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  1. Family size and subjective well-being in Europe: do more children make us (un)happy?
    Published: December 2020
    Publisher:  Charles University, Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education, Prague

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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 9788073434854; 9788073445744
    Series: Working paper series / CERGE-EI ; 678
    Subjects: fertility; subjective well-being
    Scope: 47 Seiten, Illustrationen
    Notes:

    Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe

  2. Research note
    comparing ideal family size with observed and forecasted completed cohort fertility in Denmark and Norway
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany

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    Series: MPIDR working paper ; WP 2022, 031 (November 2022)
    Subjects: fertility; forecasting; Generation and Gender Survey; ideals; Nordic countries
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Analysis of twins
    Published: September 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The occurrence of twin births has been widely used as a natural experiment. With a focus upon the use of twin births for identification of causal effects in economics, this chapter provides a critical review of methods and results. more

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    The occurrence of twin births has been widely used as a natural experiment. With a focus upon the use of twin births for identification of causal effects in economics, this chapter provides a critical review of methods and results.

     

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    hdl: 10419/265830
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15609
    Subjects: twins; identification; fertility; birth spacing; child development; women's labour market outcomes; child penalty
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten)
  4. Long-term economic implications of demeny voting
    a theoretical analysis
    Published: October 2022
    Publisher:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    This paper places itself at the intersection between the literature on "Demeny voting" (the proposal of letting custodial parents exercise their children's voting rights until they come of age) and the vast literature on formal models with endogenous... more

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    This paper places itself at the intersection between the literature on "Demeny voting" (the proposal of letting custodial parents exercise their children's voting rights until they come of age) and the vast literature on formal models with endogenous fertility that address the problem of fiscal redistribution between young and old cohorts in the presence of an aging population. Linking these issues to the process of economic growth through a simple overlapping generations model, we show that, even if the government is myopic, in the sense that it cares only about the current well being of the living (and voting) generations, an increase in the relative importance that it attaches to the interests of the young cohort (for instance, due the introduction of Demeny voting) leads in the long run to a higher population growth rate and raises the consumption level of each young adult, the capital stock per worker and the output per adult. We also show that in the long run such a reform raises the well being that individuals can expect at birth to achieve during their lifetime.

     

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    hdl: 10419/267272
    Series: CESifo working papers ; 10039 (2022)
    Subjects: OLG model; fertility; fiscal redistribution; well being; child allowances
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. The slow demographic transition in regions vulnerable to climate change
    Published: October 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We consider how the demographic transition has been shaped in regions that are the least developed and the most vulnerable to climate change. Environmental conditions affect intra-household labor allocation because of the impacts on local resources... more

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    We consider how the demographic transition has been shaped in regions that are the least developed and the most vulnerable to climate change. Environmental conditions affect intra-household labor allocation because of the impacts on local resources under the poor infrastructural system. Climate change causes damage to local resources, offsetting the role of technological progress in saving time that women spend on their housework. Hence, the gender inequality in education/income is upheld, delaying declines in fertility and creating population momentum. The bigger population, in turn, degrades local resources through expanded production. The interplay between local resources, gender inequality, and population, under the persistent effect of climate change, may thus generate a slow demographic transition and stagnation. We provide empirical confirmation for our theoretical predictions from 44 Sub-Saharan African countries.

     

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    hdl: 10419/267383
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15646
    Subjects: climate change; local resources; fertility; gender inequality in education; slow demographic transition
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Testing unified growth theory
    technological progress and the child quantity-quality trade-of
    Published: October 2020
    Publisher:  Verein für Socialpolitik, [Köln]

    A core mechanism of unified growth theory is that accelerating technological progress induces mass education and, in interaction with child quantity-quality substitution, a decline in fertility. Using unique new data for 21 OECD countries over the... more

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    A core mechanism of unified growth theory is that accelerating technological progress induces mass education and, in interaction with child quantity-quality substitution, a decline in fertility. Using unique new data for 21 OECD countries over the period 1750-2000, we test, for the first time, the validity of this core mechanism of unified growth theory. We measure a country's technological progress as patents per capita, genetic-distance weighted foreign patents, and investment in machinery, equipment and intellectual property products. Controlling for other confounders like income, mortality, the gender wage gap, indicators for child labor, compulsory schooling, and time- and countryfixed effects, we establish a strong positive impact of technological progress on investments in education and a strongly negative one on fertility. Using two-stage regressions, we assess the child quantity-quality substitution that can be motivated by technological change. We estimate that a 10 percent increase of enrollment in primary and secondary school is associated with a decline of the general fertility rate by 3 to 4 percent.

     

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    hdl: 10419/242329
    Series: Jahrestagung 2021 / Verein für Socialpolitik ; 23
    Subjects: technological progress; fertility; education; quantity-quality trade-off; unifiedgrowth theory
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Assessing the fertility effects of childcare cost subsidies
    evidence from the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit
    Published: June 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We examine the impact of the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit (CDCTC) on fertility and parental investment in children. The CDCTC aims to support working parents but its availability only to families with children incentivizing having more... more

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    We examine the impact of the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit (CDCTC) on fertility and parental investment in children. The CDCTC aims to support working parents but its availability only to families with children incentivizing having more children or increasing investment in existing ones. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the National Center for Health Statistics' Natality data, we analyze the effects of state-level CDCTC policies on fertility and birth outcomes. Results indicate that the CDCTC increases labor force participation rates for married mothers, potentially suppressing fertility rates. Additionally, it has a positive effect on gestational age.

     

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    hdl: 10419/278961
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16263
    Subjects: fertility; birth outcomes; child and dependent care tax credit
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Religion, ideology and fertility
    Published: May 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    In this paper, we investigate how attachment to religion is connected to conservative gender role beliefs and to what extent they, in turn, materialize into fertility decisions. We also test the hypothesis that exposure to gender-progressive... more

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    In this paper, we investigate how attachment to religion is connected to conservative gender role beliefs and to what extent they, in turn, materialize into fertility decisions. We also test the hypothesis that exposure to gender-progressive political regimes and ideology can weaken this chain of effects, by eroding either the way religion shapes gender roles or the impact of gender beliefs on fertility. Our empirical analysis is based on World Value Survey (WVS) data for five Muslim ex-Soviet Republics vis-à-vis seven other Muslim countries in the neighbouring regions. Results highlight that higher attachment to religion is in both groups associated with more traditional gender roles; however, the link is significantly weaker for the individuals of former communist countries who spent their formative age under Soviet rule. More conservative gender beliefs, in turn, do not translate into higher fertility in Muslim ex-USSR Republics, while the opposite holds for other Muslim countries.

     

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    hdl: 10419/278857
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16159
    Subjects: religion; gender norms; fertility; ex-Ussr
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Re-partnering and fertility
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Università degli studi di Torino, Department of Economics and Statistics “Cognetti de Martiis”, Torino (Italy)

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    Series: Working paper series / Dipartimento economia e statistica Cognetti de Martiis ; 23, 7
    Subjects: separation; divorce; re-partnering; fertility; Europe
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Long-term economic implications of demeny voting
    a theoretical analysis
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Università di Trento, Dipartimento di economia e management, [Trento]

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    Series: DEM working papers ; n. 2022, 06
    Subjects: OLG model; fertility; fiscal redistribution; well being; child allowances
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Fertility incentives in Canada
    a cohort analysis
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  [CLEF, Canadian Labour Economics Forum], [Waterloo, Ontario]

    We study the fertility effects of the 1997 Quebec Family Policy, which introduced universal childcare and simultaneously ended its newborn allowance. Using a 20% sample of Canadian tax returns, we find that the reform reduced overall fertility at the... more

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    We study the fertility effects of the 1997 Quebec Family Policy, which introduced universal childcare and simultaneously ended its newborn allowance. Using a 20% sample of Canadian tax returns, we find that the reform reduced overall fertility at the intensive margin but had varying impacts by life stage. For younger cohorts of women early in their careers and family planning, the reform increased their likelihood of having a first or second child without reducing employment, suggesting that subsidized childcare may have helped young women balance work and family life. In contrast, for older cohorts of women, most of whom already had at least one child, the reform boosted employment but decreased the likelihood of having more children, implying that increased maternal employment may have raised the opportunity costs of additional children.

     

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    hdl: 10419/303511
    Edition: This version: August 8, 2024
    Series: Working paper series / CLEF, Canadian Labour Economics Forum ; WP #75
    Subjects: Family policy; fertility; childcare; newborn allowance
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. On the undesirable repercussions of gender norms in an endogenous growth model
    Published: September 2024
    Publisher:  The Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

    Sustainable growth has emerged as a critical policy challenge worldwide. We investigate the influence of conventional gender norms on fertility and economic growth to explain the phenomena recently observed across high-income countries. To this end,... more

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    Sustainable growth has emerged as a critical policy challenge worldwide. We investigate the influence of conventional gender norms on fertility and economic growth to explain the phenomena recently observed across high-income countries. To this end, we construct an overlapping generations model with endogenous fertility and labor supply, incorporating gender norms and R&D activities. We demonstrate that conventional gender norms can impede fertility and economic growth. Specifically, when gender norms are sufficiently conservative, income growth stagnates and population erosion eventually occurs. Conversely, when gender norms are sufficiently less conservative, the economy follows a sustained growth path characterized by simultaneous growth in both population and income per capita. Our results underscore the need to address and correct gender norms to achieve sustainable growth and improve welfare.

     

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    hdl: 10419/303251
    Series: Discussion paper / The Institute of Social and Economic Research ; no. 1255
    Subjects: Gender norms; economic growth; fertility; domestic production
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. How important are mental and physical health in career and family choices?
    Published: July 2024
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We present a dynamic life-cycle model of women's labor supply, marriage, and fertility choices that explicitly incorporates mental and physical health. Correlated mental and physical health production functions are simultaneously estimated, including... more

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    We present a dynamic life-cycle model of women's labor supply, marriage, and fertility choices that explicitly incorporates mental and physical health. Correlated mental and physical health production functions are simultaneously estimated, including the endogenous decisions to seek psychotherapy and smoke cigarettes as health accumulation factors. The model is estimated by the Simulated Method of Moments with Indirect Inference using data from the British Household Panel Study. Results indicate that mental health has a stronger impact on labor supply than physical health. At the same time, estimates show that working part-time and full-time aect both mental and physical health. Moreover, we nd dierences in the interaction of the two forms of health on other life dynamics, with better mental health having stronger impacts on marriage and fertility outcomes than physical health. Counterfactual simulations reveal that not only permanent, but also temporary shocks to health and employment have long-lasting eects on life decisions, life satisfaction, and income due to their interaction with fertility. Finally, policy experiments show that lower costs for psychotherapy and increased costs of cigarettes would substantially increase fertility but decrease employment, while a decrease in childcare costs for employed women would increase both fertility and labor supply, supporting women's overall health.

     

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    hdl: 10419/302660
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 17143
    Subjects: female labor supply; marriage; fertility; career; family; mental health; physical health; psychotherapy; smoking; discrete choice dynamic programming models; structural estimation; simulated method of moments; indirect inference
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Nonlinear relationship between the number of children and late-life cognition
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  RIETI, [Tokyo, Japan]

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    Series: RIETI discussion paper series ; 24-E, 056 (April 2024)
    Subjects: late-life cognition; dementia; mental intactness; aging; fertility; family planning
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Transition to motherhood
    the role of health
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute for Economics, [Nürnberg]

    The age at which women become mothers for the first time is ever increasing in many industrialized countries. Therefore, fertility determinants that might deteriorate with age, such as health, and their effect on reproductive patterns, should be... more

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    The age at which women become mothers for the first time is ever increasing in many industrialized countries. Therefore, fertility determinants that might deteriorate with age, such as health, and their effect on reproductive patterns, should be given more attention. We explore the effect of the subjective general health of women of reproductive age on the conditional probability of entering motherhood. Based on estimating linear discrete-time hazard models using survey data from Germany, we do not find a homogeneous health effect on the probability of having a first child. However, allowing effect heterogeneity over the span of reproductive age reveals that the role of health is ambiguous. While good health is associated with a lower probability of entering motherhood at the beginning of the reproductive phase, the opposite holds for the late reproductive phase. This pattern is robust to employing different estimation methods (parametric, non-parametric), conditioning on socio-economic characteristics, and taking unobserved individual-level heterogeneity into account.

     

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    hdl: 10419/295728
    Series: FAU discussion papers in economics ; no. 2024, 01
    Subjects: motherhood; fertility; discrete-time survival analysis; instrumental variables estimation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. The dynamic causal relationship between remittances, fertility and unemployment in South Africa
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  University of South Africa, [Pretoria]

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    Series: UNISA economic research working paper series ; 2023, 13 (September 2023)
    Subjects: South Africa; fertility; unemployment; autoregressive distributed lag; remittances
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. New fertility patterns: the role of human versus physical capital
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  [Aix-Marseille School of Economics], [Aix-en-Provence

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    Series: Working papers / AMSE, Aix-Marseille School of Economics ; WP 2024, nr 16
    Subjects: fertility; postponement; work experience; overlapping generations
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Subjective biology
    how perceived fecundity influences relationship satisfaction and stability
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany

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    Series: MPIDR working paper ; WP 2024, 012 (June 2024)
    Subjects: Perceived fecundity; fertility; relationship; life satisfaction; separation; partnership
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Too many men?
    subnational population imbalances and male childlessness in Finland
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany

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    Series: MPIDR working paper ; WP 2024, 010 (June 2024)
    Subjects: Finland; fertility; fertility decline
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 76 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. At a crossroads
    the impact of abortion access on future economic outcomes
    Author: Jones, Kelly
    Published: August 9, 2021
    Publisher:  Economics, College of Arts & Sciences, American University, Washington, DC

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    Series: Working papers / Economics, College of Arts & Sciences, American University ; 2021, 02
    Subjects: fertility; family planning; abortion; economics of gender
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. The fertility effects of school entry decisions
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Ruhr-Universität Bochum (RUB), Department of Economics, Bochum, Germany

    School entry regulations lead to differences in the age when children start school. While previous literature estimated the effects of age at school entry for compliers with school entry regulations, we look at non-compliers, namely those who enter... more

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    School entry regulations lead to differences in the age when children start school. While previous literature estimated the effects of age at school entry for compliers with school entry regulations, we look at non-compliers, namely those who enter school one year before the official entry date. Based on an instrumental variable approach, the results show that early enrollment increases the number of children by 0.1, whereas we find no significant impact on rates of childlessness. Einschulungsstichtage führen zu Altersunterschieden beim Grundschuleintritt von Kindern. Während die vorherige Literatur die Auswirkungen des Einschulungsalters für diejenigen untersucht, die sich an die Stichtagsregelungen halten, betrachten wir Personen, die sich nicht an diese Regelungen halten, sondern vorzeitig eingeschult werden. Auf der Grundlage eines Instrumentalvariablenansatzes wird untersucht, ob dies im späteren Erwachsenenalter die Fertilität beeinflusst. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine vorgezogene Einschulung die durchschnittliche Kinderzahl um 0,1 erhöht, während wir keine signifikanten Auswirkungen auf die Rate der Kinderlosigkeit finden.

     

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    ISBN: 9783969730881
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/247687
    Series: Ruhr economic papers ; #929
    Subjects: School starting age; early school enrollment; fertility; motherhood; childlessness
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 12 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. TRAP'd teens: impacts of abortion provider regulations on fertility & education
    Published: November 2021
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Targeted regulations of abortion providers (TRAP laws) are the fastest growing abortion restriction in the U.S. These often result in clinic closures, limiting abortion access. We study how women's exposure to these laws in adolescence affects their... more

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    Targeted regulations of abortion providers (TRAP laws) are the fastest growing abortion restriction in the U.S. These often result in clinic closures, limiting abortion access. We study how women's exposure to these laws in adolescence affects their fertility and educational attainment. For this study, we codify the legal history of all TRAP laws ever implemented. We explore the impacts of TRAP laws on teen births using an event-study analysis and stacked differences-in-differences methodology to avoid issues of negative weighting inherent in two-way fixed effects approaches. Consistent with other evidence on abortion access, we find that impacts on births are large and robust for Black women. Black teen births in states that implemented TRAP laws increased by 3 percent relative to changes in states without these restrictions. We offer evidence that these impacts are driven by reductions in abortion access, abortion use, and contraception use among Black teens. We further document that adolescent exposure to TRAP laws has downstream impacts on education. We find that Black women first exposed to TRAP laws before age 18 are 1 to 3 percentage points less likely to initiate and complete college. This study documents the important role that abortion access plays in reducing the harmful economic impacts of unintended teen motherhood. The findings suggest that modern abortion restrictions are harming women's efforts at economic advancement and are perpetuating racial inequality.

     

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    hdl: 10419/250498
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14837
    Subjects: fertility; education; abortion; adolescence; race
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 73 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. When is a life worth living?
    a dynastic efficiency criterion for fertility decisions
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  Center for Research in Economics and Statistics, Palaiseau, France

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Working paper series / Center for Research in Economics and Statistics ; no. 2021, 21 (November 2021)
    Subjects: Pareto efficiency; fertility; altruism; bequests
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten)
  24. The differential impacts of contingent employment on fertility: evidence from Australia
    Published: November 2021
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Many studies have reported evidence of negative associations between fixed-term contract employment and fertility. With few exceptions, these studies assume that employment status is exogenous and thus results are likely biased. Furthermore, previous... more

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    Many studies have reported evidence of negative associations between fixed-term contract employment and fertility. With few exceptions, these studies assume that employment status is exogenous and thus results are likely biased. Furthermore, previous research has mostly not considered whether the effects of employment status on fertility might vary with other worker characteristics. We draw on 19 years of data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey to investigate the association between contingent forms of employment (including both fixed-term and casual employment) and first births, and how that association varies with selected worker characteristics. The issue of endogeneity is addressed through the use of instrumental variables estimation. Our main finding is that both fixed-term contracts and casual employment are associated with a significantly lower probability of first births among men. We also find that these negative fertility effects vary with workers' education, occupational status, country of origin, age, and relationship status. The results for women suggest fixed-term contracts are actually associated with more births. However, in this case one of the instruments fails to satisfy the exclusion restriction, suggesting endogeneity remains a concern when analyzing female fertility outcomes and hence this finding should be given little weight.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/250511
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14850
    Subjects: Australia; contingent employment; employment instability; fertility; HILDA Survey; instrumental variables
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Partisan fertility and presidential elections
    Published: December 2021
    Publisher:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    Changes in political leadership drive sharp changes in public policy and partisan beliefs about the future. We exploit the surprise 2016 election of Trump to identify the effects of a shift in political power on one of the most consequential... more

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    Changes in political leadership drive sharp changes in public policy and partisan beliefs about the future. We exploit the surprise 2016 election of Trump to identify the effects of a shift in political power on one of the most consequential household decisions: whether to have a child. Republican-leaning counties experience a sharp and persistent increase in fertility relative to Democratic counties, a shift amounting to 1.2 to 2.2% of the national fertility rate. In addition, Hispanics see fertility fall relative to non-Hispanics, especially compared to rural or evangelical whites.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/252005
    Series: CESifo working paper ; no. 9488 (2021)
    Subjects: fertility; partisanship; elections
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen