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  1. Economic transition, dualism, and informality in India
    Author: Kesar, Surbhi
    Published: [2019]
    Publisher:  Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst

    In much of the literature on economic development, sustained economic growth is expected to be accompanied by several interrelated processes of structure change, which involve a shift in economic activities from "traditional"/agricultural/informal to... more

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    In much of the literature on economic development, sustained economic growth is expected to be accompanied by several interrelated processes of structure change, which involve a shift in economic activities from "traditional"/agricultural/informal to "modern"/industrial/formal sectors. Such transitions are usually accompanied by a transition in the economic dependence of households towards relatively "modern" and formal segments of the economy, along with a rise in their general economic well-being. In this paper, we examine the Indian economy using the only available household-level pan-India panel data over the high growth period between 2005 and 2011-12, to analyse the patterns and natures of household-level transitions across sectors and identify factors that affected the likelihood and nature of such transitions. We categorize households based on their primary income sources into seven sectors characterised by varying degrees of formality/informality and various production structures and labour processes. We find that while substantial proportion of households have transitioned across these sectors during the period, there has been a continued reproduction of the same economic structure, including a regeneration of dependence on "traditional" informal sector and casual wage employment, which are often expected to dissolve over time with high economic growth. To ascertain the nature of these transitions ("favorable" or "unfavorable"), we employ a "counterfactual" analysis. Contrary to some recent influential literature, we find that, on an average, the transitions towards informal and "traditional" economic spaces are "unfavourable" in nature in terms of well-being of households. Further, using a multinomial logit regression framework, we find that the likelihood and nature of these transitions are largely dependent on household characteristics like levels of education and social caste, some of which are structurally given and cannot be optimally chosen by households. The results show that despite significant churning in the economy, the structure continues to remain fractured, with substantial "unfavourable" transitions towards economic spaces that are continuously reshuffled and reconstituted.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/202957
    Series: Working paper / Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts Amherst ; 2019, 03
    Subjects: structural transformation; informality; transition; segmentation; dualism; India
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Labour market reform in Japan to cope with a shrinking and ageing population
    Author: Jones, Randall Sidney; Seitani, Haruki
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  OECD, Paris, France

    Fundamental reform of traditional Japanese labour market practices is essential to cope with rapid population ageing and the era of 100-year lives. A shift to more flexible employment and wage systems based on performance rather than age would enable... more

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    Fundamental reform of traditional Japanese labour market practices is essential to cope with rapid population ageing and the era of 100-year lives. A shift to more flexible employment and wage systems based on performance rather than age would enable Japan to better utilise its human capital. Abolishing the right of firms to set mandatory retirement – typically at age 60 – would enable employees to extend their careers and reduce the link between wages and seniority. It would also facilitate a further increase in the pension eligibility age above 65, thereby helping to reduce poverty among the elderly. Life-long learning is another key element to extending careers. It is also crucial to address a range of issues that discourage the employment of women, namely the lack of work-life balance and shortages of high quality and affordable childcare and long-term care for the elderly. Fighting discrimination and gender stereotypes is also important to allow women to assume greater leadership roles. Coping with population decline also requires pursuing recent efforts to increase the role of foreign workers in Japan. Breaking down labour market dualism is crucial to expand employment opportunities for women and older people, while reducing income inequality and relative poverty. This Working Paper relates to the 2019 OECD Economic Survey of Japan (http://www.oecd.org/economy/japan-economic-snapshot/)

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: OECD Economics Department working papers ; no. 1568
    Subjects: Economics; Japan; Japanese economy; labour market; labour shortages; labour force participation; population ageing; older workers; mandatory retirement; pension eligibility age; lifelong learning; female employment; work-lifebalance; childcare; womenomics; foreign workers; dualism; non-regular workers
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Labour market reform in Japan to cope with a shrinking and ageing population
    Author: Jones, Randall Sidney; Seitani, Haruki
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  OECD, Paris, France

    Fundamental reform of traditional Japanese labour market practices is essential to cope with rapid population ageing and the era of 100-year lives. A shift to more flexible employment and wage systems based on performance rather than age would enable... more

    Access:
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    Fundamental reform of traditional Japanese labour market practices is essential to cope with rapid population ageing and the era of 100-year lives. A shift to more flexible employment and wage systems based on performance rather than age would enable Japan to better utilise its human capital. Abolishing the right of firms to set mandatory retirement – typically at age 60 – would enable employees to extend their careers and reduce the link between wages and seniority. It would also facilitate a further increase in the pension eligibility age above 65, thereby helping to reduce poverty among the elderly. Life-long learning is another key element to extending careers. It is also crucial to address a range of issues that discourage the employment of women, namely the lack of work-life balance and shortages of high quality and affordable childcare and long-term care for the elderly. Fighting discrimination and gender stereotypes is also important to allow women to assume greater leadership roles. Coping with population decline also requires pursuing recent efforts to increase the role of foreign workers in Japan. Breaking down labour market dualism is crucial to expand employment opportunities for women and older people, while reducing income inequality and relative poverty. This Working Paper relates to the 2019 OECD Economic Survey of Japan (http://www.oecd.org/economy/japan-economic-snapshot/)

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: OECD Economics Department working papers ; no. 1568
    Subjects: Economics; Japan; Japanese economy; labour market; labour shortages; labour force participation; population ageing; older workers; mandatory retirement; pension eligibility age; lifelong learning; female employment; work-lifebalance; childcare; womenomics; foreign workers; dualism; non-regular workers
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Labor market closure and the stalling of the gender pay gap
    Author: Minkus, Lara
    Published: [2019]
    Publisher:  German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    The gender pay gap (GPG) remains a persistent phenomenon in contemporary labor markets. Despite a vast body of research examining its causes, as of today, unequal labor market power resources between men and women have remained an underappreciated... more

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    The gender pay gap (GPG) remains a persistent phenomenon in contemporary labor markets. Despite a vast body of research examining its causes, as of today, unequal labor market power resources between men and women have remained an underappreciated factor in the literature. Drawing on the Socio-economic Panel and the Microcensus, the association between the GPG and labor market closure - a crucial determinant of unequal power resources in labor markets - is followed from 1993-2011. Employing JMP decomposition, unionization, tertiary credentialing and part-time employment are found to exacerbate the overall wage differential by 41 percent. Part-time employment has been the only indictor that enlarged the gender pay gap (17 percent) between 1993 and 2011, while the remaining covariates contributed toward its convergence. These results advance our understanding of stalling GPGs by highlighting the so far widely neglected importance of power resources on the GPG.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/203168
    Series: SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research ; 1049 (2019)
    Subjects: gender pay gap; labor market closure; stalled gender revolution; JMP decom-position; dualism
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen