We use data from the ACS 2001-2017 to analyze the overlap in the wage distribution of low- and high-educated recent migrants from different origins after controlling for other observable characteristics. When we randomly match a high- with a low-educated immigrant from the same country, more than one-quarter of time the low-educated immigrant has a higher hourly wage, notwithstanding a statistically significant difference in the mean wage of the two groups for most origins. For 98 out of 114 countries, this synthetic measure of the overlap in the two wage distributions stands above the corresponding figure for natives. We also find that at least 82 percent of the variance in log wages for migrants with a given number of years of schooling is due to differences within rather than across countries. This suggests that heavily relying on education to select immigrants might fail to markedly improve their quality.

     
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    hdl: 10419/196666
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12168
    Subjects: migration; selection; wages; point-system; United States
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Working from home
    heterogeneous effects on hours worked and wages
    Author: Arntz, Melanie; Ben Yahmed, Sarra; Berlingieri, Francesco
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  ZEW - Leibniz-Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung GmbH Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany

    Working from home (WfH) has become much more common since the early 2000s. We exploit the German Socio-Economic Panel between 1997 and 2014 to investigate how such a work arrangement affects labour market outcomes and life satisfaction. We find that... more

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    Working from home (WfH) has become much more common since the early 2000s. We exploit the German Socio-Economic Panel between 1997 and 2014 to investigate how such a work arrangement affects labour market outcomes and life satisfaction. We find that childless employees work an extra hour per week of unpaid overtime and report higher satisfaction after taking up WfH. Among parents, WfH reduces the gender gap in working hours and monthly earnings, as contractual hours increase more among mothers. Hourly wages, however, increase with WfH take-up among fathers, but not among mothers unless they change employer. This points to poorer bargaining outcomes for women compared to men when staying with the same employer. Controlling for selection into paid employment due to changes in unobserved characteristics or preferences does not affect the magnitude of the effects.

     
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    hdl: 10419/196124
    Series: Discussion paper / ZEW ; no. 19-015 (05/2019)
    Subjects: working from home; working hours; wages; gender; flexible work arrangements.
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. The wrong kind of AI?
    artificial intelligence and the future of labor demand
    Author: Acemoglu, Daron; Restrepo, Pascual
    Published: April 2019
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Artificial Intelligence is set to influence every aspect of our lives, not least the way production is organized. AI, as a technology platform, can automate tasks previously performed by labor or create new tasks and activities in which humans can be... more

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    Artificial Intelligence is set to influence every aspect of our lives, not least the way production is organized. AI, as a technology platform, can automate tasks previously performed by labor or create new tasks and activities in which humans can be productively employed. Recent technological change has been biased towards automation, with insufficient focus on creating new tasks where labor can be productively employed. The consequences of this choice have been stagnating labor demand, declining labor share in national income, rising inequality and lower productivity growth. The current tendency is to develop AI in the direction of further automation, but this might mean missing out on the promise of the "right" kind of AI with better economic and social outcomes.

     
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    hdl: 10419/196790
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12292
    Subjects: Künstliche Intelligenz; Automatisierte Produktion; Technischer Fortschritt; Erwerbstätigkeit; Arbeitsnachfrage; Lohnniveau; Lohnquote; automation; artificial intelligence; jobs; inequality; innovation; labor demand; productivity; tasks; technology; wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 16 Seiten)
  4. Automation and new tasks
    how technology displaces and reinstates labor
    Author: Acemoglu, Daron; Restrepo, Pascual
    Published: April 2019
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We present a framework for understanding the effects of automation and other types of technological changes on labor demand, and use it to interpret changes in US employment over the recent past. At the center of our framework is the allocation of... more

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    We present a framework for understanding the effects of automation and other types of technological changes on labor demand, and use it to interpret changes in US employment over the recent past. At the center of our framework is the allocation of tasks to capital and labor - the task content of production. Automation, which enables capital to replace labor in tasks it was previously engaged in, shifts the task content of production against labor because of a displacement effect. As a result, automation always reduces the labor share in value added and may reduce labor demand even as it raises productivity. The effects of automation are counterbalanced by the creation of new tasks in which labor has a comparative advantage. The introduction of new tasks changes the task content of production in favor of labor because of a reinstatement effect, and always raises the labor share and labor demand. We show how the role of changes in the task content of production - due to automation and new tasks - can be inferred from industry-level data. Our empirical decomposition suggests that the slower growth of employment over the last three decades is accounted for by an acceleration in the displacement effect, especially in manufacturing, a weaker reinstatement effect, and slower growth of productivity than in previous decades.

     
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    hdl: 10419/196791
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12293
    Subjects: automation; displacement effect; labor demand; inequality; productivity; reinstatement effect; tasks; technology; wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Language premium myth or fact
    evidence from migrant workers of Guangdong, China
    Author: Wei, Xiahai; Fang, Tony; Jiao, Yang; Li, Jiahui
    Published: March 2019
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Using unique matched employer-employee data from China, we discover that migrant workers in the manufacturing industry who are proficient in the local dialect earn lower wages than those who are not. We also find that workers with better dialect... more

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    Using unique matched employer-employee data from China, we discover that migrant workers in the manufacturing industry who are proficient in the local dialect earn lower wages than those who are not. We also find that workers with better dialect skills are more likely to settle for lower wages in exchange for social insurance. We hypothesize that they are doing so in the hope of obtaining permanent residency and household registration status (hukou) in the host city where they work. Further tests show that the phenomenon of "exchanging wages for social insurance participation" is more pronounced among workers employed in smaller enterprises. Moreover, migrant workers with better language skills have a stronger desire to stay in the host city. Our conclusions are robust to different specifications, even after addressing the endogeneity issue for language acquisition. The present study provides a new perspective on the impact of language fluency on social integration among migrants, one of the most disadvantaged groups in developing countries.

     
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    hdl: 10419/196746
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12248
    Subjects: wages; language ability; dialect; social insurance; migrants; China
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten)
  6. The effects of work-life benefits on employment outcomes in Canada
    a multivariate analysis
    Author: Fang, Tony; Lee, Byron Y.; Timming, Andrew R.; Fan, Di
    Published: April 2019
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Using the longitudinal Workplace and Employee Survey of Canada, we examine the association between the provision of work-life benefits and various employment outcomes in the Canadian labour market. Whilst the theory of compensating wage differentials... more

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    Using the longitudinal Workplace and Employee Survey of Canada, we examine the association between the provision of work-life benefits and various employment outcomes in the Canadian labour market. Whilst the theory of compensating wage differentials hypothesizes an inevitable trade-off between higher wages and non-wage benefits, the efficiency wage theory suggests otherwise. The empirical evidence broadly supports the efficiency wage theory, thus rejecting the compensating wage differentials theory. If bundled appropriately, it appears that work-life benefits are positively associated with increased wages, in addition to a greater number of promotions, enhanced employee morale in the form of job satisfaction, and improved employee retention. The study concludes that organizations and employees can both profit when work-life benefits are offered.

     
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    hdl: 10419/196819
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12322
    Subjects: compensating wage differentials; efficiency wage theory; job satisfaction; promotion; wages; work-life benefits
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten)
  7. The wrong kind of AI?
    Artificial Intelligence and the future of labor demand
    Author: Acemoglu, Daron; Restrepo, Pascual
    Published: March 2019
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Series: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 25682
    Subjects: Künstliche Intelligenz; Automatisierte Produktion; Technischer Fortschritt; Erwerbstätigkeit; Arbeitsnachfrage; Lohnniveau; Lohnquote; automation; artificial intelligence; jobs; inequality; innovation; labor demand; productivity; tasks; technology; wages
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  8. Rent sharing in China
    magnitude, heterogeneity and drivers
    Author: Duan, Wenjing; Martins, Pedro S.
    Published: February 2019
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Do firms in China share rents with their workers? We address this question by examining firm-level panel data covering virtually all manufacturing firms over the period 2000-2007, representing an average of 200,000 firms and 54 million workers per... more

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    Do firms in China share rents with their workers? We address this question by examining firm-level panel data covering virtually all manufacturing firms over the period 2000-2007, representing an average of 200,000 firms and 54 million workers per year. We find robust evidence of rent sharing (RS): workers that would move from low- to high-profit firms would see their wages increase by about 45%. The results are based on multiple instrumental variables, including firm-specific international trade shocks. We also present a number of complementary findings that allow us to understand better the nature of RS in the country: RS is weaker in firms with more women and less educated workers; RS involves an element of risk sharing, as wages also decrease when profits fall; RS is lower in regions with more latent competition from rural workers; higher minimum wages tend to reduce RS; and, while employer labour market power reduces wages, it increases RS. Overall, despite its importance, RS in China is smaller and more symmetric than in developed economies, which reflects the weaker bargaining power of its workers and the different scope of its labour market institutions.

     
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    hdl: 10419/196667
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12169
    Subjects: Vergütungssystem; Verhandlungsmacht; Monopson; Arbeitsmigranten; Industrie; China; wages; bargaining; monopsony
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Educational mismatch and mobility
    Author: Roller, Christiane; Rulff, Christian; Tamminga, Michael M.
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  Ruhr-Universität Bochum (RUB), Department of Economics, Bochum, Germany

    With increasing educational attainment in Germany, the issue of inefficient human capital allocation gains importance. Especially overeducation seems to be a problem, since more and more highly educated individuals are required to take jobs that do... more

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    With increasing educational attainment in Germany, the issue of inefficient human capital allocation gains importance. Especially overeducation seems to be a problem, since more and more highly educated individuals are required to take jobs that do not match their educational level, settling for lower wages than their peers. This raises the question, how these individuals perform in these jobs and whether they have an advantage compared to their adequately educated colleagues performing the same job. The career mobility model suggests that this is indeed the case, with overeducated workers being more prone to take up on-the-job training, to climb up the career ladder, or to eventually leave to professions more suitable to their educational level. Our empirical analysis, using the German SOEP, confirms this theory for Germany. We find that overeducated workers have a significantly higher probability to take up on-the-job training than adequately educated workers and, at least in certain jobs, have a higher probability to move to jobs that better match their educational level. Furthermore, we find that overeducated workers experience higher wage growth than their colleagues in all job types. Mit steigendem Bildungsgrad gewinnt das Problem der ineffizienten Humankapitalallokation in Deutschland immer mehr an Bedeutung. Besonders Überqualifikation scheint ein Problem zu sein, da immer mehr hoch qualifizierte Personen Jobs annehmen, die nicht ihrem Bildungsniveau entsprechen und sich mit geringeren Löhnen zufriedengeben als adäquat qualifizierte Arbeitnehmer. Dies wirft die Frage auf, wie diese Personen in ihren Berufen abschneiden und ob sie einen Vorteil gegenüber ihren adäquat qualifizierten Kollegen in der gleichen Tätigkeit haben. Nach dem "Career Mobility Model" ist dies in der Tat der Fall, da überqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit an innerbetrieblichen Weiterbildungsmaßnahmen teilnehmen, beruflich aufsteigen, oder in einen an ihre entsprechende Qualifikation angepassten Beruf übergehen. Unsere empirische Analyse unter Verwendung des SOEP kann diese Theorie für Deutschland bestätigen. Wir stellen fest, dass überqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte eine deutlich höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit aufweisen an betrieblichen Weiterbildungsmaßnahmen teilzunehmen. Außerdem zeigt sich zumindest in bestimmten Berufen, dass Überqualifikation im Vergleich zu adäquater Qualifikation mit einer erhöhten beruflichen Aufwärtsmobilität einhergeht. Darüber hinaus stellen wir fest, dass überqualifizierte Arbeitnehmer in allen Beschäftigungsarten einen höheren Lohnzuwachs als ihre Arbeitskollegen aufweisen.

     
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    ISBN: 9783867889261
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    hdl: 10419/194809
    Series: Ruhr economic papers ; #798
    Subjects: Education; educational mismatch; wages; job mobility; training
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten)
  10. Firms and wage inequality in Central and Eastern Europe
    Author: Magda, Iga; Gromadzki, Jan; Moriconi, Simone
    Published: March 2019
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Recent studies show that firms are playing an increasingly important role in shaping wage inequality in advanced economies. We contribute to this literature by analysing wage inequality patterns and their firm dimension in Central and Eastern... more

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    Recent studies show that firms are playing an increasingly important role in shaping wage inequality in advanced economies. We contribute to this literature by analysing wage inequality patterns and their firm dimension in Central and Eastern European countries. We use large, linked employer-employee datasets with data from the 2002-2014 period. We find that unlike in many other advanced economies, wage inequality levels have decreased in CEE countries, and particularly in those countries that previously had the highest wage inequality levels. The relative size of the between-firm component varied substantially across countries, and was largest in countries with the highest wage inequality levels. We further estimate the recentered influence function (RIF) regression and the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition in order to investigate the micro-level determinants of wage inequality. Our findings indicate that the changes in wage inequality levels were mainly attributable to returns to workplace characteristics.

     
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    hdl: 10419/196712
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12214
    Subjects: wages; wage inequality; RIF regression; linked employer-employee data
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten)
  11. Monopsony in spatial equilibrium
    Author: Kahn, Matthew E.; Tracy, Joseph S.
    Published: October 15, 2019
    Publisher:  Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Research Department, Dallas

    An emerging labor economics literature studies the consequences of firms exercising market power in local labor markets. These monopsony models have implications for trends in earnings inequality. The extent of this market power is likely to vary... more

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    An emerging labor economics literature studies the consequences of firms exercising market power in local labor markets. These monopsony models have implications for trends in earnings inequality. The extent of this market power is likely to vary across local labor markets. In choosing what market to live and work in, workers trade off wages, rents and local amenities. Building on the Rosen/Roback spatial equilibrium model, we investigate how the existence of local monopsony power affects the cross-sectional spatial distribution of wages and rents across cities. We find an employment-weighted elasticity of land prices to concentration of –0.034—similar to Rinz (2018)’s reported elasticity of compensation to concentration. This finding has implications for who bears the economic incidence of labor market power. We present two extensions of the model focusing on the role of migration costs and worker skill heterogeneity

     
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    Series: Working paper / Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Research Department ; 1912
    FRB of Dallas Working Paper ; No. 1912
    Subjects: monopsony; wages; housing costs
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. The impact of global value chain integration on wages
    evidence from matched worker-industry data in Thailand
    Author: Sasiwimon Warunsiri Paweenawat
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, [Jakarta]

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    Series: ERIA discussion paper series ; ERIA-DP-2019-05 = no. 291
    Subjects: Global value chains; foreign value added; wages; skill premium; wage inequality; trade liberalisation; labour market; Thailand
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Is declining union membership contributing to low wages growth?
    Author: Bishop, James; Chan, Iris
    Published: April 2019
    Publisher:  Reserve Bank of Australia, [Sydney]

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    Series: Research discussion paper / Reserve Bank of Australia ; RDP 2019, 02
    Subjects: wages; trade unions; collective bargaining; wage differentials
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Upstreamness, wages and gender
    equal benefits for all?
    Author: Gagliardi, Nicola; Mahy, Benoît; Rycx, François
    Published: June 2019
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper provides first evidence on the impact of a direct measure of firm-level upstreamness (i.e. the steps before the production of a firm meets final demand) on workers' wages. It also investigates whether results vary along the earnings... more

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    This paper provides first evidence on the impact of a direct measure of firm-level upstreamness (i.e. the steps before the production of a firm meets final demand) on workers' wages. It also investigates whether results vary along the earnings distribution and by gender. Findings, based on unique matched employer-employee data relative to the Belgian manufacturing industry for the period 2002-2010, show that workers earn significantly higher wages when employed in more upstream firms. Yet, the gains from upstreamness are found to be very unequally shared among workers. Unconditional quantile estimates suggest that male top-earners are the main beneficiaries, whereas women, irrespective of their earnings, appear to be unfairly rewarded. Quantile decompositions further show that these differences in wage premia account for a substantial part of the gender wage gap, especially at the top of the earnings' distribution.

     
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    hdl: 10419/202795
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12449
    Subjects: upstreamness; global value chains; wages; gender
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten)
  15. Automation and new tasks
    how technology displaces and reinstates labor
    Author: Acemoglu, Daron; Restrepo, Pascual
    Published: April 12, 2019
    Publisher:  Boston University - Department of Economics, [Boston, MA]

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    Series: [IED working papers] ; 315
    Subjects: automation; displacement effect; labor demand; inequality; productivity; reinstatement effect; tasks; technology; wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Estimating the gains from trade in frictional local labor markets
    Author: Pupato, Germàn; Sand, Ben; Tschopp, Jeanne
    Published: [2019]
    Publisher:  Universität Bern, Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Sciences, Department of Economics, Bern, Switzerland

    We develop a theory and an empirical strategy to estimate the welfare gains of economic integration in economies with frictional local labor markets. The model yields a welfare formula that nests previous results in the literature and features an... more

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    We develop a theory and an empirical strategy to estimate the welfare gains of economic integration in economies with frictional local labor markets. The model yields a welfare formula that nests previous results in the literature and features an additional adjustment margin, via the employment rate, that generates new insights. We show that the quantitative impact of this new channel depends on the goods market structure and on the degree of firm heterogeneity. To obtain causal estimates of the two key structural parameters needed for the welfare analysis, the trade elasticity and the elasticity of substitution in consumption, we propose a theoretically-consistent identification strategy that exploits exogenous variation in production costs driven by differences in industrial composition across local labor markets. As an application, we exploit Germany's rapid trade integration with China and Eastern Europe between 1988 and 2008 to assess the quantitative importance of accounting for unemployment changes when computing the gains from trade across local labor markets in West Germany. Under monopolistic competition with free entry and firm heterogeneity, the median welfare gains in the frictional setting are 6% larger relative to the frictionless setting. The relative welfare gains are typically more modest under alternative market structures.

     
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    hdl: 10419/228887
    Series: Discussion papers / Universität Bern, Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Sciences, Department of Economics ; 19, 09 (August 2019)
    Subjects: Welfare gains from trade; trade elasticity; local labor markets; unemployment; wages; search and bargaining
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. The Arab inequality puzzle
    the role of income sources in Egypt and Tunisia
    Author: Krafft, Caroline; Davis, Elizabeth E.
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Egypt and Tunisia are perceived to have high levels of inequality, yet based on standard measures, inequality in these two countries is not unusually high. In this study we explore a new dimension of inequality in Egypt and Tunisia by using a more... more

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    Egypt and Tunisia are perceived to have high levels of inequality, yet based on standard measures, inequality in these two countries is not unusually high. In this study we explore a new dimension of inequality in Egypt and Tunisia by using a more complete measure of income and decomposing inequality by income sources (factor components). We find that higher-income households have more income sources than lower-income ones. Informal wage work and earnings from household enterprises are more common in Egypt than Tunisia, while formal wage work, pensions, and social assistance are more common in Tunisia. Social assistance does little to offset income inequality in either country. Enterprise earnings (in Egypt) and agricultural earnings (in Tunisia) as well as rent and other capital income in both countries play a large role in inequality. High inequality in these non-wage income sources may help explain why inequality is perceived to be high.

     
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    hdl: 10419/204300
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 405
    Subjects: Income inequality; inequality decomposition; wages; Egypt; Tunisia
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Global value chains and labour markets - wages, employment or both: input-output aproach
    Author: Szymczak, Sabina; Wolszczak-Derlacz, Joanna
    Published: November 2019
    Publisher:  Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Management and Economics, Gdańsk

    This article examines the overall effect of global value chains (GVCs) on labour market outcomes, namely wages and labour demand. The analysis exploits the World Input-Output Database (WIOD, 2016 release) covering 43 countries and 54 sectors from... more

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    This article examines the overall effect of global value chains (GVCs) on labour market outcomes, namely wages and labour demand. The analysis exploits the World Input-Output Database (WIOD, 2016 release) covering 43 countries and 54 sectors from 2000 to 2014. GVC involvement is measured by the recently developed GVC participation indexes (based on both backward and forward linkages) and relative GVC position (Wang et al., 2017a, 2017b). The estimates employ the three-least-squares method. The results indicate that GVC position is negatively correlated both with wages and with employment, while the effect of GVC participation as such depends on whether backward or forward linkages are considered. We find some heterogeneity between countries (middle- versus high-income) and sectors (manufacturing versus services). Importantly, the labour market effect of involvement in GVCs is different from the channel of traditional trade in which the production process does not cross national borders. The R codes for calculation of input-output measures of GVC are provided.

     
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    hdl: 10419/246276
    Edition: This version: 29 November 2019
    Series: Array ; 2019, no. 7 = 59
    Subjects: global value chains; input-output; employment; wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Mixing the rich and poor
    the impact of peers on education and earnings
    Author: Einiö, Elias
    Published: December 2019
    Publisher:  VATT Institute for Economic Research, Helsinki

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    ISBN: 9789522742483
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    Series: VATT working papers ; 128
    Subjects: Earnings; employment; education; wages; peer effects; family background
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten)
  20. Offshoring within South African manufacturing firms
    an analysis of the labour market effects
    Author: Pretorius, Anmar; Bezuidenhout, Carli; Matthee, Marianne; Blaauw, Derick
    Published: October 2019
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    In South Africa, the manufacturing sector -- important for growth and employment creation -- has shown declining growth, poor productivity performance, decreased labour demand, and increased imports of intermediate goods (offshoring activities).... more

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    In South Africa, the manufacturing sector -- important for growth and employment creation -- has shown declining growth, poor productivity performance, decreased labour demand, and increased imports of intermediate goods (offshoring activities). Offshoring influences jobs and wages differently depending on the type of industry and worker. We provide a nuanced view of offshoring in South Africa, using firm- and employer-employee-level data to disentangle its impact on the labour market in terms of capital- and labour-intensive industries and skilled and unskilled workers. Contrary to previous findings in developed countries, we find that offshoring generally lowers employment in manufacturing firms, and seems to increase the percentage of unskilled workers and lower the percentage of skilled workers. There are indications that increased narrow offshoring increases the cohort of unskilled workers, particularly in ultra-labour-intensive industries. As offshoring gains momentum, worker-level earnings increase in capital- and labour-intensive industries but decrease in ultra-labour-intensive industries.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292567095
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    hdl: 10419/211308
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2019, 75
    Subjects: offshoring; firm-level data; employer-employee data; employment; skills; wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. The differential effects of technology and trade on female and male workers in India
    Author: Sharma, Shruti
    Published: [2019]
    Publisher:  Asian Development Bank Institute, Tokyo, Japan

    This paper uses the task content model of occupations to investigate whether technology and trade have had differential effects on male and female workers in India. It describes trends in employment shares and wages for female and male workers based... more

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    This paper uses the task content model of occupations to investigate whether technology and trade have had differential effects on male and female workers in India. It describes trends in employment shares and wages for female and male workers based on whether they have routine manual, routine cognitive, or non-routine cognitive occupations. It finds that, though there are some similarities in the broad trends for both female and male workers, such as the fact that those with routine cognitive occupations for both categories have the smallest employment shares, there are also important differences. An investigation into the changes in employment shares reveals that female workers suffer less of a decline in routine cognitive jobs within industry than male workers. Furthermore, male workers experience a bigger increase in demand than female workers due to more jobs within industries that intensively employ workers in non-routine cognitive occupations. The findings in this paper have important implications for labor market policies that target skill development in developing countries.

     
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    hdl: 10419/222798
    Series: ADBI working paper series ; no. 1031 (November 2019)
    Subjects: occupational choice; tasks; wages; employment; skills; economics of gender
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Informing employees in small and medium sized firms about training
    results of a randomized field experiment
    Author: Berg, Gerard J. van den; Dauth, Christine; Homrighausen, Pia; Stephan, Gesine
    Published: 7. November 2019
    Publisher:  Institute for Employment Research of the Federal Employment Agency, Nürnberg

    We analyze a labor market program that subsidizes skill-upgrading occupational training for work-ers employed in small and medium sized enterprises. The program covers a substantial share of training costs. Nonetheless, take-up has been low. In an... more

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    We analyze a labor market program that subsidizes skill-upgrading occupational training for work-ers employed in small and medium sized enterprises. The program covers a substantial share of training costs. Nonetheless, take-up has been low. In an experimental setup, we mailed 10,000 brochures to potentially eligible workers, informing them about the importance of skill-upgrading occupational training in general and about the subsidy program in particular. Using combined survey and register data, we analyze the impact of receiving the brochure on workers' knowledge of the program, on take-up of subsidized and unsubsidized training, and on job characteristics. The survey data reveal that the brochure more than doubled workers' awareness of the program. We do not find effects on program take-up or short-run labor market outcomes in the register data. However, the information treatment positively affected participation in other (unsubsidized) training among employees under 45 years. Wir untersuchen ein Arbeitsmarktprogramm, das Weiterbildung für Beschäftigte in kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen fördert. Im Rahmen des Programms übernimmt die Bundesagentur für Arbeit einen substanziellen Anteil der Weiterbildungskosten. Die Zugangszahlen in das Weiterbildungsprogramm sind dennoch gering. Im Rahmen eines experimentellen Ansatzes verschickten wir 10 000 Broschüren an potenziell förderberechtigte Beschäftigte und informierten diese über die Bedeutung von Weiterbildung allgemein sowie über das Förderprogramm im Besonderen. Mithilfe verknüpfter Befragungs- und Registerdaten analysieren wir den Einfluss der Info-Broschüre auf die Bekanntheit des Förderprogramms unter Beschäftigten, auf die Aufnahme einer geförderten oder ungeförderten Weiterbildung und auf Merkmale der Beschäftigung. Die Befragungsdaten zeigen, dass die Broschüre die Bekanntheit des Programms unter den Beschäftigten mehr als verdoppelte. Wir finden weder Effekte auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit eine geförderte Weiterbildung aufzunehmen noch auf kurzfristige Arbeitsmarkterfolgsindikatoren aus den Registerdaten. Das Info-Treatment beeinflusste jedoch die Teilnahme an ungeförderten Weiterbildungen bei Beschäftigten unter 45 Jahren.

     
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    hdl: 10419/222382
    Series: IAB-discussion paper ; 2019, 22
    Subjects: employment; wages; skills; randomized controlled trial; information treatment
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten)
  23. Do workers benefit from resource booms in their home state?
    evidence from the fracking era
    Author: Winters, John V.; Cai, Zhengyu; Maguire, Karen; Sengupta, Shruti
    Published: September 2019
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Fracking innovations revolutionized the United States oil and gas industry and facilitated a boom in energy production in states with oil and gas resources. This paper examines effects of oil and gas booms within a state on individual employment and... more

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    Fracking innovations revolutionized the United States oil and gas industry and facilitated a boom in energy production in states with oil and gas resources. This paper examines effects of oil and gas booms within a state on individual employment and earnings. To account for endogenous migration decisions, we instrument for oil and gas production in workers' state of residence via the predicted percent of oil and gas employment in their state of birth. We find statistically significant and economically meaningful positive effects. The bulk of the effects accrue to workers employed outside the oil and gas industry indicating sizable spillovers.

     
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    hdl: 10419/207444
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12619
    Subjects: resource boom; regional economic development; employment; wages; income
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Competition, institutions and company-sponsored training
    Author: Hinz, Tina; Mohrenweiser, Jens
    Published: June 2019
    Publisher:  Universität Zürich, IBW - Institut für Betriebswirtschaftslehre, Zürich

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    Edition: Version: June 2019
    Series: Working paper / Swiss Leading House ; no. 162
    Subjects: training; productivity; wages; wage compression
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten)
  25. Stock market wealth and the real economy
    a local labor market approach
    Author: Chodorow-Reich, Gabriel; Nenov, Plamen T.; Simsek, Alp
    Published: 12 July 2019
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Series: Array ; DP13856
    Subjects: stock prices; consumption wealth effect; marginal propensity to consume; employment; wages; regional heterogeneity; time-varying risk premium; nominal rigidities; monetary policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 112 Seiten)