Skip to main navigation Skip to main content
info(at)avldigital.remove-this.de
Deutsch English
Narrow Search
Search narrowed by
Last searches

Results for *

Displaying results 1 to 25 of 50.

  1. The fertility effect of laws granting undocumented migrants access to driving licenses in the United States
    Author: Gunadi, Christian
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    As of 2021, 16 U.S. States and the District of Columbia have implemented laws allowing undocumented migrants to acquire a driver's license. In this paper, I hypothesize that lower barriers to work caused by the ability to obtain driving licenses can... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 565
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    As of 2021, 16 U.S. States and the District of Columbia have implemented laws allowing undocumented migrants to acquire a driver's license. In this paper, I hypothesize that lower barriers to work caused by the ability to obtain driving licenses can affect undocumented migrants' fertility decisions. Using a differencein- differences strategy based on temporal and geographical variation in the implementation of laws granting undocumented migrants access to driving licenses across U.S. states, I find that these laws were associated with about 9% decline in childbirth among likely undocumented married women. Exploring the mechanism, the results of the analysis indicate that granting undocumented migrants access to driving licenses increased the propensity to work along the intensive margin. Among those at work, their usual weekly hours rose by approximately 1.5%.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/256806
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1094
    Subjects: driving licenses; undocumented immigrants; fertility; labor market impacts
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. The quantity-quality fertility-education trade-off
    policies to reduce fertility in developing countries generally boost education levels, but only slightly
    Author: Li, Li; Liu, Haoming
    Published: March 2022
    Publisher:  Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), Bonn

    At the national level, it has long been observed that a country's average education level is negatively associated with its total fertility rate. At the household level, it has also been well documented that children's education is negatively... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DSP 128
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    At the national level, it has long been observed that a country's average education level is negatively associated with its total fertility rate. At the household level, it has also been well documented that children's education is negatively associated with the number of children in the family. Do these observations imply a causal relationship between the number of children and the average education level (the quantity-quality trade-off)? A clear answer to this question will help both policymakers and researchers evaluate the total benefit of family planning policies, both policies to lower fertility and policies to boost it.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/260681
    Series: IZA world of labor ; 2022, 143v2
    Subjects: demographic transition; fertility; education; child quality; quantity-quality trade-off
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 10 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Notes:

    Previous version May 2015
  3. The optimal design of assistedreproductive technologies policies
    Author: Leroux, Marie-Louise; Pestieau, Pierre; Ponthière, Grégory
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  CORE, Louvain-la-Neuve

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    VS 203
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 2078.1/262079
    Series: LIDAM discussion paper CORE ; 2022, 22
    Subjects: fertility; assisted reproductive technologies; non-linear taxation; utilitarianism; ex-post egalitarianism
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten)
  4. The optimal design of assisted reproductive technologies policies
    Author: Leroux, Marie-Louise; Pestieau, Pierre; Ponthière, Grégory
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  CIRANO, [Montréal]

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    Series: Working paper / CIRANO ; 2022s, 19
    Subjects: fertility; assisted reproductive technologies; non-linear taxation; utilitarianism; ex-post egalitarianism
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten)
  5. The optimal design of assisted reproductive technologies policies
    Author: Leroux, Marie-Louise; Pestieau, Pierre; Ponthière, Grégory
    Published: June 2022
    Publisher:  Chaire de recherche sur les enjeux économiques intergénérationnels, [Montréal]

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    VS 834
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Working paper / Chaire de recherche sur les enjeux économiques intergénérationnels ; 22, 04
    Subjects: fertility; assisted reproductive technologies; non-linear taxation; utilitarianism; ex-post egalitarianism
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten)
  6. Cross-country differences in the long-run economic impacts of increased fertility
    Author: Davoine, Thomas
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Institut für Höhere Studien - Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS), Wien

    Higher fertility slowly increases the workers-to-retirees ratio over the long run, which can ease the pension financing challenge brought about by population aging. It may or may not increase production per capita. Existing simulation studies all... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 387
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    Higher fertility slowly increases the workers-to-retirees ratio over the long run, which can ease the pension financing challenge brought about by population aging. It may or may not increase production per capita. Existing simulation studies all find a positive impact on public finances over the long run. They however differ on the impact on output per capita. Whether differences are due to model designs or country characteristics is unknown. Using the same macroeconomic model for a sample of 14 European countries, I find that the long-run pension deficits are reduced 27% on average, if one woman out of five had one more child in her lifetime. Variations across countries are small. On the other hand, I find that output per capita increases in all countries from my sample, with one exception. Differences in population structures, age-productivity profiles and pension systems can explain the exception. Fertility-promoting policies will always ease the public finance challenge due to population aging, but may worsen output per capita if pension payments are too loosely connected to earnings histories or if age-productivity profiles are very steep.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/250052
    Series: IHS working paper ; 38 (January 2022)
    Subjects: fertility; population aging; pensions; productivity profiles; computable general equilibrium
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. The child quantity-quality trade-off
    Author: Guo, Rufei; Yi, Junjian; Zhang, Junsen
    Published: April 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This chapter reviews the growing literature on the child quantity–quality (QQ) trade-off. During the transition from the traditional agricultural economy to modern economic growth, household real income increases, fertility decreases, and human... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 4
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    This chapter reviews the growing literature on the child quantity–quality (QQ) trade-off. During the transition from the traditional agricultural economy to modern economic growth, household real income increases, fertility decreases, and human capital investment per child increases. Motivated by this observation, economists started to develop theoretical models of the child QQ trade-off in the 1970s. Macroeconomic models that theoretically incorporate the QQ trade-off flourish. As a parallel development, empirical studies exploit multiple sources of exogenous variations in family size, such as twin births, child sex composition, and family planning policies, to identify the causal effect of fertility on child quality. Dialogues between theoretical and empirical analyses should empower future research on the child QQ trade-off.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263449
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15233
    Subjects: demographic transition; fertility; child human capital investment; child quantity-quality trade-off
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Fertility and family labor supply
    Author: Jakobsen, Katrine Marie; Jørgensen, Thomas H.; Low, Hamish
    Published: May 2022
    Publisher:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    We study the role of fertility adjustments for the labor market responsiveness of men and women. First, we use longitudinal Danish register data and tax reforms from 2009 to provide new empirical evidence on asymmetric fertility adjustments to tax... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 63
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    We study the role of fertility adjustments for the labor market responsiveness of men and women. First, we use longitudinal Danish register data and tax reforms from 2009 to provide new empirical evidence on asymmetric fertility adjustments to tax changes of men and women. Second, we quantify the importance of these fertility adjustments for understanding the labor supply responsiveness of couples through a life-cycle model of family labor supply and fertility. Allowing fertility adjustments increases the labor supply responsiveness of women by 28%. These adjustments affect human capital accumulation and has permanent implications for the gender wage gap within couples.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/260880
    Series: CESifo working paper ; no. 9750 (2022)
    Subjects: fertility; labor supply; human capital accumulation; gender inequality; tax reform; life-cycle
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Globalization, fertility and marital behavior in a lowest-low fertility setting
    Author: Giuntella, Osea; Rotunno, Lorenzo; Stella, Luca
    Published: May 2022
    Publisher:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we analyze the effects of exposure to globalization on the fertility and marital behavior in Germany, until recently a lowest-low fertility setting. We find that exposure to greater import... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 63
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we analyze the effects of exposure to globalization on the fertility and marital behavior in Germany, until recently a lowest-low fertility setting. We find that exposure to greater import competition from Eastern Europe led to worse labor market outcomes and lower fertility rates. In contrast, workers in industries that benefited from increased exports had better employment prospects and higher fertility. These effects are driven by low-educated, married men, and full-time workers and reflect changes in the likelihood of having any child (extensive margin). While there is evidence of some fertility postponement, we find significant effects on completed fertility. There is instead little evidence of any significant impact on marital behavior.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263685
    Series: CESifo working paper ; no. 9755 (2022)
    Subjects: Globalisierung; Internationaler Wettbewerb; Fertilität; Ehe; Familienökonomik; Deutschland; globalization; labor market outcomes; fertility; marriage
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 74 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Understanding the positive effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on women's fertility in Norway
    Author: Lappegård, Trude; Kornstad, Tom; Dommermuth, Lars; Kristensen, Axel Peter
    Published: May 2022
    Publisher:  Statistics Norway, Research Department, Oslo

    This study examines the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on fertility in Norway at the individual level. Studies using data at the macro level have found a positive short-term effect of the pandemic on fertility level in Norway, but women's fertility... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 619
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    This study examines the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on fertility in Norway at the individual level. Studies using data at the macro level have found a positive short-term effect of the pandemic on fertility level in Norway, but women's fertility response to the pandemic may differ depending on their life situation. We use the first lockdown on March 12, 2020 as a marker of the pandemic and apply a regression discontinuity design to compare births of women that were conceived before the pandemic started with those conceived during the first eight months of the pandemic. The positive effect on women's fertility in Norway was mainly driven by women in life phases that have generally high fertility rates (women aged 28-35 years and women who already have children). These groups are likely to be in an economic and socially secure and stable situation in which the restrictions due to the pandemic had limited influence. Besides two exceptions, we do not find differences in the effect of the pandemic on childbearing by women's work situation. This is most likely related to the strong welfare state and the generous additional pandemic-related measures taken by the Norwegian government.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/268055
    Series: Discussion papers / Statistics Norway, Research Department ; 979
    Subjects: fertility; demography; COVID-19; regression discontinuity design
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Stable income, stable family
    Author: Lindo, Jason M.; Regmi, Krishna; Swensen, Isaac D.
    Published: April 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We document the effect of unemployment insurance generosity on divorce and fertility using an identification strategy that leverages state-level changes in maximum benefits over time and comparisons across workers who have been laid off and those... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 4
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    We document the effect of unemployment insurance generosity on divorce and fertility using an identification strategy that leverages state-level changes in maximum benefits over time and comparisons across workers who have been laid off and those that have not been laid off. The results indicate that higher maximum benefit levels mitigate the effects of layoffs. In particular, they mitigate increases in divorce associated with men's layoffs; increases in separations associated with women's layoffs; reductions in fertility associated with men's layoffs; and increases in fertility associated with women's layoffs.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263483
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15267
    Subjects: unemployment insurance; job loss; marriage; divorce; fertility; gender; family
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Paid childcare leave, fertility, and female labor supply in South Korea
    Author: Kim, Kyeongkuk; Lee, Sang-hyop; Halliday, Timothy
    Published: April 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We consider the effects of a paid childcare leave subsidy on maternal behavior in South Korea using a difference-in-difference design and a fertility survey with information on conception, contraception, and labor supply arrangements. Childcare... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 4
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    We consider the effects of a paid childcare leave subsidy on maternal behavior in South Korea using a difference-in-difference design and a fertility survey with information on conception, contraception, and labor supply arrangements. Childcare subsidies increased conception and decreased contraception. The arc elasticities of the responses of conception and contraception to the childcare subsidy are 0.65 and -0.10, respectively. However, we do not find effects on employment arrangements. In a country with the lowest total fertility rate in the world and that often performs middling in rankings of gender inequality, we conclude that paid childcare leave for working women confers some positive benefits.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263439
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15223
    Subjects: childcare leave; fertility; labor supply; Korea
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. The economics of fertility
    a new era
    Author: Doepke, Matthias; Hannusch, Anne; Kindermann, Fabian; Tertilt, Michele
    Published: April 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    In this survey, we argue that the economic analysis of fertility has entered a new era. First-generation models of fertility choice were designed to account for two empirical regularities that, in the past, held both across countries and across... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 4
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    In this survey, we argue that the economic analysis of fertility has entered a new era. First-generation models of fertility choice were designed to account for two empirical regularities that, in the past, held both across countries and across families in a given country: a negative relationship between income and fertility, and another negative relationship between women's labor force participation and fertility. The economics of fertility has entered a new era because these stylized facts no longer universally hold. In high-income countries, the income-fertility relationship has flattened and in some cases reversed, and the cross-country relationship between women's labor force participation and fertility is now positive. We summarize these new facts and describe new models that are designed to address them. The common theme of these new theories is that they view factors that determine the compatibility of women's career and family goals as key drivers of fertility. We highlight four factors that facilitate combining a career with a family: family policy, cooperative fathers, favorable social norms, and flexible labor markets. We also review other recent developments in the literature, and we point out promising new directions for future research on the economics of fertility.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263440
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15224
    Subjects: fertility; family economics; marital bargaining
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 131 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Risky moms, risky kids?
    fertility and crime after the fall of the wall
    Author: Chevalier, Arnaud; Marie, Olivier
    Published: April 2022
    Publisher:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    Following the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the birth rate halved in East Germany. Despite their small sizes, the cohorts conceived during this period of socio-economic turmoil were, as they grew up in reunified Germany, markedly more likely to be... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 63
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    Following the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the birth rate halved in East Germany. Despite their small sizes, the cohorts conceived during this period of socio-economic turmoil were, as they grew up in reunified Germany, markedly more likely to be arrested than cohorts conceived a few years earlier. This is consistent with negative parental selection during the period of turmoil. We highlight risk attitude as an important selection mechanism, beyond education and other observable characteristics, which explains: (i) why some women did not alter their fertility decisions during these uncertain economic times, (ii) that this risk preference was passed on to their children and (iii) that risk preference is correlated with criminal participation. Maternal selection along risk preference might thus be an important mechanism explaining the greater criminal activity of the children conceived after the fall of the Wall.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/260813
    Series: CESifo working paper ; no. 9683 (2022)
    Subjects: fertility; crime; parental selection; economic uncertainty; risk attitude
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Does cutting child benefits reduce fertility in larger families?
    evidence from the UK’s two-child limit
    Author: Reader, Mary; Portes, Jonathan; Patrick, Ruth
    Published: April 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We study the impact of restricting child-related social assistance to the first two children in the family on the fertility of third and subsequent births. As of April 2017, all third and subsequent born children to low-income families in the UK did... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 4
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    We study the impact of restricting child-related social assistance to the first two children in the family on the fertility of third and subsequent births. As of April 2017, all third and subsequent born children to low-income families in the UK did not receive means-tested child benefits, amounting to a reduction in income relative to the previous system of approximately 3000 GBP a year per child. We use administrative births microdata and household survey data to estimate the impact of the two-child limit on higher-order births with a triple differences approach, exploiting variation over date of birth, socio-economic status, and birth order. We find some evidence that the policy led to a small decline in higher-order fertility among lowincome families. However, compared to earlier research in the UK and elsewhere, largely based on benefit increases, the impact is small. This may be due to informational barriers or to other economic and social constraints affecting low income families. Our results imply that the main impact of cuts to child benefits is not to reduce fertility but to withdraw income from low-income families, with potential implications for child poverty.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263419
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15203
    Subjects: fertility; family size; social assistance; welfare reform
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Little divergence in America
    market access and demographic transition in the United States
    Author: Guldi, Melanie; Rahman, Ahmed S.
    Published: April 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper assesses the causal impact of greater market access on demographic transition during the latter half of the 19th century in the United States. We construct new measures of fertility changes and measures of railroad access at the county... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 4
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    This paper assesses the causal impact of greater market access on demographic transition during the latter half of the 19th century in the United States. We construct new measures of fertility changes and measures of railroad access at the county level from 1850 - 1890. We are able to document market-access-induced changes in fertility due to both extensive margins (shifts in occupations with different average fertility rates) and intensive margins (changes in fertility within each occupation class). Both our theoretical model and empirical results suggest that declining fertility in counties mainly occurred through extensive margins. We further discover that fertility changes occurred mainly through strengthening patterns of specialization, rather than through greater industrialization or urbanization, suggesting that demographics diverged within the United States during this period.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263431
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15215
    Subjects: demographic transition; market access; railroads; fertility; agricultural production; manufacturing production
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. The slow demographic transition in regions vulnerable to climate change
    Author: Dao, Thang; Kalkuhl, Matthias; Vasilakis, Chrysovalantis
    Published: September 2022
    Publisher:  The Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

    This paper considers the persistent effects of climate change on the speed of demographic transi- tion, and hence on the size of the population in regions that are the least developed and the most vulnerable to climate change, such as Sub-Saharan... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 198
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    This paper considers the persistent effects of climate change on the speed of demographic transi- tion, and hence on the size of the population in regions that are the least developed and the most vulnerable to climate change, such as Sub-Saharan Africa. These effects are transmitted through interactions between the education gender gap within families, fertility, and the local environment, through which the demographic transition is delayed. Environmental conditions affect intra-household labor allocation because of the impacts on local resources under the poor infrastructural system. Ex- amples include the collection of essential resources, e.g. clean water and firewood, by women for their families' daily lives. Climate change causes damage to local resources, offsetting (partially) the role of technological progress and infrastructure investment in saving time that women spend on their housework duties. Hence, the gender inequality in education/income is upheld, delaying declines in fertility and creating population momentum. The bigger population, in turn, degrades local resources and the environment through expanded production. The interplay between local resources, gender inequality, and population, under the persistent effect of climate change, may thus generate a slow demographic transition and stagnation of the least developed regions. We provide empirical confir- mation for our theoretical predictions using data from 44 African countries in the period from 1960 to 2017.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/267802
    Series: Discussion paper / The Institute of Social and Economic Research ; no. 1190
    Subjects: Climate change; local resource; fertility; gender inequality in education; slow demographic transition
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Gender preference at birth
    a new measure for son preference based on stated preferences and observed measures of parents' fertility decisions
    Author: Ali, Mehwish Ghulam; De Silva, Ashton; Sinclair, Sarah; Mishra, Ankita
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Investigating preference for sons is a continuing focal area of development economics and demographic research. Son preference presents a challenge in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals of 'no poverty', 'good health and... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 248
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    Investigating preference for sons is a continuing focal area of development economics and demographic research. Son preference presents a challenge in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals of 'no poverty', 'good health and wellbeing', and 'gender equality' by 2030. It is thus important to investigate son preference to inform policy-makers of the potential challenges in achieving these goals. Inaccurate interpretation of the mechanisms of son preference could misinform policy analysis and result in unintended consequences. Existing measures including sex ratios and gender composition of children do not reflect the true extent of son preference in high fertility countries such as Pakistan, where the success of policy action is limited and significant barriers to sex-selective technologies exist. Given the likely impact of son preference on fertility behaviour in Pakistan, accurate measurement of the forms this gender bias can take is necessary to appropriately gauge the influence of son preference on the fertility outcomes. The limited capacity of existing measures to accurately depict son preference in countries with high fertility combined with limited demarcation between pre- and post-birth son preference warrants development of a new measure for son preference to evaluate its effects. In this paper, a new measure of son preference called 'gender preferences at birth' (GPB) is presented. GPB combines stated fertility preferences and observed fertility outcomes to acknowledge that households in countries with high fertility and low contraception usage have less control over their fertility decisions.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789292562229
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/267844
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2022, 88
    Subjects: fertility; family planning; general welfare; wellbeing; economics of gender
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Manufacturing employment and women's agency
    evidence from Lesotho 2004-2014
    Author: Grogan, Louise Anne
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper examines the impact of manufacturing employment on women's health and decision-making power within households in Lesotho. Under the US African Growth and Opportunity Act of 2000, the employment of women in ready-made garment (RMG)... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 4
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    This paper examines the impact of manufacturing employment on women's health and decision-making power within households in Lesotho. Under the US African Growth and Opportunity Act of 2000, the employment of women in ready-made garment (RMG) factories in new industrial zones greatly increased. Subsequent shocks to international demand for textile products created by the phase-out of the Multi-Fiber Agreement and the 2008 Financial Crisis temporarily reduced well-paid RMG work opportunities. Women residing closer to the industrial zones were particularly affected. These changes are exploited for identification of causal impacts. Employment in the RMG sector is found to substantially increase women's say in decisions about the allocation of household resources and own health.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/265739
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15518
    Subjects: Lesotho; manufacturing; trade; Africa Growth and Opportunities Act (AGOA); Demographic and Health Surveys; IPUMS census; World Bank Enterprise Surveys; Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS); female labour supply; contraceptives; fertility; autonomy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Fertility, Heterogeneity and the Golden Rule
    Author: Ponthière, Grégory
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Phelpsís (1961) Golden Rule states an unambiguous relationship between optimal capital intensity and fertility: a rise in fertility decreases the optimal capital intensity, because a higher fertility increases the investment required to sustain a... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 565
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    Phelpsís (1961) Golden Rule states an unambiguous relationship between optimal capital intensity and fertility: a rise in fertility decreases the optimal capital intensity, because a higher fertility increases the investment required to sustain a given capital to labour ratio (i.e., the capital dilution e§ect). Using a matrix population model embedded in a two-period OLG setting, we examine the robustness of that relationship to the partitioning of the population into 2 subpopulations having distinct fertility behaviors. We derive the optimal accumulation rule in that framework, and we show that, unlike what prevails under a homogeneous population, a rise in fertility does not necessarily reduce the Golden Rule capital intensity, but increases it when the composition e§ect induced by the fertility change outweighs the standard capital dilution e§ect prevailing under a Öxed partition of the population. We also explore the robustness of these results to a Öner description of heterogeneity, that is, a partitioning of the population into a larger number of subpopulations.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/264295
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1165
    Subjects: Golden Rule; capital accumulation; fertility; OLG models; matrix population models; heterogeneity
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Marriage change and fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa, 1991-2019
    Author: Grant, Monica J.; Kohler, Hans-Peter
    Published: 5-13-2022
    Publisher:  Population Studies Center, [Philadelphia, PA]

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    VS 441
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Population Center Working Papers (PSC/PARC) / Population Studies Center ; 2022, 91
    Subjects: sub-Saharan Africa; DHS; marriage change; fertility; divorce; remarriage; polygamy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. The optimal design of assisted reproductive technologies policies
    Author: Leroux, Marie-Louise; Pestieau, Pierre; Ponthière, Grégory
    Published: June 2022
    Publisher:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    This paper studies the optimal design of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) policies in an economy where individuals differ in their reproductive capacity (or fecundity) and in their wage. We find that the optimal ART policy varies with the... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 63
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    This paper studies the optimal design of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) policies in an economy where individuals differ in their reproductive capacity (or fecundity) and in their wage. We find that the optimal ART policy varies with the postulated social welfare criterion. Utilitarianism redistributes only between individuals with unequal fecundity and wages but not between parents and childless individuals. To the opposite, ex post egalitarianism (which gives absolute priority to the worst-off in realized terms) redistributes from individuals with children toward those without children, and from individuals with high fecundity toward those with low fecundity, so as to compensate for both the monetary cost of ART and for the disutility from involuntary childlessness resulting from unsuccessful ART investments. Under asymmetric information and in order to solve for the incentive problem, utilitarianism recommends also to either tax or subsidize ART investments of low-fecundity-low-productivity individuals depending on the degree of complementarity between fecundity and ART in the fertility technology. On the opposite, ex post egalitarianism always recommends marginal taxation.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263733
    Series: CESifo working paper ; no. 9803 (2022)
    Subjects: fertility; assisted reproductive technologies; non-linear taxation; utilitarianism; ex-post egalitarianism
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten)
  23. The optimal design of assisted reproductive technologies policies
    Author: Leroux, Marie-Louise; Pestieau, Pierre; Ponthière, Grégory
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Département des Sciences Économiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, (Québec), Canada

    This paper studies the optimal design of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) policies in an economy where individuals differ in their reproductive capacity (or fecundity) and in their wage. We find that the optimal ART policy varies with the... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 759
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    This paper studies the optimal design of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) policies in an economy where individuals differ in their reproductive capacity (or fecundity) and in their wage. We find that the optimal ART policy varies with the postulated social welfare criterion. Utilitarianism redistributes only between individuals with unequal fecundity and wages but not between parents and childless individuals. To the opposite, ex post egalitarianism (which gives absolute priority to the worst-off in realized terms) redistributes from individuals with children toward those without children, and from individuals with high fecundity toward those with low fecundity, so as to compensate for both the monetary cost of ART and for the disutility from involuntary childlessness resulting from unsuccessful ART investments. Under asymmetric information and in order to solve for the incentive problem, utilitarianism recommends also to either tax or subsidize ART investments of low-fecundity-lowproductivity individuals depending on the degree of complementarity between fecundity and ART in the fertility technology. On the opposite, ex post egalitarianism always recommends marginal taxation.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/264157
    Series: Working paper / ESG UQÀM, Département des sciences économiques, École des sciences de la gestion, Université du Québec à Montréal ; no. 2022, 05 (Juin 2022)
    Subjects: fertility; assisted reproductive technologies; non-linear taxation; utilitarianism; ex-post egalitarianism
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten)
  24. Estimating inter-generational returns to medical care
    new evidence from at-risk newborns
    Author: Clarke, Damian; Lillo Bustos, Nicolás; Tapia Schythe, Kathya
    Published: September 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Targeted treatments of newborns with delicate health stocks have been shown to have considerable returns in terms of survival and later life outcomes. We seek to determine to what degree such treatments are transmitted across generations. We follow... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 4
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    Targeted treatments of newborns with delicate health stocks have been shown to have considerable returns in terms of survival and later life outcomes. We seek to determine to what degree such treatments are transmitted across generations. We follow three generations of linked micro-data from Chile, and use a regression discontinuity design to study the impacts of targeted neonatal health policies based on birth weight assignment rules. While we observe well-known first generation impacts of intensive treatment targeted to very low birth weight newborns, we document the surprising fact that these policies have negative impacts on measures of well-being at birth for second-generation individuals born to mothers who were treated at birth. We show that the mechanism which explains this is a strong impact of early life medical treatment on the likelihood that marginal treated individuals go on to give birth later in life, with receipt in the first generation considerably reverting negative gradients in early life health and eventual fertility. These new stylised facts and results suggest the longterm implications of health policies within family lineages may be quite different to their short term implications, placing more weight on necessary reinforcing interventions.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/265814
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15593
    Subjects: early life interventions; intergenerational mobility; parental investments; fertility; health care provision
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 86 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Maternity leave
    Author: Regmi, Krishna; Wang, Le
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Supporting working mothers to balance their work and childcare responsibilities is a central objective of maternal and parental leave policies. Nearly all countries offer some forms of maternity and family leave programs for childbearing on a... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 565
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    Supporting working mothers to balance their work and childcare responsibilities is a central objective of maternal and parental leave policies. Nearly all countries offer some forms of maternity and family leave programs for childbearing on a national basis. This chapter reviews various types of leave policies available for working mothers (or parents) across countries and whether and how the policies affect women's labor market outcomes, their own and children's health, and child development. The leave policies can also influence women's fertility choices, as well as household specialization and husbands' labor supply. Recent studies also note the potential impacts on employers and coworkers of mothers who are on leave. One message that this chapter draws from the vast literature - with diverse and, in some instances, contradictory findings - is that policy debates should not center around whether or not governments should offer paid leave; rather they should focus on how to design more efficient or optimal leave programs. This chapter discusses some preliminary lessons for designing a leave program.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/265367
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1184
    Subjects: maternity leave; parental leave; gender role; birth outcomes; breastfeeding; infant health,children's outcomes; mothers' health; labor supply; fertility; divorce
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen