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Displaying results 1 to 5 of 5.

  1. The impact of opportunity zones on commercial investment and economic activity
    Published: April 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    A provision of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 offered tax incentives for investing in certain low-income areas in the United States called Opportunity Zones (OZs). The goal of this provision was to spur private investment in OZs in order to... more

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    A provision of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 offered tax incentives for investing in certain low-income areas in the United States called Opportunity Zones (OZs). The goal of this provision was to spur private investment in OZs in order to improve the economic well-being of their residents. This paper uses a regression discontinuity design to evaluate the impact of OZs on commercial investment and economic activity. Using data on the universe of all significant commercial investments in the United States, we find that OZ selection led to practically no increase in investment in OZs. These findings are supported by additional data from Mastercard that also show no evidence of increased business activity nor consumer spending. Overall, our findings suggest that the impact of OZs on economic improvement has thus far been limited.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263463
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15247
    Subjects: opportunity zones; investment; tax policy; poverty
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Die Bundesausgaben in Zeiten von Corona im Fokus des Kieler Bundesausgabenmonitors
    eine Strukturanalyse
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Kiel Institut für Weltwirtschaft - Leibniz Zentrum zur Erforschung globaler ökonomischer Herausforderungen, Kiel

    Der Kieler Bundesausgabenmonitor stellt eine Erweiterung des Kieler Subventionsberichts dar. Es werden nicht nur die Finanzhilfen des Bundes dokumentiert, sondern die gesamten Bundesausgaben im Zeitraum von 2000 bis 2021. Dabei werden die Ausgaben... more

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    DS 234
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    Der Kieler Bundesausgabenmonitor stellt eine Erweiterung des Kieler Subventionsberichts dar. Es werden nicht nur die Finanzhilfen des Bundes dokumentiert, sondern die gesamten Bundesausgaben im Zeitraum von 2000 bis 2021. Dabei werden die Ausgaben nach einem funktionellen Gliederungsschema dargestellt, das Umverteilungsausgaben im weitesten Sinne, Ausgaben für Produktionsleistungen der Vergangenheit, Ausgaben mit Produktionseffekten in der laufenden Periode, Ausgaben mit Produktionseffekten in der Zukunft, auslandswirksame Zahlungen sowie Sonstiges umfasst. Die Autoren stellen fest, dass über den Beobachtungszeitraum hinweg die Sozialausgaben mit einem Anteilswert zwischen 35 und 40 Prozent der bereinigten Bundesausgaben dominieren. Auch haben am aktuellen Rand die Finanzhilfen deutlich zugenommen, die nunmehr mit knapp 19 Prozent auf dem zweiten Platz der Ausgabenkategorien rangieren. Daraus wird die Schlussfolgerung gezogen, dass die Neigung der politisch Verantwortlichen, Subventionen zu verteilen, im Gefolge der Corona-Krise deutlich zugenommen hat. In diesem Zusammenhang weisen die Autoren darauf hin, dass im Jahr 2021 der Bund aus dem Zukunftspaket Unternehmen mit knapp 20 Mrd. Euro zusätzlich bezuschusst hat, die nicht als sachnotwendige Entschädigungen infolge des Lockdowns gewertet werden können. Diese Mittel haben somit nicht der Stabilisierung der Wirtschaft in der Corona-Krise gedient, sondern haben als Mittel selektiver Industriepolitik eindeutig Finanzhilfecharakter. Vor dem Hintergrund der Einrichtung eines Sondervermögens für Verteidigungszwecke über 100 Mrd. Euro, regen die Autoren an, zur Gegenfinanzierung nicht nur die künftigen Generationen heranzuziehen, sondern auch laufende Subventionen abzubauen. The Kiel Federal Expenditure Monitor is an extension of the Kiel Subsidy Report. It documents not only federal financial assistance but also total federal spending in the period from 2000 to 2021. The Expenditure Monitor presents spending according to a functional classification scheme that includes redistributive spending in the broadest sense, past output spending, current-period output spending, future-period output spending, outgoing payments, and other expenditures. The authors note that over the observation period, redistributive spending dominates with a share of between 35 and 40 percent of adjusted federal spending. Moreover, at the current edge, financial assistance has increased significantly, now ranking second among expenditure categories at just under 19 percent. From these findings the authors conclude that the propensity of policymakers to distribute subsidies has increased significantly in the wake of the Corona crisis. In this context, the authors point out that in 2021 the federal government subsidized companies to the tune of almost EUR 20 billion additionally from the Future Package, which cannot be classified as material compensation as a result of the lockdown. These funds have therefore not served to stabilize the economy in the Corona crisis but, as a means of selective industrial policy, clearly have the character of financial aid. Against the backdrop of the establishment of a special fund for defense purposes worth 100 billion euros, the authors suggest that not only future generations should be called upon to provide the counter-financing, but that in addition current subsidies should be reduced.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: German
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9783894563561
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/265142
    Series: Kieler Beiträge zur Wirtschaftspolitik ; Nr. 41 (September 2022)
    Subjects: Fiskalpolitik und Haushalt; Deutschland; Steuerpolitik; Subventionen; Subventionsabbau; Bundesausgaben; fiscal policy and budget; Germany; tax policy; subsidies; subsidy reduction; federal spending
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 91 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. ZEW-EviSTA
    a microsimulation model of the German tax and transfer system
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, Mannheim, Germany

    This article describes ZEW-EviSTA®, the microsimulation model developed and used at ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research in Mannheim. The model simulates the German tax and transfer system using household micro level data. By estimating fiscal... more

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    Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim
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    This article describes ZEW-EviSTA®, the microsimulation model developed and used at ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research in Mannheim. The model simulates the German tax and transfer system using household micro level data. By estimating fiscal effects, labor market outcomes as well as distributional impacts the model allows for a comprehensive ex ante analysis of reform proposals. Heterogeneity analyses targeting specific subgroups of the population are feasible, too. The present article describes which data sources are used for the simulation, how key features of the German tax and transfer system are implemented, which simulation methods are employed to analyze policy changes and how the model is validated against official statistics. Moreover, by providing examples of the outputs which ZEW-EviSTA generates the paper gives an idea of the questions that can be answered using the model.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/261378
    Edition: First version: June 2022
    Series: Discussion paper / ZEW ; no. 22, 026 (07/2022)
    Subjects: microsimulation; tax system; tax policy; labour market; labour supply; labourdemand; Germany; policy analysis
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (62 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Revenue mobilization for a resilient and inclusive recovery in the Middle East and Central Asia
    Published: 2022 JUL
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, Publication Services, Washington, DC, U.S.A.

    Domestic revenue mobilization has been a longstanding challenge for countries in the Middle East and Central Asia. Insufficient revenue has often constrained priority social and infrastructure spending, reducing countries' ability to reach the... more

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    Domestic revenue mobilization has been a longstanding challenge for countries in the Middle East and Central Asia. Insufficient revenue has often constrained priority social and infrastructure spending, reducing countries' ability to reach the Sustainable Development Goals, improve growth prospects, and address climate related challenges. Moreover, revenue shortfalls have often been compensated by large and sustained debt accumulation, raising vulnerabilities in some countries, and limiting fiscal space to address future shocks. The COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have compounded challenges to sustainable public finances, underscoring the need for revenue mobilization efforts. The recent global crises have also exacerbated existing societal inequalities and highlighted the importance of raising revenues in an efficient and equitable manner. This paper examines the scope for additional tax revenue mobilization and discusses policies to gradually raise tax revenue while supporting resilient growth and inclusion in the Middle East and Central Asia. The paper's main findings are that excluding hydrocarbon revenues, the region's average tax intake lags those of other regions; the region's fragile and conflict-affected states (FCS) face particular challenges in mobilizing tax revenue; In general, there is considerable scope to raise additional tax revenue; countries have made efforts to raise tax collection, but challenges remain; tax policy design, notably low tax rates and pervasive tax exemptions, is an important factor driving tax revenue shortfalls; weak tax compliance, reflecting both structural features and challenges in revenue administration, also plays a role; and personal income tax systems in the region vary in their progressivity-the extent to which the average tax rate increases with income-and in their ability to redistribute income. These findings provide insights for policy action to raise revenue while supporting resilient growth and inclusion. The paper's analysis points to these priorities for the region to improve both efficiency and equity of tax systems: improving tax policy design to broaden the tax base and increase progressivity and redistributive capacity; strengthening revenue administration to improve compliance; and implementing structural reforms to incentivize tax compliance, formalization, and economic diversification

     

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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Contributor: Benninger, Thomas (MitwirkendeR); Hebous, Shafik (MitwirkendeR); Okello, Andrew (MitwirkendeR); Sanya, Bernard (MitwirkendeR); Marahel, Alireza (MitwirkendeR); Verdier, Geneviève (HerausgeberIn); Rayner, Brett (HerausgeberIn)
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9798400211669; 9798400211713
    Other identifier:
    Series: Departmental paper / International Monetary Fund ; DP/2022, 013
    Subjects: Steuereinnahmen; Steuerpolitik; Steuersystem; Reformpolitik; Effektivität; Sozioökonomischer Wandel; Internationaler Vergleich; Revenue mobilization; revenue gaps; tax compliance; compliance gaps; tax policy; tax revenue gap; estimated tax; Gini coefficient; revenue challenge; tax revenue shortfall; systems in the region; tax Effort; tax ratio; Tax collection; Middle East and Central Asia; Global; Central Asia and the Caucasus; Middle East; Personal income tax; Tax administration core functions; Corporate income tax; Taxation; Personal Finance -Taxation; Corporate Taxation; Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement; Fiscal Policy; International Relations and International Political Economy: Other; Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General; Taxation and Subsidies: Incidence; Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies; Business Taxes and Subsidies; Tax Evasion and Avoidance; Aggregate Factor Income Distribution; International institutions; Public finance & taxation; Corporate & business tax; Macroeconomics; Political economy; International organization; Revenue administration; Taxes; International Economics; Public Policy; Public Finance; Tax return filing compliance; Taxpayer compliance; Taxation; Law and legislation; Revenue; Tax administration and procedure; Income tax; Corporations; Taxation; Fiscal policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Revenue mobilization for a resilient and inclusive recovery in the Middle East and Central Asia
    Published: 2022 JUL
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, Publication Services, Washington, DC, U.S.A.

    Domestic revenue mobilization has been a longstanding challenge for countries in the Middle East and Central Asia. Insufficient revenue has often constrained priority social and infrastructure spending, reducing countries' ability to reach the... more

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    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

     

    Domestic revenue mobilization has been a longstanding challenge for countries in the Middle East and Central Asia. Insufficient revenue has often constrained priority social and infrastructure spending, reducing countries' ability to reach the Sustainable Development Goals, improve growth prospects, and address climate related challenges. Moreover, revenue shortfalls have often been compensated by large and sustained debt accumulation, raising vulnerabilities in some countries, and limiting fiscal space to address future shocks. The COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have compounded challenges to sustainable public finances, underscoring the need for revenue mobilization efforts. The recent global crises have also exacerbated existing societal inequalities and highlighted the importance of raising revenues in an efficient and equitable manner. This paper examines the scope for additional tax revenue mobilization and discusses policies to gradually raise tax revenue while supporting resilient growth and inclusion in the Middle East and Central Asia. The paper's main findings are that excluding hydrocarbon revenues, the region's average tax intake lags those of other regions; the region's fragile and conflict-affected states (FCS) face particular challenges in mobilizing tax revenue; In general, there is considerable scope to raise additional tax revenue; countries have made efforts to raise tax collection, but challenges remain; tax policy design, notably low tax rates and pervasive tax exemptions, is an important factor driving tax revenue shortfalls; weak tax compliance, reflecting both structural features and challenges in revenue administration, also plays a role; and personal income tax systems in the region vary in their progressivity-the extent to which the average tax rate increases with income-and in their ability to redistribute income. These findings provide insights for policy action to raise revenue while supporting resilient growth and inclusion. The paper's analysis points to these priorities for the region to improve both efficiency and equity of tax systems: improving tax policy design to broaden the tax base and increase progressivity and redistributive capacity; strengthening revenue administration to improve compliance; and implementing structural reforms to incentivize tax compliance, formalization, and economic diversification

     

    Export to reference management software   RIS file
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Contributor: Benninger, Thomas (MitwirkendeR); Hebous, Shafik (MitwirkendeR); Okello, Andrew (MitwirkendeR); Sanya, Bernard (MitwirkendeR); Marahel, Alireza (MitwirkendeR); Verdier, Geneviève (HerausgeberIn); Rayner, Brett (HerausgeberIn)
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9798400211669; 9798400211713
    Other identifier:
    Series: Departmental paper / International Monetary Fund ; DP/2022, 013
    Subjects: Steuereinnahmen; Steuerpolitik; Steuersystem; Reformpolitik; Effektivität; Sozioökonomischer Wandel; Internationaler Vergleich; Revenue mobilization; revenue gaps; tax compliance; compliance gaps; tax policy; tax revenue gap; estimated tax; Gini coefficient; revenue challenge; tax revenue shortfall; systems in the region; tax Effort; tax ratio; Tax collection; Middle East and Central Asia; Global; Central Asia and the Caucasus; Middle East; Personal income tax; Tax administration core functions; Corporate income tax; Taxation; Personal Finance -Taxation; Corporate Taxation; Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement; Fiscal Policy; International Relations and International Political Economy: Other; Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General; Taxation and Subsidies: Incidence; Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies; Business Taxes and Subsidies; Tax Evasion and Avoidance; Aggregate Factor Income Distribution; International institutions; Public finance & taxation; Corporate & business tax; Macroeconomics; Political economy; International organization; Revenue administration; Taxes; International Economics; Public Policy; Public Finance; Tax return filing compliance; Taxpayer compliance; Taxation; Law and legislation; Revenue; Tax administration and procedure; Income tax; Corporations; Taxation; Fiscal policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten), Illustrationen