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  1. The understated "housing shortage" in the United States
    Author: Corinth, Kevin; Dante, Hugo
    Published: July 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Following popular discourse, we abuse economic terminology by defining the "housing shortage" in the United States as the difference between the number of homes that would be built in the absence of supply constraints and the actual number of homes.... more

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    Following popular discourse, we abuse economic terminology by defining the "housing shortage" in the United States as the difference between the number of homes that would be built in the absence of supply constraints and the actual number of homes. The magnitude of the housing shortage is important to policymakers, who use it to measure the scope of the housing supply problem and the extent to which proposed policies would solve it. However, previous studies understate the housing shortage because they estimate how many more homes would have been built if historical building or household formation trends prevailed today, even though historical trends were also affected by supply constraints. We are the first to use a supply and demand framework to estimate the full housing shortage in the United States. Using county-level data on land shares of home prices, we estimate that the U.S. housing shortage was 20.1 million homes in 2021, 14.1 percent of the national housing stock. Our housing shortage estimate is 4 to 5 times as large as previous estimates, and 13 times as high as the shortage cited by the White House to contextualize the effects of policies intended to close the gap. Consistent with predictions of economic theory, our estimated housing shortage is uniformly low in areas with low regulation but varies in areas with high regulation, since a housing shortage requires both stringent regulations and strong housing demand.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/263663
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15447
    Subjects: housing; regulation; land use; supply constraints; shortage
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. The benefits and costs of U.S. employer COVID-19 vaccine mandates
    Author: Ferranna, Maddalena; Robinson, Lisa A.; Cadarette, Daniel; Eber, Michael; Bloom, David E.
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    In 2021, the Biden Administration issued mandates requiring COVID-19 vaccinations for U.S. federal employees and contractors and for some healthcare and private sector workers. Although these mandates have been subject to legal challenges and some... more

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    In 2021, the Biden Administration issued mandates requiring COVID-19 vaccinations for U.S. federal employees and contractors and for some healthcare and private sector workers. Although these mandates have been subject to legal challenges and some have been halted or delayed, rigorous appraisal of their benefits and costs accompanied neither the decision to implement them nor the efforts to terminate them. This paper aims to help fill that gap. We estimate the direct costs and health-related benefits that would have accrued if these vaccination requirements had been implemented as intended. Compared with the vaccination rates observed in January 2022, we find that the mandates could have led to 15 million additional vaccinated individuals, increasing the overall proportion of the fully vaccinated U.S. population to 68%. The associated net benefits depend on the evolution of the pandemic from the time of mandate enactment - information unavailable ex ante to analysts or policymakers. In scenarios involving the emergence of a novel, more transmissible variant, against which vaccination and previous infection offer moderate protection, the estimated net benefits reach more than $16,000 per additional vaccinated individual, with more than 20,000 total deaths averted in total. In scenarios involving a fading pandemic, existing vaccination-acquired or infection-acquired immunity provides sufficient protection, and the mandates' benefits are unlikely to exceed their costs. Thus, mandates may be most useful when the consequences of inaction are catastrophic. However, we do not compare the effects of mandates with alternative policies for increasing vaccination rates or promoting other protective measures, which may receive stronger public support and be less likely to be overturned by litigation.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/265693
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15472
    Subjects: benefit-cost analysis; COVID-19; vaccination; regulation; valueper statistical life (VSL); willingness to pay (WTP)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 69 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Bankers' pay and the evolving structure of US banking
    Author: Anderson, Ronald W.; Jõeveer, Karin
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  [LSE Financial Markets Group], [London]

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    Series: [FMG discussion paper] ; [DP 855]
    SRC discussion paper ; no 120 (April 2022)
    Subjects: banking industry structure; rent extraction; superstar firms; regulation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. The productivity puzzle in network industries
    evidence from the energy sector
    Author: Ajayi, Victor; Dolphin, Geoffroy; Anaya, Karim; Pollitt, Michael G.
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  University of Cambridge, Faculty of Economics, Cambridge

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    Series: Cambridge working paper in economics ; 2073
    EPRG working paper ; 2021
    Subjects: Total factor productivity; growth accounting; regulation; energy networks; climate policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Generalized linear competition
    from pass-through to policy
    Author: Genakos, Christos; Grey, Felix; Ritz, Robert A.
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  University of Cambridge, Faculty of Economics, Cambridge

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    Series: Cambridge working paper in economics ; 2078
    EPRG working paper ; 2023
    Subjects: Pass-through; imperfect competition; regulation; carbon pricing; airlines; political economy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 82 Seiten)
  6. Clean identification?
    the effects of the Clean Air Act on air pollution, exposure disparities and house prices
    Author: Sager, Lutz; Singer, Gregor
    Published: May 2022
    Publisher:  Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London

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    Series: Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment working paper ; no. 376
    Subjects: Luftreinhaltung; Wirkungsanalyse; Luftverschmutzung; Räumliche Verteilung; Schwarze Menschen; Weiße; Immobilienpreis; Schätzung; USA; air pollution; clean air act; environmental justice; regulation; house prices
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Don't leave the regulator alone in the commons
    how fishing cooperatives can help ameliorate inefficiencies
    Author: Rosas-Munoz, Juan; Espinola-Arredondoy, Ana; Muñoz-García, Félix
    Published: January 17, 2022
    Publisher:  School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University, [Pullman]

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    Series: Working paper series / School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University ; WP 2022, 1
    Subjects: Common-pool resource; regulation; artisanal organization; áexible policy; inflexible policy; inefficiencies
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Bankers' pay and the evolving structure of US banking
    Author: Anderson, Ronald W.; Jõeveer, Karin
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Systemic Risk Centre, The London School of Economics and Political Science, London

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    Series: SRC discussion paper ; no 120 (April 2022)
    Subjects: banking industry structure; rent extraction; superstar firms; regulation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Entrepreneurship and regulatory voids
    the case of ridesharing
    Author: Deerfield, Amanda; Elert, Niklas
    Published: March 24, 2022
    Publisher:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    Formal institutions, e.g., regulations, are considered crucial determinants of entrepreneurship, but what enables regulatory change when there is a regulatory void, meaning entrepreneurship clashes with existing regulations? Drawing on public choice... more

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    Formal institutions, e.g., regulations, are considered crucial determinants of entrepreneurship, but what enables regulatory change when there is a regulatory void, meaning entrepreneurship clashes with existing regulations? Drawing on public choice theory, we hypothesize that regulatory freedom facilitates the introduction of legislation to fill such voids. We test this hypothesis using unique data documenting the time for ridesharing to become legalized at the state level across the United States following its local (and often illegal) rollout. Results suggest states with greater regulatory freedom passed ridesharing legislation quicker, highlighting an underappreciated way that extant regulatory freedom facilitates the accommodation of entrepreneurship.

     
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    hdl: 10419/262040
    Series: IFN working paper ; no. 1426 (2022)
    Subjects: entrepreneurship; innovation; regulation; institutional change; institutional voids; institutional entrepreneurship; sharing economy; economic freedom; survival analysis
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Unintended consequences of "mandatory" flood insurance
    Author: Blickle, Kristian; Santos, João A. C.
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Federal Reserve Bank of New York, New York, NY

    We document that the quasi-mandatory U.S. flood insurance program reduces mortgage lending along both the extensive and intensive margins. We measure flood insurance mandates using FEMA flood maps, focusing on the discreet updates to these maps that... more

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    We document that the quasi-mandatory U.S. flood insurance program reduces mortgage lending along both the extensive and intensive margins. We measure flood insurance mandates using FEMA flood maps, focusing on the discreet updates to these maps that can be made exogenous to true underlying flood risk. Reductions in lending are most pronounced for low-income and low-FICO borrowers, implying that the effects are at least partially driven by the added financial burden of insurance. Our results are also stronger among non-local or more-distant banks, who have a diminished ability to monitor local borrower adherence to complicated insurance mandates. Overall, our findings speak to the unintended consequences of (well-intentioned) regulation. They also speak to the importance of factoring in affordability and enforcement feasibility when introducing mandatory standards.

     
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    Series: Staff reports / Federal Reserve Bank of New York ; no. 1012 (April 2022)
    Subjects: insurance; unintended consequences; regulation; FEMA maps; flooding; mortgage lending; access to credit
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Is the EU money market fund regulation fit for purpose?
    lessons from the COVID-19 turmoil
    Author: Capotă, Laura-Dona; Grill, Michael; Molestina Vivar, Luis; Schmitz, Niklas; Weistroffer, Christian
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    The market turmoil in March 2020 highlighted key vulnerabilities in the EU money market fund (MMF) sector. This paper assesses the effectiveness of the EU's regulatory framework from a financial stability perspective, based on a panel analysis of EU... more

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    The market turmoil in March 2020 highlighted key vulnerabilities in the EU money market fund (MMF) sector. This paper assesses the effectiveness of the EU's regulatory framework from a financial stability perspective, based on a panel analysis of EU MMFs at a daily frequency. First, we find that investment in private debt assets exposes MMFs to liquidity risk. Second, we find that low volatility net asset value (LVNAV) funds, which invest in non-public debt assets while offering a stable NAV, face higher redemptions than other fund types. The risk of breaching the regulatory NAV limit may have incentivised outflows among some LVNAV investors in March 2020. Third, MMFs with lower levels of liquidity buffers use their buffers less than other funds, suggesting low levels of buffer usability in stress periods. Our findings suggest fragility in the EU MMF sector and call for a strengthened regulatory framework of private debt MMFs.

     
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    ISBN: 9789289953856
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/269144
    Series: Working paper series / European Central Bank ; no 2737 (October 2022)
    Subjects: money market funds; financial fragility; COVID-19; regulation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. What explains aggregate telecom investments?
    evidence from an EU-OECD panel
    Author: Friesenbichler, Klaus S.
    Published: June 2019
    Publisher:  Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Wien

    This paper analyses the determinants of aggregate per-capita investments into the telecom sector. We provide results of panel econometric estimates for EU and OECD countries covering the period from 2005 to 2013. The findings show a positive effect... more

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    This paper analyses the determinants of aggregate per-capita investments into the telecom sector. We provide results of panel econometric estimates for EU and OECD countries covering the period from 2005 to 2013. The findings show a positive effect of infrastructure-based competition between xDSL broadband and cable-TV broadband subscriptions on investments. We use cross-country variance in open access regulations to examine their effect on investments and find a negative effect for bitstream regulations. The regression results are used to assess the magnitude of these factors, thereby providing valuable inputs to the policy debate on broadband promotion.

     
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    hdl: 10419/207156
    Series: WIFO working papers ; 2019, 583
    Subjects: investment; competition; platform; ladder; unbundling; bitstream; regulation; broadband; telecom
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Consumer myopia in vehicle purchases
    evidence from a natural experiment
    Author: Gillingham, Kenneth; Houde, Sébastien
    Published: [2019]
    Publisher:  CER-ETH - Center of Economic Research at ETH Zurich, Zürich

    A central question in the analysis of fuel-economy policy is whether consumers are myopic with regards to future fuel costs. We provide the first evidence on consumer valuation of fuel economy from a natural experiment. We examine the short-run... more

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    A central question in the analysis of fuel-economy policy is whether consumers are myopic with regards to future fuel costs. We provide the first evidence on consumer valuation of fuel economy from a natural experiment. We examine the short-run equilibrium effects of an exogenous restatement of fuel-economy ratings that affected 1.6 million vehicles. Using the implied changes in willingness-to-pay, we find that consumers act myopically: consumers are indifferent between $1 in discounted fuel costs and 15-38 cents in the vehicle purchase price when discounting at 4%. This myopia persists under a wide range of assumptions.

     
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    hdl: 10419/207143
    Series: Working paper / CER-ETH - Center of Economic Research at ETH Zurich ; 19, 321 (May 2019)
    Subjects: fuel economy; vehicles; myopia; undervaluation; regulation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Consumer myopia in vehicle purchases
    evidence from a natural experiment
    Author: Gillingham, Kenneth; Houde, Sébastien; Benthem, Arthur A. van
    Published: May 2019
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Series: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 25845
    Subjects: Brennstoff; Fahrzeug; Konsumentenverhalten; Zahlungsbereitschaftsanalyse; Experiment; fuel economy; vehicles; myopia; undervaluation; regulation
    Scope: 54 Seiten, Illustrationen
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    Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe
  15. Consumer myopia in vehicle purchases
    evidence from a natural experiment
    Author: Gillingham, Kenneth; Houde, Sébastien; Benthem, Arthur A. van
    Published: [2019]
    Publisher:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    A central question in the analysis of fuel-economy policy is whether consumers are myopic with regards to future fuel costs. We provide the first evidence on consumer valuation of fuel economy from a natural experiment. We examine the short-run... more

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    A central question in the analysis of fuel-economy policy is whether consumers are myopic with regards to future fuel costs. We provide the first evidence on consumer valuation of fuel economy from a natural experiment. We examine the short-run equilibrium effects of an exogenous restatement of fuel-economy ratings that affected 1.6 million vehicles. Using the implied changes in willingness-to-pay, we find that consumers act myopically: consumers are indifferent between $1 in discounted fuel costs and 15-38 cents in the vehicle purchase price when discounting at 4%. This myopia persists under a wide range of assumptions.

     
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    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/201882
    Series: Array ; no. 7656 (May 2019)
    Subjects: Brennstoff; Fahrzeug; Konsumentenverhalten; Zahlungsbereitschaftsanalyse; Experiment; fuel economy; vehicles; myopia; undervaluation; regulation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Quantity and quality of work in the platform economy
    Author: Bogliacino, Francesco; Codagnone, Cristiano; Cirillo, Valeria; Guarascio, Dario
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This critical and scoping review essay analyses digital labour markets where labour-intensive services are traded by matching requesters (employers and/or consumers) and providers (workers). It first discusses to what extent labour platform can be... more

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    This critical and scoping review essay analyses digital labour markets where labour-intensive services are traded by matching requesters (employers and/or consumers) and providers (workers). It first discusses to what extent labour platform can be treated as two-sided or multi-sided markets, and the implications of these classifications. It then moves to address the legal and regulatory issues implied by these technologies. From a theoretical point of view, using a framework where innovation is not neutral in the labour market, platforms have implications for the quantity of jobs, for the kind of skills and tasks which are exchanged, and in terms of bargaining power of the contracting parties. It includes a critical evaluation of the empirical evidence from a variety of sources.

     
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    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 420
    Subjects: platforms; employment; quality of work; regulation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Asbestos, leaded petrol, and other aberrations
    comparing countries' regulatory responses to disapproved products and technologies
    Author: Coad, Alexander; Biggi, Gianluca; Giuliani, Elisa
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  European Commission, Seville, Spain

    Industrial innovation churns out increasingly unnatural products and technologies amid scientific uncertainty about their harmful effects. We argue that a quick regulatory response to the discovery that certain innovations are harmful is an important... more

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    Industrial innovation churns out increasingly unnatural products and technologies amid scientific uncertainty about their harmful effects. We argue that a quick regulatory response to the discovery that certain innovations are harmful is an important indicator for evaluating the performance of an innovation system. Using a unique hand-collected dataset, we explore the temporal geography of regulatory responses as evidenced by the years in which countries introduce bans against leaded petrol, asbestos, DDT, smoking in public places, and plastic bags, as well as introducing the driver’s seatbelt obligation. We find inconsistent regulatory responses by countries across different threats, and that countries’ level of economic development is often not a good predictor of early bans. Moreover, an early introduction of one ban is not strongly related to the relative performance in regard to another ban, which raises possible questions about the coherence of regulatory responses across different threats.

     
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    hdl: 10419/244284
    Series: JRC working papers on corporate r&d and innovation ; no. 2019, 08
    Subjects: Innovation; regulation; government regulatory capacity; innovation systems; ban; manufacture of doubt
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten)
  18. Clothing global value chains and sub-Saharan Africa
    global exports, regional dynamics and industrial development outcomes
    Author: Staritz, Cornelia; Morris, Mike; Plank, Leonhard
    Published: [2016]
    Publisher:  Commonwealth Secretariat, London

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    Series: International trade working paper / Commonwealth Secretariat ; 2016, 16
    Subjects: sub-Saharan Africa; global value chains; clothing industry; regulation; skill development; sustainability
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. How decentralization drives a change of the institutional framework on the distribution grid level in the electricity sector
    the case of local congestion markets
    Author: Buchmann, Marius
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  Jacobs University, Bremen Energy Research (BER), Bremen

    The increasing share of renewables in the electricity system results in congestion on all network levels. To address this congestion, the EU Commission proposed that distribution network operators become responsible for local congestion management.... more

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    The increasing share of renewables in the electricity system results in congestion on all network levels. To address this congestion, the EU Commission proposed that distribution network operators become responsible for local congestion management. Within this paper we analyze the institutional implications of the introduction of local congestion markets and identify three discrimination concerns related to the DSO's role on these markets. We will argue that the standard governance models (legal unbundling, ownership unbundling, IDSO) are not adequate here. Instead, we discuss two novel approaches: The introduction of Independent Distribution Operators (IDO) or alternatively, a Common Flexibility Platform (CFP). Since the CFP does not require stronger unbundling of DSOs, we recommend to investigate this solution further.

     
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    hdl: 10419/224125
    Series: Bremen energy working papers ; no. 31
    Subjects: local congestion market; congestion management; regulation; unbundling; discrimination
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. How would AI regulation change firms' behavior?
    evidence from thousands of managers
    Author: Lee, Yong Suk; Larsen, Benjamin; Webb, Michael; Cuéllar, Mariano-Florentino
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  SIEPR, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, Stanford, CA

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    Series: Working paper / Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) ; no. 19, 031 (November, 2019)
    Subjects: artificial intelligence; regulation; adoption; innovation; strategy; survey experiment
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Social enterprises and their ecosystems in Europe
    Updated country report : Spain / tipik, Euricse, EMES network ; European Commission, Social Europe
    Published: 2016
    Publisher:  Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

    The evolution and situation of social enterprises in Spain are inevitably linked to the wider framework of the social economy. Although other marginal roots also exist in relation to advocacy associations, social innovation approaches and the... more

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    The evolution and situation of social enterprises in Spain are inevitably linked to the wider framework of the social economy. Although other marginal roots also exist in relation to advocacy associations, social innovation approaches and the contribution of social entrepreneurs, Spain has a long tradition of social economy organisations involved in income-generating activities for social rather than commercial purposes. In fact, the term 'social economy' is more recognised by practitioners and society than 'social enterprise', although an intense debate is emerging. Currently, there is a dialogue in Spain between two ways of understanding social enterprises and how they stand between the traditional forms of social economy and new business models that balance economic and social aims. One position understands social enterprise as part of the social economy, while the second considers social enterprise as a new field. A recent evolution in the conception of social enterprises fits between these two positions, reaching a common point whereby the concept of social enterprise could be integrated into the social economy framework as the result of the expansion of its borders. Such a perspective is in line with the resolution of the Spanish Parliament, which understood Law 5/2011 on the Social Economy to be the legal framework for social enterprises in Spain. This law offers a legal framework for all entities that form the social economy, such as those that traditionally belonged to the social economy, as well as for all other model of enterprises whose economic activity is based on the principles of social economy. These principles are in accordance with the working definition of social enterprise in Annex 1, although the latter is characterised by an emphasis on the general interest and the participatory governance of these organisations. In all, Law 5/2011 has the flexibility to become the legal framework for social enterprises in Spain. Some specific business models can be characterised as social enterprises in Spain. Firstly, those with a long tradition in the provision of social services and/or goods and services to vulnerable people which apply a method of production with a social objective, and which are regulated, sometimes as specific legal forms, and other times via social qualification of liability companies. These models are social initiative cooperatives (CIS), work integration social enterprises (WISE) - which include two sub-models, namely employment integration enterprises (EI) and special employment centres of social initiative (CEE) - and some associations and foundations with economic activities.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789279616440
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    Parent title: Social enterprises and their ecosystems in Europe - Show all bands
    Subjects: Sozialwirtschaft; Spanien; social policy; social economy; social impact; European undertaking; financial aid; entrepreneurship; investment; cartography; regulation; legislation; Spain; report
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 89 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Bank lobbying
    regulatory capture and beyond
    Author: Igan, Deniz; Lambert, Thomas
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, DC]

    In this paper, we discuss whether and how bank lobbying can lead to regulatory capture and have real consequences through an overview of the motivations behind bank lobbying and of recent empirical evidence on the subject. Overall, the findings are... more

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    In this paper, we discuss whether and how bank lobbying can lead to regulatory capture and have real consequences through an overview of the motivations behind bank lobbying and of recent empirical evidence on the subject. Overall, the findings are consistent with regulatory capture, which lessens the support for tighter rules and enforcement. This in turn allows riskier practices and worse economic outcomes. The evidence provides insights into how the rising political power of banks in the early 2000s propelled the financial system and the economy into crisis. While these findings should not be interpreted as a call for an outright ban of lobbying, they point in the direction of a need for rethinking the framework governing interactions between regulators and banks. Enhanced transparency of regulatory decisions as well as strenghtened checks and balances within the decision-making process would go in this direction

     
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  23. Increasing the benefits of Slovakia's integration in global value chains
    Author: Giorno, Claude
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  OECD, Paris, France

    Heavy involvement in international trade and global value chains has been an effective way for promoting Slovakia's economic and social catch-up. Large foreign direct investment inflows have helped develop a competitive export-led manufacturing... more

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    Heavy involvement in international trade and global value chains has been an effective way for promoting Slovakia's economic and social catch-up. Large foreign direct investment inflows have helped develop a competitive export-led manufacturing industry, with a strong specialisation in the automotive and electronics sectors, fostering robust growth and productivity performance with good fiscal and external balance results. However, the benefits of this development strategy have diminished since the 2008-09 crisis and the subsequent slowdown in world trade growth. Moreover, over the years Slovakia’s integration into world trade has remained for a large part based on downstream activities of value chains that incorporate little domestic value added, such as the assembly of imported intermediate goods, and further expansion of this growth model is hindered by employers’ increasing difficulties in finding skilled labour. There is a need to help local firms to better benefit from foreign companies’ know-how, further prepare the workforce for the increasing digitalisation and automation of most industries, promote the diversification of the economy and, in particular, strengthen the role of the services sector. This assessment, which is derived from the first part of this chapter, is followed by a discussion of the changes required to better leverage Slovakia’s experience with global value chains. All in all, a broad range of well-coordinated policies is called for. This entails better adapting the skills of the workforce to the changing needs of the labour market, enhancing the business environment, improving transport infrastructure and stimulating firms’ innovation capacity. This Working Paper relates to the 2019 OECD Economic Survey of Slovak Republic (http://www.oecd.org/economy/surveys/slovak-republic-economic-snapshot/)

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: OECD Economics Department working papers ; no. 1552
    Subjects: Economics; Slovak Republic; Global value chain; productivity; infrastructure; skills; regulation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Does media stimulate reform efforts?
    Author: Ramalho, Rita; Saltane, Valentina
    Published: August 2019
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Development Economics, Global Indicators Group, [Washington, DC, USA]

    This paper investigates to what extent media impacts political decisions. A viable practical approach to test the relationship between mass media and political actions is through the use of the World Bank's Doing Business data, specifically, by... more

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    This paper investigates to what extent media impacts political decisions. A viable practical approach to test the relationship between mass media and political actions is through the use of the World Bank's Doing Business data, specifically, by assessing local media coverage of Doing Business and implementation of business regulatory reforms. The tested hypothesis is that countries with higher media coverage of Doing Business tend to carry out more business regulatory reforms, assuming one- and two-year lags between media coverage and reform implementation. To achieve this objective, the study put together a comprehensive data set that encompasses country-specific local media coverage of the Doing Business report in 190 economies. The study finds that local media coverage of Doing Business has a significant influence on regulators' actions. First, the analysis shows that the number of local media articles tends to increase the probability of whether a country does any reform. Second, countries with greater media coverage of Doing Business indicators tend to have higher numbers of implemented reforms

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 8984
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Subjects: Business reforms; reform implementation; regulation; media; development; doing business; political action
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Employment protection legislation impacts on capital and skill composition
    Author: Cette, Gilbert; Lopez, Jimmy; Mairesse, Jacques
    Published: [2017]
    Publisher:  Centre de recherche en economie et statistique, [Palaiseau]

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Série des documents de travail / Centre de recherche en economie et statistique ; no. 2017, 57
    Subjects: regulation; capital; R&D; ICT; skill
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen