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Displaying results 1 to 25 of 57.

  1. Religious terrorism, forced migration, and women's empowerment
    evidence from the Boko Haram insurgency
    Author: Elice, Paola; Martínez Flores, Fernanda; Reichert, Arndt R
    Published: 2023
    Publisher:  RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Essen, Germany

    We examine the link between violent attacks of the Islamic extremist group Boko Haram, forced migration, and the empowerment of women in host communities. We find positive effects of distant attacks on the economic well-being of women, their use of... more

     

    We examine the link between violent attacks of the Islamic extremist group Boko Haram, forced migration, and the empowerment of women in host communities. We find positive effects of distant attacks on the economic well-being of women, their use of modern contraceptive methods, and rejection of traditional gender views. At the same time, however, the findings show an increase in the risk that women experience domestic violence. We then examine forced displacement as a channel and its importance relative to other possible channels for the spatial effect dispersion. The results are different for Fulani pastoralist-farmer clashes over natural resources

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 9783969732137
    Series: Ruhr economic papers ; #1044
    Subjects: Boko Haram; Fulani; conflict; forced displacement; female labor force participation; employment; fertility; social norms; gender norms
    Scope: 68, VI Seiten
  2. Assessing the fertility effects of childcare cost subsidies
    evidence from the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit
    Author: Averett, Susan; Yang Wang
    Published: June 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We examine the impact of the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit (CDCTC) on fertility and parental investment in children. The CDCTC aims to support working parents but its availability only to families with children incentivizing having more... more

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    We examine the impact of the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit (CDCTC) on fertility and parental investment in children. The CDCTC aims to support working parents but its availability only to families with children incentivizing having more children or increasing investment in existing ones. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the National Center for Health Statistics' Natality data, we analyze the effects of state-level CDCTC policies on fertility and birth outcomes. Results indicate that the CDCTC increases labor force participation rates for married mothers, potentially suppressing fertility rates. Additionally, it has a positive effect on gestational age.

     
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    Other identifier:
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    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16263
    Subjects: fertility; birth outcomes; child and dependent care tax credit
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Religion, ideology and fertility
    Author: Kumo, Kazuhiro; Perugini, Cristiano
    Published: May 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    In this paper, we investigate how attachment to religion is connected to conservative gender role beliefs and to what extent they, in turn, materialize into fertility decisions. We also test the hypothesis that exposure to gender-progressive... more

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    In this paper, we investigate how attachment to religion is connected to conservative gender role beliefs and to what extent they, in turn, materialize into fertility decisions. We also test the hypothesis that exposure to gender-progressive political regimes and ideology can weaken this chain of effects, by eroding either the way religion shapes gender roles or the impact of gender beliefs on fertility. Our empirical analysis is based on World Value Survey (WVS) data for five Muslim ex-Soviet Republics vis-à-vis seven other Muslim countries in the neighbouring regions. Results highlight that higher attachment to religion is in both groups associated with more traditional gender roles; however, the link is significantly weaker for the individuals of former communist countries who spent their formative age under Soviet rule. More conservative gender beliefs, in turn, do not translate into higher fertility in Muslim ex-USSR Republics, while the opposite holds for other Muslim countries.

     
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    hdl: 10419/278857
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16159
    Subjects: religion; gender norms; fertility; ex-Ussr
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Re-partnering and fertility
    Author: Luppi, Francesca; Migheli, Matteo; Pronzato, Chiara Daniela
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Università degli studi di Torino, Department of Economics and Statistics “Cognetti de Martiis”, Torino (Italy)

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    Series: Working paper series / Dipartimento economia e statistica Cognetti de Martiis ; 23, 7
    Subjects: separation; divorce; re-partnering; fertility; Europe
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. The dynamic causal relationship between remittances, fertility and unemployment in South Africa
    Author: Magombeyi, Mercy Tsitsi
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  University of South Africa, [Pretoria]

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    Series: UNISA economic research working paper series ; 2023, 13 (September 2023)
    Subjects: South Africa; fertility; unemployment; autoregressive distributed lag; remittances
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Selection, patience, and the interest rate
    Author: Stefanski, Radoslaw; Trew, Alex
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  [Adam Smith Business School], [Glasgow]

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    Series: Working paper series / University of Glasgow, Adam Smith Business School ; paper no. 2023, 01 (January 2023)
    Subjects: Interest rates; selection; fertility; patience; heterogenous agents
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 104 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. The fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa
    the role of structural change
    Author: Büttner, Nicolas; Grimm, Michael; Günther, Isabel; Harttgen, Kenneth; Klasen, Stephan
    Published: February 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Despite the recent economic growth in many countries on the African continent, the region has seen a slow fertility transition. In this study, we explore whether the lack of structural economic change can explain this slow fertility transition. We... more

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    Despite the recent economic growth in many countries on the African continent, the region has seen a slow fertility transition. In this study, we explore whether the lack of structural economic change can explain this slow fertility transition. We create a unique panel data set combining Demographic and Health Surveys, Household Income Surveys, and nighttime light intensity data, as an indicator for industrialization, from 57 countries at the sub-national regional level over three decades to analyze the driving forces of fertility transitions across low- and middle-income countries. Our results confirm that household wealth, reduced child mortality, and female basic education are crucial for fertility reductions. Yet, our analysis also highlights the important role of increased female labor force participation in the formal sector, industrialization, increased female secondary education, and the expansion of health insurance coverage. Urbanization appears to have a limited, if any, effect. Our simulations indicate that if high-fertility countries in sub-Saharan Africa had experienced similar structural economic change as low- and middle-income countries with low fertility, their fertility levels could be up to 50% lower.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/272593
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15966
    Subjects: demographic transition; fertility; structural change; human capital; sub-Saharan Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Mothers at peace
    international peacebuilding and post-conflict fertility
    Author: Bove, Vincenzo; Di Salvatore, Jessica; Elia, Leandro; Nisticò, Roberto
    Published: February 2023
    Publisher:  CSEF, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance, Department of Economics, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

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    Series: Working paper / CSEF, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance ; no. 670
    Subjects: conflict; fertility; maternal health; child health; UN operations
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Fécondité et migration
    comment mesurer la fécondité des immigrées?
    Author: Reynaud, Didier
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  [Insee, Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques], [Montrouge, France]

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    Language: French
    Media type: Book
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    Series: Documents de travail / Insee ; no. 2023, 05 (février 2023)
    Subjects: fertility; total fertility rate; completed fertility; immigrant women; foreign-born women
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Economic foundations of contraceptive transitions
    theories and a review of the evidence
    Author: Karra, Mahesh; Wilde, Joshua
    Published: January 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We review the foundations of the economic development-contraception nexus, focusing on the pathways through which economic factors drive contraceptive adoption and change. We investigate the channels through which the relationship between economic... more

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    We review the foundations of the economic development-contraception nexus, focusing on the pathways through which economic factors drive contraceptive adoption and change. We investigate the channels through which the relationship between economic development and contraceptive dynamics are mediated. Using global data, we document the correlations between economic development and contraception transitions over time and across geographies. We briefly examine the evidence of the role of fertility, both desired and realized, as a central pathway through which the relationship has been historically theorized and empirically verified. We also discuss a range of mechanisms through which economic development drives contraceptive use independently from fertility decline. Finally, we assess the state and quality of evidence of these relationships and propose directions for future inquiry.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/272516
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15889
    Subjects: fertility; contraception; demographic transition; development
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Women's education and fertility in China
    Author: Zhang, Zheyuan; Zhao, Zhong
    Published: January 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Using data from the China Family Panel Studies, this paper exploits the Compulsory Education Law of China implemented in the 1980s to empirically examine the causal impact of women's education on fertility in rural China by difference-in-differences... more

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    Using data from the China Family Panel Studies, this paper exploits the Compulsory Education Law of China implemented in the 1980s to empirically examine the causal impact of women's education on fertility in rural China by difference-in-differences methods. The results show that an additional year of schooling lowered the number of children a woman would have by approximately 0.09 children, postponed the age of first childbirth by 0.7 years, and reduced the probability of having a second child or more children by 0.18 among those mothers whose first child was a girl. In addition to the income effect, these results are also partly explained by more educated women preferring quality to quantity of children, placing a greater value on leisure and no longer perceiving children as the sole focus in their lives.

     
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    hdl: 10419/272484
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15857
    Subjects: women's education; fertility; demographic transition; compulsory education law; quality and quantity of children
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Future fertility scenarios in Finland
    a computational forecasting approach
    Author: Ciganda, Daniel; Hellstrand, Julia; Myrskylä, Mikko
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany

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    Series: MPIDR working paper ; WP 2023, 010 (February 2023)
    Subjects: fertility; Finland; computational modeling; microsimulation; demography; reproductiveprocess
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Religious barriers to birth control access
    Author: Marie, Olivier; Zwiers, Esmée
    Published: March 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper presents new causal evidence on the "power" of oral contraceptives in shaping women's lives, leveraging the 1970 liberalization of the Pill for minors in the Netherlands and demand- and supply-side religious preferences that affected Pill... more

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    This paper presents new causal evidence on the "power" of oral contraceptives in shaping women's lives, leveraging the 1970 liberalization of the Pill for minors in the Netherlands and demand- and supply-side religious preferences that affected Pill take-up. We analyze administrative data to demonstrate that, after Pill liberalization, minors from less conservative areas were more likely to delay fertility/marriage and to accumulate human capital in the long run. We then show how these large effects were eliminated for women facing a higher share of gatekeepers - general practitioners and pharmacists - who were opposed to providing the Pill on religious grounds.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/272678
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16051
    Subjects: birth control; religion; fertility; marriage; human capital; the Netherlands
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 69 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Long-term effects of recession on parenthood gender inequality
    Author: Kim, Jinyoung; Kwak, Eunhye
    Published: April 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This study identifies a new mechanism to account for the persistent gender differences in earnings after childbirth. Aside from women's voluntary wage cuts in pursuit of family-friendly job amenities, we claim that adverse labor market conditions at... more

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    This study identifies a new mechanism to account for the persistent gender differences in earnings after childbirth. Aside from women's voluntary wage cuts in pursuit of family-friendly job amenities, we claim that adverse labor market conditions at the time of childbearing widen the gender gap among parents. Employing the instrumental variable (IV) method against a large cross-sectional dataset from the US, we find that giving birth during a recession reduces mothers' earnings, whereas fathers remain mostly unaffected. The asymmetric impact of a recession at the time of childbirth persists for a long time and accounts for 30-40 percent of the after-childbirth gender gap in earnings. Unintended impacts of recession on parenthood gender gap leaves room for government intervention on women's career breaks.

     
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    hdl: 10419/272682
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16055
    Subjects: gender gap; recession; long-term effects; fertility; child penalty
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. The parenthood penalty in mental health
    evidence from Austria and Denmark
    Author: Ahammer, Alexander; Glogowsky, Ulrich; Halla, Martin; Hener, Timo
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Linz-Auhof, Austria

    Using Austrian and Danish administrative data, we examine the impacts of parenthood on mental health equality. Parenthood imposes a greater mental health burden on mothers than on fathers. It creates a long-run gender gap in antidepressant... more

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    Using Austrian and Danish administrative data, we examine the impacts of parenthood on mental health equality. Parenthood imposes a greater mental health burden on mothers than on fathers. It creates a long-run gender gap in antidepressant prescriptions of about 93.2% (Austria) and 64.8% (Denmark). Further evidence suggests that these parenthood penalties in mental health are unlikely to reflect differential help-seeking behavior across the sexes or the biological effects of giving birth to a child. Instead, they seem to mirror the psychological effects of having, raising, and investing in children. Supporting this interpretation, matched adoptive mothers (who do not experience the biological impacts of childbirth) also encounter substantial parenthood penalties. Moreover, mothers who invest more in childcare (by taking extended maternity leave in quasi-experimental settings) are more likely to face mental health problems.

     
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    hdl: 10419/289845
    Edition: This version: February 13, 2024
    Series: Working paper / Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University of Linz ; no. 2312 (September 2023)
    Subjects: Gender equality; fertility; parenthood; motherhood; mental health; parental leave
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 97 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. The impacts of family policies on labor supply, fertility, and social welfare
    Author: Uemura, Yuki
    Published: November 2023
    Publisher:  Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

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    Series: KIER discussion paper series ; no. 1100
    Subjects: Family policies; child care; fertility; household decisions
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. What explains the growing gender education gap?
    the effects of parental background, the labor market and the marriage market on college attainment
    Author: Eḳshṭain, Tsevi; Keane, Michael P.; Lifshitz, Osnat
    Published: 17 December 2023
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Series: Array ; DP18688
    Subjects: Returns to college; parental background; college graduation; education; genderwage gap; assortative mating; labor supply; marriage; fertility
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 63 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Missing females
    how many, where, when, causes and consequences
    Author: Llopis, Enrique
    Published: November 2023
    Publisher:  AEHE, Asociación Española de Historia Económica, [Murcia]

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    Language: Spanish
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    Series: Documentos de trabajo / Asociación Española de Historia Económica ; no 2305
    Subjects: China; India; fertility; female feticide; excess female mortality; demographic dividend
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Religion and growth
    Author: Becker, Sascha O.; Rubin, Jared; Woessmann, Ludger
    Published: 9-30-2023
    Publisher:  Chapman University, Economic Science Institute, [Orange, CA]

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    Series: ESI working papers ; 23, 09
    Subjects: religion; growth; Christianity; Judaism; Islam; preferences; norms; institutions; capital; saving,financial development; human capital; education; population; labor; demography; fertility; totalfactor productivity; technological change; rituals; political economy; conflict
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. What drives female fertility in the Philippines?
    evidence from 50 years of National Demographic and Health Surveys
    Author: Abrigo, Michael Ralph M.; Estopace, Katha Ma-i M.
    Published: December 2023
    Publisher:  Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines

    We trace the drivers of the Philippines' fertility decline over the last fifty years culminating in 2022 with a below-replacement 1.9 total fertility rate. Applying a modified Kitagawa-OaxacaBlinder decomposition on the combined experiences of about... more

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    We trace the drivers of the Philippines' fertility decline over the last fifty years culminating in 2022 with a below-replacement 1.9 total fertility rate. Applying a modified Kitagawa-OaxacaBlinder decomposition on the combined experiences of about 65,000 married women in six rounds of the Philippine National Demographic (and Health) Survey, we show that the most effective contraceptives may not necessarily be delaying marriage or raising modern contraceptive use. Our analyses indicate that the greatest driver of fertility decline over the last half century in the Philippines is improving material measures of well-being, with marriage and contraceptive use playing only secondary roles. While raising female fertility in the future may be a possibility, this will not likely go significantly above replacement levels. Population ageing is an imminent reality for the Philippines.

     
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    Series: Discussion paper series / Philippine Institute for Development Studies ; no. 2023, 19 (December 2023)
    Subjects: fertility; population; decomposition; Philippines
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. The effect of air pollution on fertility outcomes in Europe
    Author: Stump, Árpád; Herczeg, Bálint; Szabó-Morvai, Ágnes
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest

    This paper studies the effect of ambient air pollution on the number of births in the European Union. We collect air pollution data with web scraping technique and utilize variations in wind, temperature, number of heating, and cooling days as... more

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    This paper studies the effect of ambient air pollution on the number of births in the European Union. We collect air pollution data with web scraping technique and utilize variations in wind, temperature, number of heating, and cooling days as instrumental variables. There are 657 NUTS 3 regions included in the regressions, each with 2 to 6 years of observations between 2015 and 2020. Our results show that an increase in the levels of PM2.5 - PM10 pollution concentration by 1 μg/m3 (appr. 5-10%) would result in a 9% drop in the number of births next year. CO pollution levels also have a significant although smaller effect. If CO pollution concentration increases by 1 mg/m3 (appr. 15%) the number of births next year will fall by about 1%. In the heterogeneity analysis, we find that air pollution is more harmful to fertility in countries with already high pollution levels and lower GDP. This latter suggests that healthcare spending and the general level of living standard could be factors that moderate the negative consequences of ambient air pollution. To our knowledge, this is the first article to study the fertility effects of air pollution using an extended number of countries and years and at the same time including more than one air pollutant. As a result, our results have strong external validity. A remarkable novelty of our study compared to the previous literature is that after taking into account the effect of PM2.5 - PM10 and CO, the rest of the pollutants have much less role in shaping fertility outcomes compared to the findings of the previous literature. This difference is a result of the new method of this study, which examines the pollutants simultaneously instead of examining only one or a few at a time. This result can be important for environmental policies, where the limited resources should target pollution types that have the most detrimental effect on human fertility and health.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/282231
    Series: KRTK KTI working papers ; KRTK KTI WP - 2023, 10 (May 2023)
    Subjects: ambient air pollution; fertility; instrumental variables
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. The effect of temperature on birth rates in Europe
    Author: Hajdu, Tamás
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest

    Using data from 32 European countries for nearly 244 million live births between 1969 and 2021, this paper examines the effects of temperatures on birth rates. The results show that exposure to hot days slightly reduces birth rates five to eight... more

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    Using data from 32 European countries for nearly 244 million live births between 1969 and 2021, this paper examines the effects of temperatures on birth rates. The results show that exposure to hot days slightly reduces birth rates five to eight months later, while much stronger negative effects are observed nine to ten months after exposure to hot temperatures. Thereafter, a partial recovery is observed, with slightly increased birth rates. This study also shows that the effect of high-humidity hot days is much stronger than that of hot days with low humidity. Besides, the effect of heatwave days has been found to be more severe than that of hot days that are not preceded by other hot days. This study finds that some adaptation to heat can only be expected in the long run, which suggests that climate change may have a negative impact on the number of live births in the twenty-first century.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/282253
    Series: KRTK KTI working papers ; KRTK KTI WP - 2023, 32 (November 2023)
    Subjects: birth rates; fertility; temperature; climate change; Europe
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. The cultural origins of the demographic transition in France
    Author: Blanc, Guillaume
    Published: November 2023
    Publisher:  School of Social Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Economics discussion paper series / The University of Manchester ; EDP-23, 09
    Subjects: fertility; development; secularization
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Religion and growth
    Author: Becker, Sascha O.; Rubin, Jared; Woessmann, Ludger
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Collaborative Research Center Transregio 190, [München]

    We use the elements of a macroeconomic production function—physical capital, human capital, labor, and technology—together with standard growth models to frame the role of religion in economic growth. Unifying a growing literature, we argue that... more

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    We use the elements of a macroeconomic production function—physical capital, human capital, labor, and technology—together with standard growth models to frame the role of religion in economic growth. Unifying a growing literature, we argue that religion can enhance or impinge upon economic growth through all four elements because it shapes individual preferences, societal norms, and institutions. Religion affects physical capital accumulation by influencing thrift and financial development. It affects human capital through both religious and secular education. It affects population and labor by influencing work effort, fertility, and the demographic transition. And it affects total factor productivity by constraining or unleashing technological change and through rituals, legal institutions, political economy, and conflict. Synthesizing a disjoint literature in this way opens many interesting directions for future research.

     
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    hdl: 10419/282125
    Series: Discussion paper / Rationality & Competition, CRC TRR 190 ; no. 433 (October 20, 2023)
    Subjects: religion; growth; Christianity; Judaism; Islam; preferences; norms; institutions; capital; saving,financial development; human capital; education; population; labor; demography; fertility; totalfactor productivity; technological change; rituals; political economy; conflict
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 71 Seiten)
  25. Parental retirement and fertility decisions across family policy regimes
    Author: Frattola, Edoardo
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Banca d'Italia Eurosistema, [Rom]

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    Series: Temi di discussione / Banca d'Italia ; number 1417 (July 2023)
    Subjects: retirement; fertility; grandparents; informal childcare; SHARE
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen