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  1. Economic development and barriers to (decent) work for women in SSA and MENA
    Author: Stöcker, Alexander; Zintl, Tina
    Published: 2024
    Publisher:  German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS) gGmbH, Bonn

    Gender inequality not only leads to poor labour market outcomes for women, both in terms of participation and the type of employment, but is also a constraining factor for economic development worldwide. While there is a sizeable pool of literature... more

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    Gender inequality not only leads to poor labour market outcomes for women, both in terms of participation and the type of employment, but is also a constraining factor for economic development worldwide. While there is a sizeable pool of literature on the underlying barriers to female employment, it remains unclear how these barriers play out across different world regions. This paper discusses and compares the barriers to (decent) work faced by women in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It is inspired by the three labour market transitions as countries develop economically over time (paid work, wage work and occupational variety) as presented by Bandiera et al. (2022a). Against this background, we identify the factors that are most helpful in explaining why so many women (i) do not take up any paid work; (ii) cannot find more decent (wage) work; and (iii) are rarely employed in specialized, well-remunerated and highly productive work. We find that labour market outcomes of women in both regions are negatively affected by gender norms, yet in a remarkably different way. Women in the MENA region especially do not often take up paid work at all (first transition) due to strong prevailing social norms and prioritised personal commitments, such as care work and other household chores. Women in SSA are more often detained from finding wage work with better working conditions (second transition). For economic reasons, many African women need to contribute to the household income so gendered labour market barriers, such as care responsibilities and time constraints, frequently push them to accept precarious jobs. Possibilities to get into more specialised occupations (third transition) are slim for women in both our regions of interest, as they tend to continue working in traditionally female-dominated sectors. Yet, in MENA, occupational segregation often arises due to gender norms around appropriate workplace and tasks or transportation, while this link is less pronounced in SSA. Our approach, thus, allows us to compare the barriers to labour market inclusion and advancement that deny women better jobs and a more active role in economic development in different world regions.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: IDOS discussion paper ; 2024, 16
    Subjects: gender equality; labour markets; labour force participation; female employment; occupational segregation; social norms; necessity entrepreneurship; decent work; barriers to employment
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Women's access to quality work
    a cross-country analysis
    Author: Araar, Abdelkrim; Arunatilake, Nisha; Fontana, Marzia; Gunewardena, Dileni; Jayawardena, Priyanka; Perera, Usha
    Published: June 2024
    Publisher:  PEP, Partnership for Economic Policy, [Nairobi]

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: PEP working paper series ; 2024, 08
    Subjects: women’s labor-force participation; decent work; gender equality; family policies; occupational segregation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. From invisible door to glass ceiling
    barriers to women obtaining decent work in Brazil
    Author: Cabral, Bernardo Pereira; Sousa, Filipe Lage de; Sousa Ferreira, Glaucia Estefânia de; Corrêa Dias, Isabella; Santana, Synthia Kariny Silva de
    Published: May 2024
    Publisher:  PEP, Partnership for Economic Policy, [Nairobi]

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: PEP working paper series ; 2024, 06
    Subjects: Gender economics; family economics; gender equality; decent work; female work; early childhood; childcare
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Unveiling barriers to women's access to decent work in Peru
    Author: Alcázar, Lorena; Huerta, Shirley; Távara, Fernando
    Published: February 2024
    Publisher:  PEP, Partnership for Economic Policy, [Nairobi]

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: PEP working paper series ; 2024, 01
    Subjects: Female employment; decent work; gender-based norms
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Employment and wage disparities between rural and urban areas
    Author: Ananian, Sévane; Dellaferrera, Giulia
    Published: 2024
    Publisher:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    Statistical evidence from 58 countries shows that although people in rural areas are more likely to be in employment than those in urban ones, they also tend to have jobs that can put them at risk of experiencing inadequate labour protection as well... more

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    Statistical evidence from 58 countries shows that although people in rural areas are more likely to be in employment than those in urban ones, they also tend to have jobs that can put them at risk of experiencing inadequate labour protection as well as low pay. In particular, rural workers are paid, on average, 24 per cent less than their urban counterparts on an hourly basis, and only half of this gap can be explained by rural-urban discrepancies in education, job experience and occupational category. Developing countries exhibit a relatively wider gap, with the unexplained part also being larger. Furthermore, in many countries, certain groups of rural workers are at greater disadvantage, such as women, who, on average, appear to earn less than men in rural areas. However, institutional and regulatory frameworks, notably those that set minimum wages or seek to promote equal opportunities, can help to reduce labour market-related inequalities across the rural-urban divide.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789220404430; 9789220404447; 9789220404454; 9789220404461
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/283544
    Series: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 107 (February 2024)
    Subjects: decent work; rural employment; rural workers; working conditions; remuneration; low wages; inequality; data analysis
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen