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Displaying results 1 to 18 of 18.

  1. Similarity of structural changes
    the case of university enrollment rates
    Author: Maksimov, Andrey G.; Telezhkina, Marina S.
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  National Research University, Higher School of Economics, [Moscow]

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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: Array ; 271/EC/2024
    Subjects: panel data; clusterization; structural changes; cosine metric; developed countries; developing countries; post-communist countries
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) and the COVID-19 crisis
    Published: April 2022
    Publisher:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago de Chile

    The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is the worst global crisis since the Second World War, with developing countries suffering more devastating economic and social effects than developed countries. Governments’ increased pandemic-related... more

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    The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is the worst global crisis since the Second World War, with developing countries suffering more devastating economic and social effects than developed countries. Governments’ increased pandemic-related expenditure combined with the drastic fall in tax revenues have increased their fiscal deficits and heightened their debt vulnerabilities. The generalized increase in fiscal imbalances and indebtedness has given rise to greater liquidity needs across developing countries, despite considerable heterogeneity in their fiscal positions and debt profiles.Easing liquidity constraints and expanding fiscal space for all developing countries requires alternative mechanisms in addition to existing credit facilities. The new general allocation of US$ 650 billion in Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) implemented on 23 August 2021 provided the most expedient mechanism to provide concessional liquidity at scale to all countries regardless of their level of income. Aside from its agility and financial effects, SDRs are the only democratic device to enhance policy space in developing economies, as it comes with no conditionalities. „ SDRs have several advantages over other IMF credit facilities and financing lines, including the fact that they do not generate debt, have a very low cost of use, and can reduce the risk premium for highly indebted countries. The new issuance of SDRs can help boost the level of international reserves of developing economies, strengthen their external positions, reduce their liquidity and default risk, and free up resources to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Key messages .-- A. The pandemic and developing countries’ financing needs .-- B. SDRs and their advantages .-- C. Recipient countries ofthe SDR allocation .-- D. Determining the value of SDRs to be reallocated from developedto developing countries (low-and middle-income countries) .-- E. Proposed means of reallocating SDRs .-- F. Conclusion.

     
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  3. The Easterlin paradox
    Author: Easterlin, Richard A.; O'Connor, Kelsey J.
    Published: December 2020
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The Easterlin Paradox states that at a point in time happiness varies directly with income, both among and within nations, but over time the long-term growth rates of happiness and income are not significantly related. The principal reason for the... more

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    The Easterlin Paradox states that at a point in time happiness varies directly with income, both among and within nations, but over time the long-term growth rates of happiness and income are not significantly related. The principal reason for the contradiction is social comparison. At a point in time those with higher income are happier because they are comparing their income to that of others who are less fortunate, and conversely for those with lower income. Over time, however, as incomes rise throughout the population, the incomes of one's comparison group rise along with one's own income and vitiates the otherwise positive effect of own-income growth on happiness. Critics of the Paradox mistakenly present the positive relation of happiness to income in cross-section data or in short-term time fluctuations as contradicting the nil relation of long-term trends.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/232675
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13923
    Subjects: Easterlin Paradox; economic growth; income; happiness; life satisfaction; subjective well-being; long-term; short-term; trends; fluctuations; transition countries; less developed countries; developed countries
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. The Easterlin Paradox
    Author: Easterlin, Richard A.; O'Connor, Kelsey J.
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    The Easterlin Paradox states that at a point in time happiness varies directly with income, both among and within nations, but over time the long-term growth rates of happiness and income are not significantly related. The principal reason for the... more

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    The Easterlin Paradox states that at a point in time happiness varies directly with income, both among and within nations, but over time the long-term growth rates of happiness and income are not significantly related. The principal reason for the contradiction is social comparison. At a point in time those with higher income are happier because they are comparing their income to that of others who are less fortunate, and conversely for those with lower income. Over time, however, as incomes rise throughout the population, the incomes of one's comparison group rise along with one's own income and vitiates the otherwise positive effect of own-income growth on happiness. Critics of the Paradox mistakenly present the positive relation of happiness to income in cross-section data or in short-term time fluctuations as contradicting the nil relation of long-term trends.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/227732
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 743
    Subjects: Easterlin Paradox; economic growth; income; happiness; life satisfaction; subjective well-being; long-term; short-term; trends; fluctuations; transition countries; less developed countries; developed countries
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Trade and labour market outcomes
    theory and evidence at the firm and worker levels
    Author: Aleman-Castilla, Benjamin
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    The literature on the impact of trade on labour market outcomes has experienced a remarkable evolution in recent decades. Theory has moved on from oversimplified to more comprehensive models that take into account previously disregarded... more

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    The literature on the impact of trade on labour market outcomes has experienced a remarkable evolution in recent decades. Theory has moved on from oversimplified to more comprehensive models that take into account previously disregarded characteristics of firms and of product and labour markets, such as firm heterogeneity and labour market frictions. Thanks mainly to the availability of higher-quality data, greater computational capacity and improved econometric techniques, an increasing number of empirical studies provide valuable feedback that can be used for the continuous enhancement of the underlying theory. This working paper surveys the literature on the impact of international trade on firms and workers, presenting the main theoretical and methodological frameworks, including the assumptions on which these are based and the results obtained. It also discusses briefly the challenges that need to be addressed in future research, such as the collection of more and even higher-quality data, and the development of new statistical indicators that better reflect the dimensions of decent work.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9789220334249; 9789220334287; 9789220334294
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263078
    Series: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 12 (October 2020)
    Subjects: decent work; labour market; workers; globalization; enterprises; trade liberalization; developed countries; developing countries
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. The labour market impact of international trade
    methodological approaches for macro- and mesolevel assessments
    Author: Hernandez, Monica
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    This working paper examines methodological approaches for the empirical assessment of the labour market impact of international trade at the macro and meso level. It considers the underlying assumptions, data requirements and the advantages and... more

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    This working paper examines methodological approaches for the empirical assessment of the labour market impact of international trade at the macro and meso level. It considers the underlying assumptions, data requirements and the advantages and limitations associated with each of these approaches in order to evaluate their adequacy and to inform policymaking. A major takeaway of this review is that the approaches commonly used for such assessments tend to focus on quantitative changes in the level of employment and wages, while paying less attention to other aspects related to working conditions. This paper argues that a methodological approach based on mixed methods and drawing on a broader set of indicators can provide more comprehensive insights into the impact of international trade on labour markets.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9789220334300; 9789220335659; 9789220335666
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    hdl: 10419/263079
    Series: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 13 (October 2020)
    Subjects: working conditions; globalization; trade; developed countries; developing countries
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten)
  7. Financiamento externo e transição energética nos países do BRICS
    Author: Mousinho, Maria Cândida Arrais de Miranda; Coelho, André Pires Batista
    Published: abril de 2023
    Publisher:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    Despite the challenges for its development, the energy transition is crucial not only to achieve energy security and reduce energy dependence in politically unstable regions, but above all post- -pandemic to meet the goals established in the 2030... more

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    Despite the challenges for its development, the energy transition is crucial not only to achieve energy security and reduce energy dependence in politically unstable regions, but above all post- -pandemic to meet the goals established in the 2030 Agenda. In this context, countries considered developed have an essential role in the trajectory for a safe global energy transition and, Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) are also configured with unquestionable relevance: due to the economic, environmental and social representation they hold, these States are at the center of gravity of energy production and consumption. In that context, it is worth asking how the main global economies intersect with the countries that make up the BRICS regarding to financing for energy transition in these countries. Thus, the guiding question of this work is to know who are the main financiers of the countries that make up the BRICS for a low carbon economy within the scope of the OECD. The methodology adopted was based on the literature review that was combined with the data obtained in the prospection of the three databases chosen to carry out quantitative analyzes by summarizing statistical calculations. Among the results, it can be pointed out that among the BRICS, India was the country that received the most funding from OECD countries for energy transition and Germany was the main individual direct financier of the BRICS. It should be noted that, in relation to multilateral organizations, the World Bank played a leading role in financing the energy transition.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/284920
    Series: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2864
    Subjects: energy transition; financing; developed countries; BRICS
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Digital manufacturing revolutions as political projects and hypes
    evidences from the auto sector
    Author: Pardi, Tommaso; Krzywdzinski, Martin; Luethje, Boy
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    The article analyses the evolution of automotive manufacturing technologies and organisations and assesses the impact of "fourth industrial revolution" concepts and policies (in Germany, US and China) in particular for employment and work. While it... more

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    The article analyses the evolution of automotive manufacturing technologies and organisations and assesses the impact of "fourth industrial revolution" concepts and policies (in Germany, US and China) in particular for employment and work. While it dismisses the idea that a fourth industrial revolution is under way and that a radical break will happen in the coming years, it shows that more subtle changes are taking place on the shop-floor of automotive factories that might result in deskilling and work intensification. The article advocates for a more active role of trade unions and social partners in challenging these narratives of disruptive change and building alternative human-centred visions of the future of work.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9789220321737; 9789220321744; 9789220321751
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263070
    Series: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 3 (April 2020)
    Subjects: employment; industry; motor vehicle industry; technological change; developed countries; developing countries
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Location of foreign direct investment in vertically related markets
    Author: Milliou, Chrysovalantou
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  CESifo, München

    We provide an alternative explanation for the commonly observed FDI in developed countries (DCs) considering a vertically related market structure and endogenizing vertical technology transfer (VTT). We show that even though VTT is more costly in a... more

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    We provide an alternative explanation for the commonly observed FDI in developed countries (DCs) considering a vertically related market structure and endogenizing vertical technology transfer (VTT). We show that even though VTT is more costly in a less developed country (LDC), a multinational does not always transfer less technology there than in a DC. Moreover, we show that a multinational sometimes locates its FDI in a DC where, although downstream competition is stronger than in a LDC, it can obtain the input at better terms due to VTT. Independently of whether the host country is more or less developed, FDI is always welfare-enhancing.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/69995
    RVK Categories: QB 910
    Series: Array ; 4117
    Subjects: foreign direct investment; host country; vertical relations; developed countries
    Scope: Online-Ressource
  10. LOCKED OUT: Where are the Ethnic Minority Women?
    Shortcomings of Cervical Cancer Screening Programs in Developed Countries
    Author: Akellot, Daniella
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken

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    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9786202525756; 6202525754
    Other identifier:
    9786202525756
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Other subjects: (Produktform)Electronic book text; Cervical cancer; screening; Immigrants; ethnic minorities; migrants; Women; developed countries; high income countries; low uptake; barriers; poor attendance; Factors; inhibitors; (VLB-WN)1726: Soziologie/Frauenforschung, Geschlechterforschung
    Scope: Online-Ressource, 60 Seiten
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    Vom Verlag als Druckwerk on demand und/oder als E-Book angeboten
  11. مادة الثقافة الجنسية فى البلدان النامية
    مادة الثقافة الجنسية فى البلدان النامية
    Author: محمد عثمان إدريس, احمد
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  Noor Publishing, Saarbrücken

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Arabic
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9786200076014; 6200076014
    Other identifier:
    9786200076014
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Other subjects: (Produktform)Electronic book text; البلدان النامية; الثقافة; الجنسية; sex; Education; developed countries; (VLB-WN)1726: Soziologie/Frauenforschung, Geschlechterforschung
    Scope: Online-Ressource, 72 Seiten
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  12. Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) and the COVID-19 crisis
    Published: April 2022
    Publisher:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago de Chile

    The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is the worst global crisis since the Second World War, with developing countries suffering more devastating economic and social effects than developed countries. Governments’ increased pandemic-related... more

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    The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is the worst global crisis since the Second World War, with developing countries suffering more devastating economic and social effects than developed countries. Governments’ increased pandemic-related expenditure combined with the drastic fall in tax revenues have increased their fiscal deficits and heightened their debt vulnerabilities. The generalized increase in fiscal imbalances and indebtedness has given rise to greater liquidity needs across developing countries, despite considerable heterogeneity in their fiscal positions and debt profiles.Easing liquidity constraints and expanding fiscal space for all developing countries requires alternative mechanisms in addition to existing credit facilities. The new general allocation of US$ 650 billion in Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) implemented on 23 August 2021 provided the most expedient mechanism to provide concessional liquidity at scale to all countries regardless of their level of income. Aside from its agility and financial effects, SDRs are the only democratic device to enhance policy space in developing economies, as it comes with no conditionalities. „ SDRs have several advantages over other IMF credit facilities and financing lines, including the fact that they do not generate debt, have a very low cost of use, and can reduce the risk premium for highly indebted countries. The new issuance of SDRs can help boost the level of international reserves of developing economies, strengthen their external positions, reduce their liquidity and default risk, and free up resources to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Key messages .-- A. The pandemic and developing countries’ financing needs .-- B. SDRs and their advantages .-- C. Recipient countries ofthe SDR allocation .-- D. Determining the value of SDRs to be reallocated from developedto developing countries (low-and middle-income countries) .-- E. Proposed means of reallocating SDRs .-- F. Conclusion.

     
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  13. Childlessness and economic development
    a survey
    Author: Baudin, Thomas; De la Croix, David; Gobbi, Paula E.
    Published: [2019]
    Publisher:  ECARES, Brussels, Belgium

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/280863
    Series: ECARES working paper ; 2019, 03 (January 2019)
    Subjects: Childlessness; fertility; education; marriage; children; sterility; economic development; poverty-driven childlessness; opportunity-driven childlessness; female empowerment; childcare; Malthusian economy; educational homogamy; reproductive health; demographic economics; developed countries; developing countries; historical childlessness; quantity and quality of children; inequality
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Childlessness and economic development
    a survey
    Author: Baudin, Thomas; De la Croix, David; Gobbi, Paula E.
    Published: [2019]
    Publisher:  Institut de recherches économiques et sociales de l'Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 2078.1/212338
    Series: Discussion paper / Institut de recherches économiques et sociales de l'Université catholique de Louvain ; 2019, 1
    Subjects: Childlessness; fertility; education; marriage; children; sterility; economic development; poverty-driven childlessness; opportunity-driven childlessness; female empowerment; childcare; Malthusian economy; educational homogamy; reproductive health; demographic economics; developed countries; developing countries; historical childlessness; quantity and quality of children; inequality
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Competition between firms in developing and developed countries
    Author: Kimura, Koichiro
    Published: 2014
    Publisher:  Inst. of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization, Chiba

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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: IDE discussion papers ; 469
    Subjects: the boundaries of the firm; indigenous firms; foreign firms; developing countries; developed countries
    Scope: Online-Ressource (20 S.)
  16. Long-term trends in income distribution
    a global perspective
    Author: Obst, Thomas
    Published: 2015
    Publisher:  ILO, Geneva

    This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the development in income distribution and outlines its major long-term trends of 23 countries worldwide. These countries are clustered in four groups covering the core advanced, the Nordic, the... more

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    This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the development in income distribution and outlines its major long-term trends of 23 countries worldwide. These countries are clustered in four groups covering the core advanced, the Nordic, the emerging, and the least developed economies of the world. This paper applies different measures to analyse income distribution in three dimensions: national income, functional income distribution, and personal income distribution. Depending on the indicators applied the time period ranges between 1960 and 2012. The empirical analysis shows that increases in national incomes are most pronounced in the advanced economies. The emerging economies also exhibit an upward trend in national income, but it has been less substantial. The least developed economies, however, have been detached from this trend and remain isolated. Moreover, this paper illustrates that there has been an enormous re-distribution of income. During the last three decades, the labour share of income has declined in nearly all countries under study. This development went hand in hand with increased personal income inequality. Disposable income inequality and market income inequality have both increased over the past 30 years. Wage dispersion also rose substantially contributing to greater income inequality. Additionally, the escalation of top income shares as well as the expansion of low paid employment has led to a growing gap between the top and the bottom income earners. This analysis also presents important interlinks between greater income inequality, the fall of the wage share, and increasing wage dispersion.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/110657
    Series: Global Labour University working papers ; 29
    Subjects: income distribution; wage differential; economic disparity; national income; household income; low income; trend; developed countries; developing countries
    Scope: Online-Ressource (V, 42 S.), graph. Darst.
  17. Strategies for closing the representation gap in micro and small enterprises
    Published: 2010
    Publisher:  ILO, Geneva

    This working paper is a combination of two reports. The first section is a report by Serrano and Xhafa and it complements the study on the second phase of the Closing the representation gap (Webster et al, 2008). The purpose of this report is to... more

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    This working paper is a combination of two reports. The first section is a report by Serrano and Xhafa and it complements the study on the second phase of the Closing the representation gap (Webster et al, 2008). The purpose of this report is to identify critical factors and variables that may affect or influence collective representation of MSE workers. Thus the findings pertaining to non-unionised respondents are highlighted. The report attempts to address the question: What organizing themes and strategies would encourage MSE workers to organize? The report highlights some critical representation factors that could serve as entry points or spaces for collective representation and for enhancing MSE workers willingness to organize and/or join a union. The last section of this working paper is a report on the results of the third and final phase of the Closing the representation gap amongst MSE workers by Webster and Bischoff. The aim of this study was to find ways of strengthening trade union organization amongst workers in micro and small enterprises (MSEs) through conducting a mapping exercise (horizontal and vertical mapping) in nine countries. The report draws on the work of Regalia and identifies two dimensions to union responses to non-standard workers. The first dimension is determined by the degree of awareness of the specific nature of the interests of non-standard workers. The second is the willingness of trade unions to innovate with representation models. The report identifies two crucial conditions for the success of the trade unions which were found in two of the country case studies. Firstly, the mapping process works best where MSE workers are already organized into some form of pre-existing association, either a labour supporting NGO or a worker association that has a firm presence amongst MSE workers. Without this form of embedded solidarity the mapping process fails to find a point of entry and an informal network to engage with. Secondly, both successful country case studies benefited by links with trade union programmes run by university based intellectuals. Secondly the study suggests that new institutional actors are emerging to fill the growing representational gap amongst the traditional industrial relations actors, the state and national trade unions.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/96390
    Series: Global Labour University working papers ; 10
    Subjects: workers representation; trade union; trade unionization; small enterprise; microenterprise; developed countries; developing countries
    Scope: Online-Ressource (II, 55 S.), graph. Darst.
  18. The implementation of minimum wage
    challenges and creative solutions
    Author: Benassi, Chiara
    Published: 2011
    Publisher:  ILO, Geneva

    While minimum wage is widely debated at both academic and political levels, little attention has been dedicated to documenting and assessing the implementation of and compliance with minimum wage policies. This paper begins to fill this research gap... more

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 451 (12)
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    While minimum wage is widely debated at both academic and political levels, little attention has been dedicated to documenting and assessing the implementation of and compliance with minimum wage policies. This paper begins to fill this research gap by identifying and qualitatively assessing a variety of minimum wage implementation mechanisms. The theoretical framework delineates various frameworks that explain what implementation strategies might be effective in achieving compliance with minimum wage. The empirical part offers examples of how these elements have been implemented in practice. First, it provides an overview of existing implementation mechanisms drawn from across the globe. Then, the British minimum wage implementation system is illustrated in detail. Finally, additional implementation strategies from the broader field of labour regulation are presented with a view to diversifying and strengthening minimum wage implementation. Based on the documentation of these strategies, five types of measures should be included in setting up an effective implementation system: First, persuasion strategies should be used to build public support for the minimum wage and encourage employers to comply voluntarily. Second, capacity building measures such as information sessions and training seminars should be undertaken so that employers and workers are informed about the minimum wage and so that employers know how to implement it in their firms. Third, the monitoring system should allow the detection of non-compliance. Labour inspections should be reinforced and carried out, especially in the sectors at risk; complaint procedures should be made more accessible and safer to workers and their representatives. Fourth, workers should be empowered to enforce their wage rights not just through individual complaints, but also through collective action, as workers fear retaliation when they are required to undertake individual action. For instance, unions should be given access to information on workers' wages, the opportunity to organize workers and the power to act on workers' behalf. Finally, sanctions should be structured such that they constitute an actual deterrent to non-compliance. This means that the cost of sanctions should be higher than the benefit of workers' underpayment. Moreover, the application of sanctions should be sure and incremental.

     
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    Content information
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/96391
    Series: Global Labour University working papers ; 12
    Subjects: minimum wage; wage payment system; wage policy; labour inspection; sanction; developed countries; developing countries; UK
    Scope: Online-Ressource (IV, 52 S.)