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  1. Explaining the declining labor supply responsiveness of married women
    Author: Jia, Zhiyang; Thoresen, Thor Olav; Vattø, Trine Engh
    Published: June 2024
    Publisher:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    While the consensus in the literature is that the labor supply of married women is more responsive than that of married men, there are indications that this gap is narrowing. Our estimations of a structural discrete choice labor supply model using... more

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    DS 63
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    While the consensus in the literature is that the labor supply of married women is more responsive than that of married men, there are indications that this gap is narrowing. Our estimations of a structural discrete choice labor supply model using repeated cross-sectional data confirms this trend for Norway – the gross wage elasticity for married women decreased from approximately 0.7 in 1997 to under 0.3 in 2019. We further demonstrate how a simulation procedure based on the labor supply model offers insights into the factors driving this decline. We identify four categories of explanations: changes in the sociodemographic composition of the population, changes in preferences and labor market options, wage changes, and tax scheme changes. Our analysis suggests that general wage growth over the period is the primary reason for the decline in responsiveness among married women.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/301302
    Series: CESifo working papers ; 11176 (2024)
    Subjects: female labor supply responsiveness; discrete choice labor supply model; microsimulation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. The impact of ageing, inequality and the evolution of morbidity on future health expenditure
    Author: Horvath, Thomas; Leoni, Thomas; Spielauer, Martin; Reschenhofer, Peter
    Published: June 2024
    Publisher:  Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Wien

    Population ageing is associated with increasing healthcare expenditure. To guide policy and the adaptation of health systems, however, a more accurate understanding of the quantitative effect of different components of ageing and other factors that... more

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    Population ageing is associated with increasing healthcare expenditure. To guide policy and the adaptation of health systems, however, a more accurate understanding of the quantitative effect of different components of ageing and other factors that influence cost dynamics is needed. This study uses dynamic microsimulation modelling to project healthcare expenditure and disentangle the impact of changes in longevity, population age-structure, healthy life years and socioeconomic health inequalities in Austria. Combining price weights for healthcare services with information on healthcare consumption from the Austrian Health Interview Survey, we calculate average cost profiles by gender, age, and education consistent with the aggregate System of Health Accounts. These cost profiles are then combined with official population projections in the microsimulation model microDEMS to project different expenditure scenarios for the Austrian population up to the year 2060. We calculate total and per-capita cost trajectories and assess their economic impact by contrasting them with two different indicators for the size of the labour force. All our scenarios indicate that demographic ageing is likely to increase future healthcare costs, even if we assume a compression of morbidity over time. Reducing socioeconomic inequalities in health can contribute significantly to mitigate the cost dynamics resulting from demographic change. In economic terms, costs per person of working age increase by between 12 and 48 percent, depending on the scenario. When contrasted with changes in the number of economically active people, however, the increase is around 7 to 9 percentage points lower.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/299373
    Series: WIFO working papers ; 679 (2024)
    Subjects: healthcare expenditure; ageing; microsimulation; projections
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Microsimulation of tax-benefit systems in the Global South
    a comparative assessment
    Author: Lastunen, Jesse; Mahieu, Antoine de; Gasior, Katrin; Jara, H. Xavier; Pirttilä, Jukka
    Published: May 2024
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This paper analyses the effectiveness of tax-benefit systems in reducing poverty and inequality across 13 countries in the Global South. Using national survey data and tax-benefit microsimulation models from the SOUTHMOD project, we provide a... more

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    This paper analyses the effectiveness of tax-benefit systems in reducing poverty and inequality across 13 countries in the Global South. Using national survey data and tax-benefit microsimulation models from the SOUTHMOD project, we provide a cross-country perspective on the redistributive impact of fiscal policies. Our analysis involves decomposing the sources of disposable income across the income distribution and estimating the contributions of different policy instruments to poverty and inequality. Additionally, we assess gender disparities in outcomes, quantify the distributional effects of recent policy changes, and simulate two budgetneutral tax-benefit reforms, focusing on their targeting efficiency and effects on work incentives. Studying the variability of these effects across countries illustrates how better policy design can improve welfare outcomes.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789292674939
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/298085
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2024, 35
    Subjects: tax-benefit systems; microsimulation; poverty; inequality; social protection; gender; work incentives
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Not that basic
    how level, design and context matter for the redistributive outcomes of universal basic income
    Author: Aerts, Elise; Marx, Ive; Verbist, Gerlinde
    Published: February 2024
    Publisher:  [Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex], [Colchester, Essex, UK]

    Proponents of a basic income (BI) claim that it could bring significant reductions in financial poverty, on top of many other benefits, including greatly reduced administrative complexity and cost. Using microsimulation analysis in a comparative... more

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    Proponents of a basic income (BI) claim that it could bring significant reductions in financial poverty, on top of many other benefits, including greatly reduced administrative complexity and cost. Using microsimulation analysis in a comparative two-country setting, we show that the potential poverty-reducing impact of BI strongly depends on exactly how and where it is implemented. Implementing a BI requires far more choices than advocates seem to realize. The level at which the BI is set matters, but its exact specification matters even more. Which parts of the existing tax-benefit system are maintained, and which parts are abolished, modified or replaced? The impact of a BI, be it a low or a high one, thus strongly depends on the characteristics of the system that it is (partially) replacing or complementing, as well as the socio-economic context in which it is introduced. Some versions of BI could potentially help to reduce poverty but always at a significant cost and with substantial sections of the population incurring significant losses, which matters for political feasibility. A partial basic income complementing existing provisions appears to make more potential sense than a full basic income replacing them. The simplicity of BI, however, tends to be vastly overstated.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/300370
    Series: EUROMOD working paper series ; EM 24, 01
    Subjects: Basic income; poverty; income distribution; policy interaction; microsimulation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Automation and income inequality in Europe
    Author: Doorley, Karina; Gromadzki, Jan; Lewandowski, Piotr; Tuda, Dora; Van Kerm, Philippe
    Published: 2024
    Publisher:  RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Essen, Germany

    We study the effects of robot penetration on household income inequality in 14 European countries between 2006-2018, a period of rapid adoption of industrial robots. Automation reduced relative hourly wages and employment of more exposed demographic... more

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    We study the effects of robot penetration on household income inequality in 14 European countries between 2006-2018, a period of rapid adoption of industrial robots. Automation reduced relative hourly wages and employment of more exposed demographic groups, similarly to the results for the US. Using robot-driven wage and employment shocks as input to the EUROMOD microsimulation model, we find that automation had minor effects on income inequality. Household labour income diversification and tax and welfare policies largely absorbed labour market shocks caused by automation. Transfers played a key role in cushioning the transmission of these shocks to household incomes. Wir untersuchen die Auswirkungen der Roboterdurchdringung auf die Ungleichheit der Haushaltseinkommen in 14 europäischen Ländern zwischen 2006 und 2018, einer Zeit der schnellen Einführung von Industrierobotern. Ähnlich wie in den USA hat die Automatisierung die relativen Stundenlöhne und die Beschäftigung von stärker belasteten demografischen Gruppen reduziert. Unter Verwendung von roboterbedingten Lohn- und Beschäftigungsschocks als Input für das Mikrosimulationsmodell EUROMOD finden wir, dass die Automatisierung nur geringe Auswirkungen auf die Einkommensungleichheit hatte. Die Diversifizierung des Arbeitseinkommens der Haushalte und Steuer- und Sozialpolitik fingen die durch die Automatisierung verursachten Arbeitsmarktschocks weitgehend ab. Transfers spielten eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Abfederung der Übertragung dieser Schocks auf die Haushaltseinkommen.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9783969732427
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/287766
    Series: Ruhr economic papers ; #1070
    Subjects: Robots; automation; tasks; income inequality; wage inequality; microsimulation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. The potential of universal basic income schemes to mitigate shocks
    comparing the performance of universal basic income in Uganda and Zambia during COVID-19
    Author: Nichelatti, Enrico; Jouste, Maria; Rattenhuber, Pia
    Published: April 2024
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    The debate over universal basic income (UBI) has gained traction in the developing world in recent years. We analyse the effects of four UBI schemes on poverty and inequality measures during normal times and times of crisis in Uganda and Zambia. We... more

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    The debate over universal basic income (UBI) has gained traction in the developing world in recent years. We analyse the effects of four UBI schemes on poverty and inequality measures during normal times and times of crisis in Uganda and Zambia. We use static microsimulation models and nationally representative household surveys for each country. Our results show that in Zambia, where the existing social protection benefits have more extensive coverage, the least generous UBI benefit leads to higher poverty and inequality compared to existing benefits. By contrast, in Uganda, a country with only one notable social protection programme, all UBI scenarios reduce poverty and inequality. Differences between welfare estimates for the existing systems and UBI scenarios whether in normal or crisis times are not large though when UBI policies are revenue neutral or expenditures calibrated to the regional average. In normal times and in times of crisis, poverty reduction increases with the generosity of the UBI benefit amount in both countries. UBI schemes clearly outperform existing systems only with UBI benefit amounts that result in unrealistic expenditure levels.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789292674793
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/298071
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2024, 21
    Subjects: universal basic income; COVID-19; microsimulation; poverty; inequality
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten)