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  1. Abadie's kappa and weighting estimators of the local average treatment effect
    Author: Słoczyński, Tymon; Uysal, Selver Derya; Wooldridge, Jeffrey M.
    Published: April 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    In this paper we study the finite sample and asymptotic properties of various weighting estimators of the local average treatment effect (LATE), several of which are based on Abadie (2003)'s kappa theorem. Our framework presumes a binary endogenous... more

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    In this paper we study the finite sample and asymptotic properties of various weighting estimators of the local average treatment effect (LATE), several of which are based on Abadie (2003)'s kappa theorem. Our framework presumes a binary endogenous explanatory variable ("treatment") and a binary instrumental variable, which may only be valid after conditioning on additional covariates. We argue that one of the Abadie estimators, which we show is weight normalized, is likely to dominate the others in many contexts. A notable exception is in settings with one-sided noncompliance, where certain unnormalized estimators have the advantage of being based on a denominator that is bounded away from zero. We use a simulation study and three empirical applications to illustrate our findings. In applications to causal effects of college education using the college proximity instrument (Card, 1995) and causal effects of childbearing using the sibling sex composition instrument (Angrist and Evans, 1998), the unnormalized estimates are clearly unreasonable, with "incorrect" signs, magnitudes, or both. Overall, our results suggest that (i) the relative performance of different kappa weighting estimators varies with features of the data-generating process; and that (ii) the normalized version of Tan (2006)'s estimator may be an attractive alternative in many contexts. Applied researchers with access to a binary instrumental variable should also consider covariate balancing or doubly robust estimators of the LATE.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263457
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15241
    Subjects: Kausalanalyse; IV-Schätzung; Schätztheorie; Simulation; instrumental variables; local average treatment effects; one-sided noncompliance; weighting
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Abadie's kappa and weighting estimators of the local average treatment effect
    Author: Słoczyński, Tymon; Uysal, Selver Derya; Wooldridge, Jeffrey M.
    Published: April 2022
    Publisher:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    In this paper we study the finite sample and asymptotic properties of various weighting estimators of the local average treatment effect (LATE), several of which are based on Abadie (2003)’s kappa theorem. Our framework presumes a binary endogenous... more

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    In this paper we study the finite sample and asymptotic properties of various weighting estimators of the local average treatment effect (LATE), several of which are based on Abadie (2003)’s kappa theorem. Our framework presumes a binary endogenous explanatory variable (“treatment”) and a binary instrumental variable, which may only be valid after conditioning on additional covariates. We argue that one of the Abadie estimators, which we show is weight normalized, is likely to dominate the others in many contexts. A notable exception is in settings with one-sided noncompliance, where certain unnormalized estimators have the advantage of being based on a denominator that is bounded away from zero. We use a simulation study and three empirical applications to illustrate our findings. In applications to causal effects of college education using the college proximity instrument (Card, 1995) and causal effects of childbearing using the sibling sex composition instrument (Angrist and Evans, 1998), the unnormalized estimates are clearly unreasonable, with “incorrect” signs, magnitudes, or both. Overall, our results suggest that (i) the relative performance of different kappa weighting estimators varies with features of the data-generating process; and that (ii) the normalized version of Tan (2006)’s estimator may be an attractive alternative in many contexts. Applied researchers with access to a binary instrumental variable should also consider covariate balancing or doubly robust estimators of the LATE.

     
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    hdl: 10419/260845
    Series: CESifo working paper ; no. 9715 (2022)
    Subjects: Kausalanalyse; IV-Schätzung; Schätztheorie; Simulation; instrumental variables; local average treatment effects; one-sided noncompliance; weighting
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Clustered local average treatment effects
    fields of study and academic student progress
    Author: Nibbering, Didier; Oosterveen, Matthijs; Silva, Pedro Luis
    Published: March 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Multiple unordered treatments with a binary instrument for each treatment are common in policy evaluation. This multiple treatment setting allows for different types of changes in treatment status that are non-compliant with the activated instrument.... more

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    Multiple unordered treatments with a binary instrument for each treatment are common in policy evaluation. This multiple treatment setting allows for different types of changes in treatment status that are non-compliant with the activated instrument. Therefore, instrumental variable (IV) methods have to rely on strong assumptions on the subjects' behavior to identify local average treatment effects (LATEs). This paper introduces a new IV strategy that identifies an interpretable weighted average of LATEs under relaxed assumptions, in the presence of clusters with similar treatments. The clustered LATEs allow for shifts across treatment clusters that are consistent with preference updating, but render IV estimation of individual LATEs biased. The clustered LATEs are estimated by standard IV methods, and we provide an algorithm that estimates the treatment clusters. We empirically analyze the effect of fields of study on academic student progress, and find violations of the LATE assumptions in line with preference updating, clusters with similar fields, treatment effect heterogeneity across students, and significant differences in student progress due to fields of study.

     
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    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15159
    Subjects: multiple treatments; instrumental variables; treatment clusters; field of study
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 84 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Too healthy to fall sick?
    longevity expectations and protective health behaviours during the first wave of Covid-19
    Author: Celidoni, Martina; Costa-Font, Joan; Salmasi, Luca
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    Longevity expectations (LE) are subjective assessments of future health status that can influence a number of individual health protective decisions. This is especially true during a pandemic such as COVID-19, as the risk of ill health depends more... more

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    Longevity expectations (LE) are subjective assessments of future health status that can influence a number of individual health protective decisions. This is especially true during a pandemic such as COVID-19, as the risk of ill health depends more than ever on such protective decisions. This paper exploits differences in LE to examine the causal effect of LE on protective health behaviours and a number of decisions around access to health care, using data from the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe. We draw on an instrumental variable strategy exploiting individual level information on parental age at death. Consistent with the too healthy to be sick hypothesis, we find that individuals with higher expected longevity are more likely to engage in protective behaviours, and are less likely to forgo medical treatment. We estimate that a one standard deviation increase in expected longevity increases the probability to comply always with social distancing by 0.6%, to meet people less often by 0.4% and decreases the probability to forgo any medical treatment by 0.6%. Our estimates vary depending on the availability of health care, as well as individuals' gender and pre-existing health conditions.

     
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    hdl: 10419/265934
    Series: CESifo working paper ; no. 9899 (2022)
    Subjects: longevity expectations; private information; health behaviours; forgone medical treatment; health capital; SHARE; Europe; instrumental variables
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Returns to education in Greece
    evidence from the 1977 labor market survey using the Greek civil war as an instrument
    Author: Patrinos, Harry Anthony
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Greece experienced a devastating civil war in 1946-1949. This led to many deaths, economic losses, and severe reductions in schooling expenditures and attendance. Using an instrumental variables approach, we estimate the 1977 returns to schooling,... more

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    Greece experienced a devastating civil war in 1946-1949. This led to many deaths, economic losses, and severe reductions in schooling expenditures and attendance. Using an instrumental variables approach, we estimate the 1977 returns to schooling, showing that for those affected by the civil war, the returns to schooling are higher than the corresponding least squares estimate.

     
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    hdl: 10419/264144
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1161
    Subjects: Returns to education; instrumental variables; civil war; Greece
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 8 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Novel shift-share instruments and their applications
    Author: Ferri, Benjamin
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA

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    Series: Boston College working papers in economics ; 1053
    Subjects: shift-share; bartik; instrumental variables; panel data; labor demand and supply; earnings inequality; single parenting
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten)
  7. Instrumental variable quantile regression for clustered data
    Author: Besstremyannaya, Galina; Golovan, Sergei
    Published: June 2022
    Publisher:  National Research University, Higher School of Economic, [Moscow]

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    Series: Array ; 255/EC/2022
    Subjects: quantile regression; endogeneity; clustered data; instrumental variables
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Trust, violence, and coca
    Author: Rubio-Ramos, Melissa
    Published: July 2022
    Publisher:  ECONtribute, Bonn

    How does violence affect social capital? I argue that its impact depends on two factors: i) the ability to identify the perpetrating group, and ii) the intensity of the violence. These factors help to reconcile the seemingly contradictory effects of... more

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    How does violence affect social capital? I argue that its impact depends on two factors: i) the ability to identify the perpetrating group, and ii) the intensity of the violence. These factors help to reconcile the seemingly contradictory effects of violence on social capital presented in the literature. I study this question in the context of Colombia by exploiting changes in violence attributed to cross-border shocks on coca markets in neighboring countries interacted with a novel index of suitability for coca cultivation. This index uses satellite data from ecological conditions for growing coca. I document that violence has a negative effect on social capital measures such as trust, participation in community organizations, and cooperation. Notably, this effect is stronger when it is not possible to identify the enemy. The results are robust to a large number of controls that account for potential confounders. In particular, I show evidence that this effect is not related to the presence of drug cartels in Colombia during the Escobar and Cali era.

     
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    hdl: 10419/262338
    Series: ECONtribute discussion paper ; no. 176
    Subjects: Causal effects of violence; social capital; coca production; instrumental variables; Colombia
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Housing returns and intertemporal substitution in consumption
    estimates for industrial economies
    Author: Pozzi, Lorenzo
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    This paper uses housing returns to estimate the elasticity of intertemporal substitution (EIS) in consumption for fifteen advanced economies over the postwar period 1950 − 2015. As housing is the main asset for the majority of households, returns on... more

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    This paper uses housing returns to estimate the elasticity of intertemporal substitution (EIS) in consumption for fifteen advanced economies over the postwar period 1950 − 2015. As housing is the main asset for the majority of households, returns on housing are better suited to estimate the EIS than the asset returns typically considered in the literature, i.e., equity and bill returns. An estimable regression equation for aggregate consumption growth and returns is obtained from the aggregation of the consumption Euler equations of heterogeneous agents. As the regression equation includes unobserved omitted variables, we use instrumental variables estimation. We exploit both the temporal and spatial dimensions of the panel by instrumenting the domestic return using its own lag and a cross-country average of foreign returns. Both instruments are strong and allow to test the overidentifying restriction. The restriction holds once we control for common international growth and financial factors in the regression equation. We report a baseline elasticity estimate of about 0.21. This is substantially larger than the elasticities estimated from equity and bill returns which, in line with the extant literature, are found not to be significantly different from zero.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263964
    Series: Array ; TI 2022, 044
    Subjects: consumption; intertemporal substitution; housing returns; panel data; instrumental variables
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten)
  10. A robust test for weak instruments with multiple endogenous regressors
    Author: Lewis, Daniel J.; Mertens, Karel
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Federal Reserve Bank of New York, New York, NY

    We extend the popular bias-based test of Stock and Yogo (2005) for instrument strength in linear instrumental variables regressions with multiple endogenous regressors to be robust to heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation. Equivalently, we extend... more

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    We extend the popular bias-based test of Stock and Yogo (2005) for instrument strength in linear instrumental variables regressions with multiple endogenous regressors to be robust to heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation. Equivalently, we extend the robust test of Montiel Olea and Pflueger (2013) for one endogenous regressor to the general case with multiple endogenous regressors. We describe a simple procedure for applied researchers to conduct our generalized first-stage test of instrument strength and provide efficient and easy-to-use Matlab code for its implementation. We demonstrate our testing procedures by considering the estimation of the state-dependent effects of fiscal policy as in Ramey and Zubairy (2018).

     
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    Series: Staff reports / Federal Reserve Bank of New York ; no. 1020 (June 2022)
    Subjects: instrumental variables; weak instruments test; multiple endogenous regressors; heteroskedasticity; serial correlation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Modified instruments: an iterative process for reducing endogeneity bias using large samples
    Author: Ronderos Pulido, Nicolás
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, Departamento de Economía, Bogotá

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    Series: Vniversitas económica / Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, Departamento de Economía ; vol. 22, no. 2 (marzo de 2022)
    Subjects: instrumental variables; bias correction
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Constrained conditional moment restriction models
    Author: Chernozhukov, Victor; Newey, Whitney K.; Santos, Andres
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Cemmap, Centre for Microdata Methods and Practice, The Institute for Fiscal Studies, Department of Economics, UCL, [London]

    Shape restrictions have played a central role in economics as both testable implications of theory and sufficient conditions for obtaining informative counterfactual predictions. In this paper we provide a general procedure for inference under shape... more

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    Shape restrictions have played a central role in economics as both testable implications of theory and sufficient conditions for obtaining informative counterfactual predictions. In this paper we provide a general procedure for inference under shape restrictions in identified and partially identified models defined by conditional moment restrictions. Our test statistics and proposed inference methods are based on the minimum of the generalized method of moments (GMM) objective function with and without shape restrictions. Uniformly valid critical values are obtained through a bootstrap procedure that approximates a subset of the true local parameter space. In an empirical analysis of the effect of childbearing on female labor supply, we show that employing shape restrictions in linear instrumental variables (IV) models can lead to shorter confidence regions for both local and average treatment effects. Other applications we discuss include inference for the variability of quantile IV treatment effects and for bounds on average equivalent variation in a demand model with general heterogeneity. We find in Monte Carlo examples that the critical values are conservatively accurate and that tests about objects of interest have good power relative to unrestricted GMM.

     
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    hdl: 10419/272826
    Edition: This Draft: April 2022
    Series: Cemmap working paper ; CWP22, 14
    Subjects: Momentenmethode; IV-Schätzung; Partielle Identifikation; Monte-Carlo-Simulation; Kausalanalyse; Fertilität; Weibliche Arbeitskräfte; Shape restrictions; inference on functionals; conditional moment (in)equality restrictions; instrumental variables; nonparametric and semiparametric models; Banach space; Banach lattice; Koltchinskii coupling
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 216 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. The economic impacts of the UK's eat out to help out scheme
    Author: González-Pampillón, Nicolás; Nunez-Chaim, Gonzalo; Overman, Henry G.
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, London

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    Series: Discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance ; no. 1865 (July 2022)
    Subjects: consumption subsidy; covid-19; instrumental variables; footfall; job posts
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Estimating the laffer tax rate on capital income
    cross-base responses matter!
    Author: Lefebvre, Marie-Noëlle; Lehmann, Etienne; Sicsic, Michaël
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    We theoretically express the Laffer tax rate on capital income as a function of the elasticities of capital income (the "direct" elasticity) and of labor income (the "cross" elasticity) with respect to the net-of-tax rate on capital income. We... more

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    We theoretically express the Laffer tax rate on capital income as a function of the elasticities of capital income (the "direct" elasticity) and of labor income (the "cross" elasticity) with respect to the net-of-tax rate on capital income. We estimate these elasticities using salient capital tax reforms that took place in France between 2008 and 2017. Graphical evidence and Instrumental variables (IV) estimates confirm the existence of significant responses of both capital and labor income to capital tax reforms. Both approaches lead to positive cross responses, in contrast to the prediction of income-shifting models but in line with the two-period "working and saving" model. Cross responses are, however, about ten times lower than direct ones. We obtain a direct elasticity around 0.5 which is robust across specifications. Ignoring the cross elasticity leads to a Laffer rate around 68%. However, since labor incomes are much larger than capital incomes, the Laffer tax rate is especially sensitive to the cross elasticity. Using our estimated positive cross elasticity dramatically reduces the Laffer tax rate on capital income to around 57%, taking only income tax on labor income into account, and down to 35% when we also take payroll taxes into account.

     
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    Series: CESifo working paper ; no. 9879 (2022)
    Subjects: capital income taxation; optimal tax; Laffer tax rate; instrumental variables
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Too healthy to fall sick?
    longevity expectations and protective health behaviours during the first wave of COVID-19
    Author: Celidoni, Martina; Costa-Font, Joan; Salmasi, Luca
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Longevity expectations (LE) are subjective assessments of future health status that can influence a number of individual health protective decisions. This is especially true during a pandemic such as COVID-19, as the risk of ill health depends more... more

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    Longevity expectations (LE) are subjective assessments of future health status that can influence a number of individual health protective decisions. This is especially true during a pandemic such as COVID-19, as the risk of ill health depends more than ever on such protective decisions. This paper exploits differences in LE to examine the causal effect of LE on protective health behaviours and a number of decisions around access to health care, using data from the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe. We draw on an instrumental variable strategy exploiting individual level information on parental age at death. Consistent with the too healthy to be sick hypothesis, we find that individuals with higher expected longevity are more likely to engage in protective behaviours, and are less likely to forgo medical treatment. We estimate that a one standard deviation increase in expected longevity increases the probability to comply always with social distancing by 0.6%, to meet people less often by 0.4% and decreases the probability to forgo any medical treatment by 0.6%. Our estimates vary depending on the availability of health care, as well as individuals' gender and pre-existing health conditions.

     
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    hdl: 10419/265714
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15493
    Subjects: longevity expectations; private information; health behaviours; forgone medical treatment; health capital; SHARE; Europe; instrumental variables; COVID-19
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. The crime effect of refugees
    Author: Akbulut-Yuksel, Mevlude; Mocan, Naci; Tumen, Semih; Turan, Belgi
    Published: May 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We analyze the impact on crime of 3.7 million refugees who entered and stayed in Turkey as a result of the civil war in Syria. Using a novel administrative data source on the flow of offense records to prosecutors' offices in 81 provinces of the... more

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    We analyze the impact on crime of 3.7 million refugees who entered and stayed in Turkey as a result of the civil war in Syria. Using a novel administrative data source on the flow of offense records to prosecutors' offices in 81 provinces of the country each year, and utilizing the staggered movement of refugees across provinces over time, we estimate instrumental variables models that address potential endogeneity of the number of refugees and their location, and find that an increase in the number of refugees leads to more crime. We estimate that the influx of refugees between 2012 and 2016 generated additional 75,000 to 150,000 crimes per year, although it is not possible to identify the distribution of these crimes between refugees and natives. Additional analyses reveal that low-educated native population has a separate, but smaller, effect on crime. We also highlight the pitfalls of employing incorrect empirical procedures and using poor proxies of criminal activity which produce the wrong inference about the refugee-crime relationship. Our results underline the need to quickly strengthen the social safety systems, to take actions to dampen the impact on the labor market, and to provide support to the criminal justice system in order to mitigate the repercussions of massive influx of individuals into a country, and to counter the social and political backlash that typically emerges in the wake of such large-scale population movements.

     
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    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15335
    Subjects: Flüchtlinge; Bürgerkrieg; Syrisch; Soziale Folgen; IV-Schätzung; Kriminalitätsökonomik; Türkei; refugees; crime; instrumental variables; measurement of crime
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 95 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. A time to print, a time to reform
    Author: Boerner, Lars; Rubin, Jared; Severgnini, Battista
    Published: [2019]
    Publisher:  Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg

    The public mechanical clock and the movable type printing press were two of the most important and complex general purpose technologies of the late medieval period. We document two of their most important, yet unforeseeable, consequences. First, an... more

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    The public mechanical clock and the movable type printing press were two of the most important and complex general purpose technologies of the late medieval period. We document two of their most important, yet unforeseeable, consequences. First, an instrumental variables analysis indicates that towns that were early adopters of clocks were more likely to also be early adopters of presses. We posit that towns with clocks became upper-tail human capital hubs−both technologies required extensive technical know-how that had many points of overlap. Second, a three-stage instrumental variables analysis indicates that the press influenced the adoption of Lutheranism and Calvinism, while the clock's effect on the Reformation was indirect (via the press).

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10398/9731
    hdl: 10419/208596
    Series: Working paper / Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School ; 2019, 05
    Subjects: mechanical clock; printing press; technology; Reformation; human capital; Calvinism; Lutheranism; instrumental variables
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Advice on using heteroscedasticity based identification
    Author: Baum, Christopher F.; Lewbel, Arthur
    Published: February 12, 2019
    Publisher:  Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA

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    Series: Boston College working papers in economics ; 975
    Subjects: ivreg2h; instrumental variables; linear regression; endogeneity; identification; heteroskedasticity (
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 12 Seiten)
  19. Tracking foreign capital
    the effect of capital inflows on bank lending in the UK
    Author: Kneer, Christiane; Raabe, Alexander
    Published: June 2019
    Publisher:  Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, International Economics Department, Geneva, Switzerland

    This paper examines how UK banks channel capital inflows to the individual sectors of the domestic economy and to overseas residents. Information on the source country of foreign capital deposited with UK banks allows us to construct a novel Bartik... more

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    This paper examines how UK banks channel capital inflows to the individual sectors of the domestic economy and to overseas residents. Information on the source country of foreign capital deposited with UK banks allows us to construct a novel Bartik instrument for capital inflows. Our results suggest that foreign funds boost bank lending to the domestic economy. This result is due to the positive effect of capital inflows on bank lending to non-financial firms and to other domestic financial institutions. Banks do not channel capital inflows directly to households or the public sector. Much of the foreign capital is also channeled back abroad, reflecting the role of the UK as a global financial center.

     
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    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/201706
    Series: Working paper series / Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, International Economics Department ; no. IHEIDWP2019, 10
    Subjects: capital flows; bank lending; credit allocation; international finance; instrumental variables; international financial linkages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Is the future of work childless?
    self-employment and fertility
    Author: Gonçalves, Judite; Martins, Pedro S.
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    The growth of self-employment and in particular gig work may explain part of the declining fertility rates observed in many countries. This study examines this question drawing on longitudinal data to compare women’s fertility, proxied by maternity... more

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    The growth of self-employment and in particular gig work may explain part of the declining fertility rates observed in many countries. This study examines this question drawing on longitudinal data to compare women’s fertility, proxied by maternity leave uptake, when self-employed or wage workers. It considers the case of Portugal, which allows to focus on structural aspects of work types, as fertility-related social protection there does not discriminate between self-employment and wage work. Results indicate that there are no statistically significant differences in fertility between employees and self-employed women. These findings highlight the importance of social protection for the self-employed, at least as far as their fertility is concerned.

     
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    hdl: 10419/203477
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 401
    Subjects: fertility; instrumental variables; maternity leave; self-employment
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. The effect of college education on health and mortality
    evidence from Canada
    Author: Lacroix, Guy; Laliberté-Auger, Francois; Michaud, Pierre-Carl; Parent, Daniel
    Published: November 2019
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We investigate the returns to college attendance in Canada in terms of health and mortality reduction. To do so, we first use a dynamic health microsimulation model to document how interventions which incentivize college attendance among high school... more

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    We investigate the returns to college attendance in Canada in terms of health and mortality reduction. To do so, we first use a dynamic health microsimulation model to document how interventions which incentivize college attendance among high school graduates may impact their health trajectory, health care consumption and life expectancy. We find large returns both in terms of longevity (4.1 years additional years at age 51), reduction in the prevalence of various health conditions (10-15 percentage points reduction in diabetes and 5 percentage points for stroke) and health care consumption (27.3% reduction in lifetime hospital stays, 19.7 for specialists). We find that education impacts mortality mostly by delaying the incidence of health conditions as well as providing a survival advantage conditional on having diseases. Second, we provide quasi-experimental evidence on the impact of college attendance on long-term health outcomes by exploiting the Canadian Veteran's Rehabilitation Act, a program targeted towards returning WW-II veterans and which incentivized college attendance. The impact on mortality are found to be larger than those estimated from the health microsimulation model (hazard ratio of 0.216 compared to 0.6 in the simulation model) which suggests substantial returns to college education in terms of healthy life extension which we estimate to be approximately one million canadian dollars.

     
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    hdl: 10419/215208
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12812
    Subjects: mortality; education; microsimulation; quasi-experimental; instrumental variables; veterans
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. The long-run effects of cesarean sections
    Author: Costa-Ramón, Ana; Kortelainen, Mika; Rodríguez-González, Ana; Sääksvuori, Lauri
    Published: October 2019
    Publisher:  VATT Institute for Economic Research, Helsinki

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    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9789522742445
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    Series: VATT working papers ; 125
    Subjects: c-section; child health; natural experiment; instrumental variables; family fixed effects
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Proxy structural vector autoregressions, informational sufficiency and the role of monetary policy
    Author: Miescu, Mirela S.; Mumtaz, Haroon
    Published: [2019]
    Publisher:  School of Economics and Finance, Queen Mary University of London, London

    We show that the contemporaneous and longer horizon impulse responses estimated using small-scale Proxy structural vector autoregressions (SVARs) can be severely biased in the presence of information insufficiency. Instead, we recommend the use of a... more

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    We show that the contemporaneous and longer horizon impulse responses estimated using small-scale Proxy structural vector autoregressions (SVARs) can be severely biased in the presence of information insufficiency. Instead, we recommend the use of a Proxy Factor Augmented VAR (FAVAR) model that remains robust in the presence of this problem. In an empirical exercise, we demonstrate that this issue has important consequences for the estimated impact of monetary policy shocks in the US. We find that the impulse responses of real activity and prices estimated using a Proxy FAVAR are substantially larger and more persistent than those suggested by a small-scale Proxy SVAR.

     
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    hdl: 10419/210452
    Series: Working paper / School of Economics and Finance, Queen Mary University of London ; no. 894 (September 2019)
    Subjects: information sufficiency; dynamic factor models; instrumental variables; monetary policy; structural VAR
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Exploring the agriculture-nutrition linkagein Northern Ghana
    Author: Signorelli, Sara; Haile, Beliyou; Kotu, Bekele Hundie
    Published: December 2017
    Publisher:  International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA

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    Series: IFPRI discussion paper ; 01697
    Subjects: production diversity; dietary diversity; market access; instrumental variables; propensity score weighting; Ghana
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Private provider incentives in health care
    the case of birth interventions
    Author: Yu, Serena; Fiebig, Denzil G.; Viney, Rosalie; Scarf, Vanessa; Homer, Caroline
    Published: [2019]
    Publisher:  UTS, University of Technology Sydney, [Sydney, NSW]

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    Series: Working paper / Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney ; 2019, 01 (April 2019)
    Subjects: maternity care; birth interventions; financing of health care; incentives; microeconomics; instrumental variables
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen