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  1. Globalization, productivity growth, and labor compensation
    Author: Dreger, Christian; Fourné, Marius; Holtemöller, Oliver
    Published: March 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We analyse how changes in international trade integration affect productivity and the functional income distribution. To account for endogeneity, we construct a leave-out measure for international trade integration for country-industry pairs using... more

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    We analyse how changes in international trade integration affect productivity and the functional income distribution. To account for endogeneity, we construct a leave-out measure for international trade integration for country-industry pairs using international input-output tables. First, we corroborate on the country-industry level that international trade integration increases productivity. Second, we show that international trade integration is associated with higher labour shares in advanced countries but with lower labour shares in manufacturing industries in emerging markets. Finally, we briefly discuss the implications of our results for a possible throwback in international trade integration due to experiences from recent crises.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/272637
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16010
    Subjects: global value chains; income distribution; globalization; labor share; productivity
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Decomposição estrutural e desigualdade do consumo de energia no Brasil por classe de renda
    Author: Pereira Júnior, Amaro Olimpio; Maia, Rodrigo; Mendonça, Mario Jorge; Casaca, Paulo Roberto Santos
    Published: maio de 2023
    Publisher:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    This paper aims to analyze the impact of an improvement in income distribution on energy consumption in Brazil, based on structural decomposition techniques. For this purpose, hybrid input-output matrices are constructed to associate the evolution of... more

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    This paper aims to analyze the impact of an improvement in income distribution on energy consumption in Brazil, based on structural decomposition techniques. For this purpose, hybrid input-output matrices are constructed to associate the evolution of national accounts with the national energy matrix. Household consumption is decomposed into ten income classes. The results show that the improvement in income distribution are reflected in the increase in energy consumption, which was attenuated by the process of deindustrialization in the country. On the other hand, there were no energy efficiency gains in production processes. Such results are important for the construction of energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions scenarios to achieve the Brazilian targets compatible with sustainable development.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/285007
    Series: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2885
    Subjects: structural decomposition; energy models; hybrid input-output matrix; income distribution; household budget survey
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. An assessment of inequality estimates for the case of South Africa
    Author: Shifa, Muna; Mabhena, Rejoice; Ranchhod, Vimal; Leibbrandt, Murray V.
    Published: July 2023
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    A substantial amount of research has been conducted examining inequality in South Africa using multiple data sources. We provide an overview of this research in this paper. Furthermore, we use nationally representative survey data to estimate income... more

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    A substantial amount of research has been conducted examining inequality in South Africa using multiple data sources. We provide an overview of this research in this paper. Furthermore, we use nationally representative survey data to estimate income and consumption inequality in South Africa between 1993 and 2017, and we discuss the comparability of income and consumption measures across surveys. We compare our estimates of inequality to those in the World Income Inequality Database (WIID), which provides adjusted inequality estimates to ensure consistency across time and countries. Despite these adjustments, there are some large fluctuations in income inequality estimates from the WIID,which can be partly attributed to data comparability problems. The overall trend in post-apartheid South Africa indicates an increase in income and wealth inequality. However, estimates of inequality levels over time are influenced in part by methodological changes implemented across multiple surveys over time, making definitive conclusions about inequality levels and trends difficult.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9789292673987
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    hdl: 10419/283786
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2023, 90
    Subjects: income distribution; inequality; surveys; South Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Not that basic
    how level, design and context matter for the redistributive outcomes of universal basic income
    Author: Aerts, Elise; Marx, Ive; Verbist, Gerlinde
    Published: February 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Proponents of a basic income (BI) claim that it could bring significant reductions in financial poverty, on top of many other benefits, including greatly reduced administrative complexity and cost. Using microsimulation analysis in a comparative... more

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    Proponents of a basic income (BI) claim that it could bring significant reductions in financial poverty, on top of many other benefits, including greatly reduced administrative complexity and cost. Using microsimulation analysis in a comparative two-country setting, we show that the potential poverty-reducing impact of BI strongly depends on exactly how and where it is implemented. Implementing a BI requires far more choices than advocates seem to realize. The level at which the BI is set matters, but its exact specification matters even more. Which parts of the existing tax-benefit system are maintained, and which parts are abolished, modified or replaced? The impact of a BI, be it a low or a high one, thus strongly depends on the characteristics of the system that it is (partially) replacing or complementing, as well as the socio-economic context in which it is introduced. Some versions of BI could potentially help to reduce poverty but always at a significant cost and with substantial sections of the population incurring significant losses, which matters for political feasibility. A partial basic income complementing existing provisions appears to make more potential sense than a full basic income replacing them. The simplicity of BI, however, tends to be vastly overstated.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/272579
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15952
    Subjects: basic income; poverty; income distribution; policy interaction; microsimulation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Decomposition of the changes in household disposable income distribution in China
    Author: Gong, Chen; Sologon, Denisa M.; Nimeh, Zina; O'Donoghue, Cathal
    Published: January 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Studies have shown that the previously growing inequality in China has stabilized and even declined since 2008 (Kanbur et al., 2021), nevertheless, the drivers of the latest trans-formation in income inequality remain to be unraveled. We address this... more

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    Studies have shown that the previously growing inequality in China has stabilized and even declined since 2008 (Kanbur et al., 2021), nevertheless, the drivers of the latest trans-formation in income inequality remain to be unraveled. We address this research gap by examining the changes in the distribution of household disposable income and its drivers in China from 2010 to 2016. We apply the distributional decomposition method proposed by Bourguignon et al. (2008) and Sologon et al. (2021), and quantify the contribution of all factors into four general dimensions, (1) demographic composition, (2) labor market structure, (3) price and return, and (4) governmental transfers. This study considers not only the individual labor income as with existing literature, but also models other family incomes and social transfers to reflect the real economic conditions more accurately. The decomposition results show that all four factors contribute positively to the decline in income inequality during the period studied. The changes in urban labor market structure, specifically the general forms of employment, occupational and industrial structure, have been contributing as inequality augmenting factors.

     
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    hdl: 10419/272541
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15914
    Subjects: income distribution; decomposition; income inequality; microsimulation; overtime comparison; labor market structure; demographic structure
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Structural reforms and income distribution
    new evidence for OECD countries
    Author: Wiese, Rasmus; Jalles, João Tovar; Haan, Jakob de
    Published: January 2023
    Publisher:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    This paper examines the impact of labour market and product market reforms on income inequality for 25 OECD countries, using the local projections approach and updates of the reform indicators put together by Duval et al. (2018) until 2020. Our... more

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    This paper examines the impact of labour market and product market reforms on income inequality for 25 OECD countries, using the local projections approach and updates of the reform indicators put together by Duval et al. (2018) until 2020. Our results suggest that both types of (endogenized) reforms cause more income inequality. Consistent with this finding is that counter-reforms lead to less income inequality. However, the inequality-raising effects of reforms occur especially in countries that have below median levels of social spending; in countries where social spending is above the sample median, the effect of reform is mostly statistically insignificant.

     
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    hdl: 10419/271858
    Series: CESifo working papers ; 10214 (2023)
    Subjects: structural reforms; income distribution; local projections; nonlinearities
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Considerações distributivas em análise custo-benefício
    Author: Stivali, Matheus; Mattei, Taíse Fátima
    Published: fevereiro de 2023
    Publisher:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    This work assesses the possibilities of including distributive considerations into cost-benefit analysis (CBA), it summarizes the favourable and contrary arguments existing in the literature, as well how it can be done. A survey is also carried out... more

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    This work assesses the possibilities of including distributive considerations into cost-benefit analysis (CBA), it summarizes the favourable and contrary arguments existing in the literature, as well how it can be done. A survey is also carried out on how the topic is treated by agencies and organizations that practice CBA to evaluate investment projects. The evaluations of the theoretical lines and the practice adopted in several agencies indicate that the best choice to combine economic efficiency analysis with distributive concerns for the evaluation of projects is achieved through the adoption of an hybrid criteria. This would involve the execution of the traditional CBA, evaluating aspects of efficiency, together with an analysis of the project's distributive impact, that could be done through a cost and benefit accounting matrix or by calculating indicators of impact on poverty and inequality. The joint elaboration of the two analyses would guarantee the consistency of these regarding the identified costs and benefits and also regarding the affected population.

     
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    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/284906
    Series: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2850
    Subjects: cost-benefit analysis; distributive impact; income distribution; allocative efficiency; distributive weights
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. The South African personal income tax base, 2011-2018
    income and taxable income, adjusted for retirement fund and medical expense reporting changes
    Author: Donaldson, Andrew R.
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  SALDRU, Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa

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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 11090/1024
    Series: Working paper series / SALDRU, Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit ; number 291
    Subjects: statistics of income; income distribution; personal income tax
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. The South African personal income tax base, 2011-2018
    income and taxable income, adjusted for retirement fund and medical expense reporting changes
    Author: Donaldson, Andrew R.
    Published: March 2023
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Tax administration statistics now provide considerably more complete and reliable measures of South African personal income and its distribution than the available household or other survey sources. However, there are difficulties in using tax data... more

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    Tax administration statistics now provide considerably more complete and reliable measures of South African personal income and its distribution than the available household or other survey sources. However, there are difficulties in using tax data across time, as both policy and reporting changes influence the administrative statistics of income. This paper uses two sets of adjustments to generate a consistent personal income series for the 2011-2018 period: upward adjustments to published statistics on assessed taxpayers to provide estimates consistent with the overall tax base, and adjustments for retirement contribution and medical expense reporting changes in 2013, 2015, and 2017 that affect the calculation of taxable income and income before deductions. About half of all individuals reporting income to the South African Revenue Service are contributors to retirement funds, and just over a quarter qualify for medical scheme or medical expense tax benefits. The resulting adjusted income distribution estimates show that the tax base increased robustly relative to GDP over this period, that income shifted towards older and higher real income taxpayers, and that income inequality increased.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9789292673512
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/283739
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2023, 43
    Subjects: statistics of income; income distribution; personal income tax
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. International migration and income inequality
    Author: Coniglio, Nicola; Peragine, Vitorocco; Vurchio, Davide
    Published: March 2023
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    In this paper we explore the links between international migration and income inequality. After presenting a simple model which considers the role of income distribution in individual decisions to migrate, we estimate a set of models on the... more

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    In this paper we explore the links between international migration and income inequality. After presenting a simple model which considers the role of income distribution in individual decisions to migrate, we estimate a set of models on the determinants of yearly bilateral migration from a very large pool of countries in the period 1960-2019. The empirical results confirm that inequality-in both origin and destination countries-significantly shapes individual choices about where, and whether, to migrate. We find that the effect of inequality at both ends of migration corridors is heterogeneous across countries at different levels of development, most likely due to differences in migration barriers and in the patterns of migrants' self-selection. In the second part of the study, we explore the direct effect of international migration on global inequality, by assessing how the current level of migration in the world has likely affected income inequality between and within nations. By adopting a counterfactual methodology, we find that migration flows lead to lower between-country inequality and higher within-country inequality, compared with a scenario with no migration. The overall impact is a negligible reduction in global inequality. The impact of migration on inequality, although small, tends to increase over time.

     
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    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789292673499
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/283737
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2023, 41
    Subjects: international migration; inequality; income distribution
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Inflation as redistribution
    creditors, workers, policymakers
    Author: Bikler, Šimšōn; Nitzan, Jonathan
    Published: April 2023
    Publisher:  [Forum on Capital as Power], [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]

    This paper is part of a dialogue with Blair Fix on how inflation redistributes income between creditors and workers and the way in which monetary policy affects this process. In his 2023 paper, 'Inflation! The Battle Between Creditors and Workers',... more

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    This paper is part of a dialogue with Blair Fix on how inflation redistributes income between creditors and workers and the way in which monetary policy affects this process. In his 2023 paper, 'Inflation! The Battle Between Creditors and Workers', Fix shows, first, that the impact of U.S. inflation on creditor-worker distribution has been historically contingent (favouring workers during some periods and creditors in others); and second, that since the 1970s, Fed policy to combat inflation with higher interest rates boosted the yield of creditors relative to the wage rate of workers. Our own research suggests that these conclusions might be too general. We point out that creditors are not a monolithic class and that different types of creditors are affected differently, and often inversely, by the rate of interest. We illustrate that, contrary to bank depositors, bondholders tend to lose from inflation. And we show that monetary policy, at least in the United States, appears to follow rather than determine market yields. More generally, since most capitalists nowadays are lenders as well as borrowers, and given that 'dominant capital' profits from the full spectrum of investment instruments, we wonder if 'creditors' is still a useful category for analysing redistribution in general and inflationary redistribution in particular.

     
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    hdl: 10419/270867
    Series: Working papers on capital as power ; no. 2023, 01
    Subjects: Blair Fix; bond yields; creditors; income distribution; inflation; interest rate; labour; monetary policy; total returns wages
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Endogenous business cycles and economic policy
    Author: Skott, Peter
    Published: 2023
    Publisher:  University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst

    This paper examines the dynamics of Keynesian models that incorporate feedback effects from the labor market to income distribution, investment, aggregate demand and output. A baseline version of the model can generate endogenous growth cycles, but... more

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    This paper examines the dynamics of Keynesian models that incorporate feedback effects from the labor market to income distribution, investment, aggregate demand and output. A baseline version of the model can generate endogenous growth cycles, but cumulative divergence and economic collapse also become possible for plausible parameter values. Extensions of the model that include monetary and Öscal policy show greater robustness: the local instability of the stationary point leads to limit cycles (rather than complete collapse), even when large, destabilizing changes are made to parameters describing the private sector. The robustness of the general approach is reinforced by the endogeneity of the Öscal and monetary policy rules.

     
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    hdl: 10419/283957
    Series: Economics Department working paper series ; 2023, 3
    Subjects: growth cycles; Harrodian instability; income distribution; Taylor rule; fiscal policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten)
  13. Distribuição de renda, consumo e estrutura produtiva: uma análise a partir das matrizes de contabilidade social e financeira para a economia brasileira
    Author: Vieira, Juliana Rodrigues; Libânio, Gilberto de Assis; Cardoso, Débora Freire
    Published: dezembro de 2023
    Publisher:  UFMG/Cedeplar, Belo Horizonte

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    Language: Portuguese
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    Series: Texto para discussão / UFMG, Cedeplar ; no 663
    Subjects: Productive structure; economic growth; income distribution
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten)
  14. Economic growth, income distribution, and financial system: an analysis based on financial social accounting matrices for the Brazilian economy
    Author: Vieira, Juliana Rodrigues; Libânio, Gilberto de Assis; Cardoso, Débora Freire
    Published: dezembro de 2023
    Publisher:  UFMG/Cedeplar, Belo Horizonte

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    Series: Texto para discussão / UFMG, Cedeplar ; no 664
    Subjects: income distribution; economic growth; financial system
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Differential bunching impacts across the income distribution
    evidence from Zambian tax administrative data
    Author: Bryson, Samuel; Adu-Ababio, Kwabena; Mwale, Evaristo; Rand, John
    Published: December 2023
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    We investigate the behavioural responses of individual taxpayers to changes in marginal personal income tax rates applying empirical bunching methodology to tax administrative data from Zambia over the period from 2014 to 2021. We find evidence for... more

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    We investigate the behavioural responses of individual taxpayers to changes in marginal personal income tax rates applying empirical bunching methodology to tax administrative data from Zambia over the period from 2014 to 2021. We find evidence for excess bunching at the first kink in the tax schedule for all years but less evidence of bunching at the second and third thresholds. While bunching is considerable and behavioural responses are observed to changes in the location of the kinks over time, bunching at reference points ('round-number bunching') also appears large. Implied elasticities of taxable income are however not remarkable, and comparing actual and estimated counterfactual wage distributions reveal that missed tax revenue arising from the excess bunching is limited. This is consistent with the observed bunching reacting sharply and immediately to changes in the location of the kink points over time, suggesting that observed behavioural change is driven by reporting behaviour rather than real economic responses.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292674502
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    hdl: 10419/283838
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2023, 142
    Subjects: tax bunching; personal income taxation; Zambia; income distribution; tax data
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Income distribution and the incentive to privatization
    Author: Benassi, Corrado; Colombo, Caterina; Chirco, Alessandra
    Published: dicembre 2023
    Publisher:  Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Dipartimento di economia e management, Ferrara

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    Series: Quaderno DEM ; 2023, 8
    Subjects: Mixed oligopoly; income distribution; privatization
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Globalization, productivity growth, and labor compensation
    Author: Dreger, Christian; Fourné, Marius; Holtemöller, Oliver
    Published: [2023?]
    Publisher:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) - Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    We analyze how changes in international trade integration affect productivity and the functional income distribution. To account for endogeneity, we construct a leave-out measure for international trade integration for country-industry pairs using... more

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    We analyze how changes in international trade integration affect productivity and the functional income distribution. To account for endogeneity, we construct a leave-out measure for international trade integration for country-industry pairs using international input-output tables. Our findings corroborate on the country-industry level that international trade integration increases productivity. Moreover, we show that both trade in intermediate inputs and trade in value added is associated with lower labor shares in emerging markets. For advanced countries, we document a positive effect of trade in value added on the labor share of income. Further, we show that the effects on productivity and labor share are heterogeneous across different sectors. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results for a possible throwback in international trade integration due to experiences from recent crises.

     
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    hdl: 10419/280747
    Edition: This version: December 18, 2023
    Series: IWH discussion papers ; 2022, no. 7 (March 2022) [rev.]
    Subjects: global value chains; globalization; income distribution; labor share; productivity
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 39 Seiten, 0,93 MB), Diagramme
    Notes:

    Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 26-31
  18. Exploring options to deepen and broaden the personal income tax base in South Africa
    Author: Wright, Gemma; Gasior, Katrin; Ollonqvist, Joonas; Steyn, Wynnona; Ngobeni, Winile; Barnes, Helen; Noble, Michael; McLennan, David; Pirttilä, Jukka; Jansen, Ada
    Published: December 2023
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    In this paper we explore options for augmenting South Africa's personal income tax revenue using two microsimulation models: PITMOD simulates the personal income tax system and is underpinned by a dataset comprising a full extract of anonymized... more

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    In this paper we explore options for augmenting South Africa's personal income tax revenue using two microsimulation models: PITMOD simulates the personal income tax system and is underpinned by a dataset comprising a full extract of anonymized individual-level administrative tax data; and SAMOD simulates personal income tax and social benefits using a nationally representative survey. We explore policy reforms at both the upper and lower ends of the income distribution of tax-registered individuals and assess the impacts on revenue and measures of progressivity. The PITMOD simulations are enhanced by introducing a behavioural element to the model and are complemented by using SAMOD to estimate the impacts of the reforms on the whole population including those who are not tax-registered.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789292674557
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/283843
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2023, 147
    Subjects: microsimulation; personal income tax; income distribution; South Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. The tech war
    distributional consequences of international rivalry
    Author: Tyers, Rodney; Zhou, Yixiao
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  [The University of Western Australia, Economics], [Crawley, WA]

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Edition: Revised March 2023
    Series: Discussion paper / The University of Western Australia, Economics ; 23, 07
    Subjects: Tech rivalry; Automation; income distribution; taxes; transfers; global modelling
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Differential exposure to climate change?
    evidence from the 2021 floods in Germany
    Author: Odersky, Moritz; Löffler, Max
    Published: October 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We analyze the exposure of different income groups to the 2021 floods in Germany, which serve as an exemplary case of natural disasters intensified by anthropogenic climate change. To this end, we link official geo-coded satellite data on... more

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    We analyze the exposure of different income groups to the 2021 floods in Germany, which serve as an exemplary case of natural disasters intensified by anthropogenic climate change. To this end, we link official geo-coded satellite data on flood-affected buildings to neighborhood-level information on socio-economic status. We then document the empirical relationship between flood damages and household income. We limit comparisons to the vicinity of affected rivers and absorb a rich set of regional fixed effects to assess the differential exposure at the local level. Average household income is around 1,500 euros or three percent lower in flood-affected neighborhoods than in non-affected neighborhoods nearby. Our study is the first to document this regressive exposure along the income distribution based on actual flood damage data in Europe

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16540
    Subjects: climate change; differential exposure; floods; income distribution
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Greed?
    profits, inflation, and aggregate demand
    Author: Bilbiie, Florin; Känzig, Diego
    Published: 22 August 2023
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Series: Array ; DP18385
    Subjects: Inflation; Gewinn; Einkommensverteilung; Konjunktur; Gesamtwirtschaftliche Nachfrage; Neoklassische Synthese; Theorie; Aggregate demand; inflation; profits; income distribution
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Comparing the poverty-reduction efficiency of targeted versus universal benefits amid crises
    Author: Shahir, Adnan; Kanbur, Ravi; Pirttilä, Jukka; Rattenhuber, Pia
    Published: August 2023
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This study evaluates which type of benefit-a universal benefit, a proxy mean-tested benefit, or a categorical benefit- better cushions the poverty effects of income shocks in a developing economy. We compare the effectiveness of the three benefit... more

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    This study evaluates which type of benefit-a universal benefit, a proxy mean-tested benefit, or a categorical benefit- better cushions the poverty effects of income shocks in a developing economy. We compare the effectiveness of the three benefit schemes on poverty first conceptually and then by considering two different crisis scenarios, the COVID-19 pandemic and a hypothetical agricultural shock, in a tax-benefit microsimulation model for Ethiopia. The results suggest that while the proxy-means-tested benefits are the most effective in reducing the poverty gap index, a simple categorical benefit is equally good in lowering the headcount poverty. Universal benefits may lead to lower poverty increases when crises hit. This suggests that there could be a trade-off between minimizing poverty during normal times and offering protection against shocks when the poverty incidence changes.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292674083
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/283796
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2023, 100
    Subjects: social protection; income distribution; poverty; microsimulation; COVID-19; Ethiopia
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Differential exposure to climate change?
    evidence from the 2021 floods in Germany
    Author: Odersky, Moritz; Löffler, Max
    Published: October 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We analyze the exposure of different income groups to the 2021 floods in Germany, which serve as an exemplary case of natural disasters intensified by anthropogenic climate change. To this end, we link official geo-coded satellite data on... more

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    We analyze the exposure of different income groups to the 2021 floods in Germany, which serve as an exemplary case of natural disasters intensified by anthropogenic climate change. To this end, we link official geo-coded satellite data on flood-affected buildings to neighborhood-level information on socio-economic status. We then document the empirical relationship between flood damages and household income. We limit comparisons to the vicinity of affected rivers and absorb a rich set of regional fixed effects to assess the differential exposure at the local level. Average household income is around 1,500 euros or three percent lower in flood-affected neighborhoods than in non-affected neighborhoods nearby. Our study is the first to document this regressive exposure along the income distribution based on actual flood damage data in Europe.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/282667
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16540
    Subjects: climate change; differential exposure; floods; income distribution
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Performance of tax-benefit systems amid COVID-19 crises in sub-Saharan Africa
    a comparative perspective
    Author: Lastunen, Jesse; Shahir, Adnan; Rattenhuber, Pia; Adu-Ababio, Kwabena; Oliveira, Rodrigo Carvalho
    Published: October 2023
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    We examine the distributional effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated tax-benefit measures in seven sub-Saharan African countries, focusing on the onset of the crisis. We evaluate impacts on disposable incomes, considering variations across... more

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    We examine the distributional effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated tax-benefit measures in seven sub-Saharan African countries, focusing on the onset of the crisis. We evaluate impacts on disposable incomes, considering variations across income groups; assess the effectiveness of tax-benefit policies in mitigating income losses; and analyse the influence of these measures on income-based poverty and inequality. We find notable reductions in disposable incomes, concentrated among higher-income households, and moderate increases in headcount poverty rates and poverty gaps. The study highlights the low effectiveness of pre-existing tax-benefit policies, with coverage gaps for the informal sector and a lack of income-dependent means-tested benefits. Discretionary taxbenefit policies in Mozambique and Zambia cushioned the shock for low-income households to a small extent. Conversely, school closures in Ethiopia and Ghana suppressed the provision of school meals, adding strain to households with school-age children.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292674380
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    hdl: 10419/283826
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2023, 130
    Subjects: COVID-19; income distribution; poverty; inequality; Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Market power and income distribution
    lessons from hybrid industrial-labour economics
    Author: Tong, Jian; Ornaghi, Carmine
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Economics Department, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

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    Edition: Revised March 2023
    Series: Discussion papers in economics and econometrics ; no. 23, 01
    Subjects: firm heterogeneity; inequality; multifactor productivity; market powers; markup; markdown; oligopsony; rent sharing; income distribution; estimation of production function; identification method
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten), Illustrationen