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Displaying results 1 to 12 of 12.

  1. India's progress on its climate action plan
    an update in early 2022
    Published: March 2022
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9781784671983
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/253285
    Series: Array ; 11
    Subjects: Climate Action; decarbonization; Efficiency; Energy Transition; India; Renewables
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Collaboration, decarbonization, and distributional effects
    Published: April 2022
    Publisher:  ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    We conduct a hybrid scenario exercise to analyze decarbonization pathways of the European power market and related distributional effects across countries as well as between consumers and producers. Our CIB analysis reveals qualitative scenarios that... more

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    We conduct a hybrid scenario exercise to analyze decarbonization pathways of the European power market and related distributional effects across countries as well as between consumers and producers. Our CIB analysis reveals qualitative scenarios that differ in the level of political (stringency of climate policy) and physical collaboration (transmission grid expansion). We use a CGE model to quantify those scenarios for further usage in a power market model. Consumers generally experience considerably higher electricity prices, whereas producers observe higher rents. Electricity prices are lowest in the least collaborative future. Producer rents in turn are highest in the most collaborative one. Patterns hugely differ by country, making 13 countries to profiteers of the least collaborative future and 12 countries to profiteers of the most collaborative one. Only 3 countries profit from medium collaboration. Countries that profit from the most collaborative future experience substantially higher producer rents. Countries that profit from the least collaborative one in turn experience lowest electricity prices.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/251985
    Series: Ifo working papers ; 368 (2022)
    Subjects: Hybrid scenario analysis; CIB method; CGE modeling; energy system modeling; power market modeling; collaboration; decarbonization; energy transition; distributional effects
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Cross-border cooperation on CO2 transport and sequestration
    the case of Germany and Norway
    Published: September 2022
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    If two different jurisdictions are involved in the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) chain, CO2 handling needs to be harmonized across borders and interface issues should be resolved (e.g. technical and operational standards, certification, transfer... more

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    If two different jurisdictions are involved in the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) chain, CO2 handling needs to be harmonized across borders and interface issues should be resolved (e.g. technical and operational standards, certification, transfer of ownership and risk, etc.). Similar to the imbalance which exists between the demand for fossil fuels between importing and exporting countries, suitable geological formations for CO2 storage may not exist in the highest-emitting countries, which calls for a need to export CO2 to countries with more suitable storage sites. It may also be in the interest of fossil fuel exporting countries to help their customers to dispose of CO2 stemming from imported hydrocarbons, as importing countries may have no other option due to the lack of sequestration potential (e.g. Japan). This will involve exporting and importing of CO2 across borders, relying on offshore transport by ships or via pipelines in most cases. Thus far, such examples include the transport of CO2 by onshore pipelines from the Boundary Dam project in Canada to the Weyburn project in the US, and the upcoming Longship project which envisages cross-border transport of CO2 via shipping from the UK and EU countries to Norway. All other projects so far have been within one jurisdiction. However, most recently (August 2022), Northern Lights signed a first-of-its-kind commercial agreement for cross-border CO2 capture and transport, where, from 2025, CO2 will be captured, compressed and liquified in the Netherlands, to be transported and stored in Norway. It is expected that other similar ventures will be established, making the publication of this study all the more timely. This paper appraises a specific case study of cross-border CO2 transport from Germany to Norway. It is argued that the opportunity offered by Norway to sequester large volumes of CO2 under its shelf in the North Sea is one that Germany should use to meet its ambitious net-zero goal for 2045. While the infrastructure needed on both sides requires vast investments, coordination and regulatory and legal efforts, endeavours of comparable scale have been achieved by cooperation between both countries in the past such as the successful development of the Troll gas export project and the infrastructure linked to it both offshore and onshore and the development of its market in less than 20 years. One important conclusion is the need to develop a joint vision on the necessary development in the short time (and the limited size of the CO2 budget) left, and to create procedures and institutions needed for cooperation and coordination.

     

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    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9781784672041
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    hdl: 10419/270522
    Series: Array ; 15
    Subjects: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS); CCS Business Models; CCS Chain; CO2 transport; Cross-border CO2 transport; decarbonization; Germany; net-zero; Norway
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Endogenous technological change in power markets
    Published: July 2022
    Publisher:  ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    Decarbonization requires the transformation of power markets towards renewable energies and investment costs are decisive for the deployed technologies. Exogenous cost assumptions cannot fully reflect the underlying dynamics of technological change.... more

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    Decarbonization requires the transformation of power markets towards renewable energies and investment costs are decisive for the deployed technologies. Exogenous cost assumptions cannot fully reflect the underlying dynamics of technological change. We implement divergent learning-by-doing specifications in a multi-region power market model by means of mixed-integer programming to approximate non-linear investment costs. We consider European learning, regional learning, and three different ways to depreciate experience stocks within the European learning metric: perfect recall, continuous forgetting, and lifetime forgetting. Learning generally yields earlier investments. European learning fosters the deployment of solar PV and wind onshore, whereas regional learning leads to more wind offshore deployment in regions with high wind offshore quality. Perfect recall fosters solar PV and wind onshore expansion, whereas lifetime forgetting fosters wind offshore usage. Results for continuous forgetting are in between those of perfect recall and lifetime forgetting. Generally, learning leads to the earlier deployment of learning technologies but regional patterns are different across learning specifications and also deviate significantly from this general pattern of preponing investments.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/261403
    Series: Ifo working papers ; 373 (2022)
    Subjects: Endogenous technological change; learning-by-doing; forgetting; renewable energies; power market model; decarbonization
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. The landscape of co2 emissions across Africa
    a comparative perspective
    Published: 08 July 2022
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Array ; DP17450
    Subjects: CO2; Africa; decarbonization; emission intensity
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Taxation of carbon emissions with social and private discount rates
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    Energy system and power market models refrain from distinguishing between private and social discount rates. We devise a strategy to account for diverging private and social discount rates in intertemporal optimization frameworks, resulting in an... more

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    Energy system and power market models refrain from distinguishing between private and social discount rates. We devise a strategy to account for diverging private and social discount rates in intertemporal optimization frameworks, resulting in an optimal carbon tax above the marginal damage when private discount rates exceed the social one. We quantify results for the European power market until 2050. Not distinguishing between private and social discount rates yields carbon emissions of 0.83 Gt in 2050 with rising trend from 2020 onwards. Distinguishing between private and social discount rates achieves full decarbonization (–0.15 Gt in 2050) and avoids damages of 1,386 billion € until 2050. Results explain missing investments of firms and suggest that policymakers should announce high future carbon prices to incentivize sufficient investments into clean technologies.

     

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    hdl: 10419/263163
    Series: Ifo working papers ; 374 (2022, July 2022)
    Subjects: Carbon taxation; discounting; social cost; carbon emission; externality; intertemporal optimization; power market model; decarbonization
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Complementary taxation of carbon emissions and local air pollution
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    Current decarbonization policies neglect damages from local air pollutants. We analyze the trade-off between complementary taxation of carbon emissions and local air pollution. We quantify results for the European power market until 2050. Taxing only... more

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    Current decarbonization policies neglect damages from local air pollutants. We analyze the trade-off between complementary taxation of carbon emissions and local air pollution. We quantify results for the European power market until 2050. Taxing only air pollution results in social cost of 5,890 billion € and fosters nuclear deployment. Taxing only carbon yields social cost of 716 billion € and promotes CCS deployment. Taxing both yields cost of 1,118 billion €. Moderate carbon taxation can be complementary to a primary policy of air pollution abatement. On the contrary, a primary policy of decarbonization stands in trade-off with air pollution abatement in the long-term.

     

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    hdl: 10419/263164
    Series: Ifo working papers ; 375 (2022, July 2022)
    Subjects: Taxation; social cost; air pollution; carbon emission; externality; energy system model; power market model; decarbonization
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Electricity pricing problems in future renewables-dominant power systems
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Cambridge, MA, USA

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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Edition: Revised February 2022
    Series: Working paper series / MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research ; 2021, 017 (November 2021)
    Subjects: decarbonization; storage; pricing; renewables; efficiency; electrification
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Digitalisierung. Dekarbonisierung. Demografie. Wandel gestalten
    Mittelstandsbericht Thüringen 2020
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Kiel Institut für Weltwirtschaft - Leibniz Zentrum zur Erforschung globaler ökonomischer Herausforderungen, Kiel

    Im Rahmen ihres Mittelstandsberichts Thüringen stellen die Autoren fest, dass sich das Bruttoinlandsprodukt Thüringens seit dem Jahr 2015 ungünstiger entwickelt hat als das BIP in Deutschland insgesamt, während die Arbeitslosenquote in Thüringen... more

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    Im Rahmen ihres Mittelstandsberichts Thüringen stellen die Autoren fest, dass sich das Bruttoinlandsprodukt Thüringens seit dem Jahr 2015 ungünstiger entwickelt hat als das BIP in Deutschland insgesamt, während die Arbeitslosenquote in Thüringen stark zurückging und im Jahr 2021 unter dem Bundesdurchschnitt lag. Anlass zur Sorge bereitet aus ihrer Sicht die geringe Gründungsdynamik. Als Herausforderungen für die mittelständische Wirtschaft sehen sie vor allem den Rückgang der Erwerbsbevölkerung und den Fachkräftemangel, den digitalen Wandel, die Notwendigkeit der Dekarbonisierung sowie die Bewältigung der Corona-Pandemie an. Zur Bewältigung des Fachkräftemangels empfehlen sie, die Attraktivität des Wirtschaftsstandortes Thüringens für Fachkräfte und Hochqualifizierte zu erhöhen. Auch bedarf es nach Ansicht der Autoren einer stärkeren Priorisierung in der Förderpolitik. Vornehmlich gefördert werden sollten Investitionen, die den Strukturwandel voranbringen und zu einer nachhaltigen Steigerung der Produktivität der Unternehmen beitragen, etwa durch arbeitssparende (digitale) Technologien. As part of their SME Report Thuringia, the authors note that Thuringia's gross domestic product has developed less favorably than GDP in Germany as a whole since 2015, while the unemployment rate in Thuringia has fallen sharply and was below the national average in 2021. In their view, the low start-up momentum is a cause for concern. They see the decline in the workforce and the shortage of skilled workers, the digital transformation, the need for decarbonization and coping with the Corona pandemic as the main challenges facing SMEs. To address the shortage of skilled workers, they recommend increasing the attractiveness of Thuringia as a business location for skilled workers and the highly qualified. The authors also believe that there is a need for greater prioritization in funding policy. Priority should be given to investments that promote structural change and contribute to a sustainable increase in the productivity of companies, for example through labor-saving (digital) technologies.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: German
    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9783894563547
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/251604
    Series: Kieler Beiträge zur Wirtschaftspolitik ; Nr. 39 (März 2022)
    Subjects: Mittelstand; Wirtschaftspolitik; Demografie; Digitalisierung; Dekarbonisierung; Ostdeutschland; Small business sector; economic policy; demography; digitalization; decarbonization; East Germany
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 145 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. International gas contracts
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    This paper offers an overview and explanation of international gas contracts, of which there are several types along the value chain. The key objective of this paper is to focus on two specific categories of long-term agreements for gas and liquefied... more

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    This paper offers an overview and explanation of international gas contracts, of which there are several types along the value chain. The key objective of this paper is to focus on two specific categories of long-term agreements for gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG) sales, namely Gas Supply Agreements for pipeline gas (GSAs) and Sale and Purchase Agreements for LNG (LNG SPAs). These two types of long-term supply contracts play a central role in the international gas industry, where natural gas is transported by cross-border pipelines or shipped over long distances in the form of LNG. GSAs and LNG SPAs have a long history. They have underpinned early gas and LNG export projects dating back to the mid-1900s and later drove the development of international gas and LNG trade. Despite the emergence, and growing role, of spot and shorter-term alternatives, long-term GSAs and LNG SPAs have remained the key contractual instruments for international gas and LNG sales. GSAs and LNG SPAs have evolved over time. The early contracts were inflexible arrangements concluded between buyers and sellers for periods often exceeding 20 years, delivering gas and LNG in a rigid (mainly point-to-point) trading model. These contracts offered limited options to modify the rights and obligations of the parties during the lifetime of the contract. At the time parties accepted the rigid contract structures as buyers were seeking security of gas supply and sellers security of offtake. In response to various structural changes in gas markets (including principally market liberalization in North America and Europe), and changing supply and demand fundamentals, gas supply contracts have become increasingly flexible. The general trend towards more flexibility has been reflected in changes to both price and non-price terms in GSAs and LNG SPAs. A greater diversity of pricing mechanisms (including oil-, hub-, spot-indexed and other, price formulas applied on a stand-alone or hybrid basis), volume adjustments for operational purposes, and diversions of LNG cargoes, are some examples of flexible terms that are commonly found in the newer contracts. Notably, the historical principle of risk allocation, where the seller assumes the price risk, and the buyer assumes the volume risk, has remained relevant in long-term contract negotiations. There are no universally accepted general terms for pipeline gas and LNG supply contracts. GSAs and LNG SPAs are negotiated on a case-specific basis. They are typically strictly confidential and combine (1) the commercial choices of the parties and (2) their shared long-term outlook for market changes. In practice, long-term gas and LNG contracts commonly include price review clauses, but, they rarely provide a practicable renegotiation basis for more comprehensive changes to contract terms. The issue of contract reopener mechanisms became particularly relevant during the Covid-19 pandemic, where market circumstances significantly affected performance under gas and LNG contracts and triggered the need for various operational adjustments. More recently, the ability of the parties to renegotiate contract terms has become even more urgent amidst the global search for additional gas and LNG supplies in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and related disruptions (executed and anticipated) to Russian gas and LNG exports. The ongoing assessment of the impact of the war in Ukraine arguably presents itself as the most critical and immediate challenge for long-term gas and LNG supply contracts. The continued pursuit of innovation in GSAs and LNG SPAs, along with the emerging contractual responses to decarbonisation requirements, are other examples of the key factors that will shape the outlook for international gas contracts in the future

     

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    ISBN: 9781784672096
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    hdl: 10419/270527
    Series: Array ; 175
    Subjects: decarbonization; Gas Contract Renegotiation; Gas Markets; Gas Supply Agreements (GSA); International Gas Contracts; LNG; Russia Ukraine war; Sale and Purchase Agreements (SPA)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten)
  11. Long-term strategies for decarbonization in Latin America
    learnings from actor-based insights into the drafting process
    Published: July 2022
    Publisher:  Inter-American Development Bank, Department of Research and Chief Economist, [Washington, DC]

    Long-term Strategies for Decarbonization, termed long-term low emissions and development strategies (LT-LEDS) by the UNFCCC, and sometimes referred to as LTS, can influence the transition to a resilient and decarbonized economy. LT-LEDS additionally... more

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    Long-term Strategies for Decarbonization, termed long-term low emissions and development strategies (LT-LEDS) by the UNFCCC, and sometimes referred to as LTS, can influence the transition to a resilient and decarbonized economy. LT-LEDS additionally make it possible to identify investments and regulatory changes needed to enable the deployment of new technologies and to identify measures which facilitate a just transition. This study seeks to improve the understanding of the value that LT-LEDS can bring to climate policy and action at the national level, based on the perspective of local actors who have participated in their design. The study explores the process of formulating LT-LEDS in Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Peru. It combines three distinct methodologies, namely content analysis, literature review and semistructured interviews with actors who participated in the LT-LEDS design processes. We identify common aspects among these processes, as well as weaknesses and difficulties, and provide recommendations for formulating and updating LT-LEDS. Stakeholders expressed their appreciation for many of the attributes of LT-LEDS, for instance using simulations to demonstrate how long-term goals can be achieved, and the possibility of using LT-LEDS to assess and inform Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). However, LT-LEDS are sometimes perceived as instruments primarily designed to fulfill external requirements but disconnected from national development priorities (and from the need to improve resilience). In addition, LTLEDS are not yet fully equipped to mobilize the private sector. The findings of this study can be taken into consideration to improve LT-LEDS drafting processes.

     

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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/290037
    Series: IDB working paper series ; no IDB-WP-1361
    Subjects: climate strategies; decarbonization; climate governance; Paris agreement; climate policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten)
  12. Estrategias climáticas de largo plazo en América Latina
    ¿qué podemos aprender desde la voz de los actores que han participado en su formulación?
    Published: julio 2022
    Publisher:  Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, Departamento de Países del Grupo Andino, [Washington, DC]

    Long-term Strategies for Decarbonization, termed long-term low emissions and development strategies (LT-LEDS) by the UNFCCC, and sometimes referred to as LTS, can influence the transition to a resilient and decarbonized economy. LT-LEDS additionally... more

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    Long-term Strategies for Decarbonization, termed long-term low emissions and development strategies (LT-LEDS) by the UNFCCC, and sometimes referred to as LTS, can influence the transition to a resilient and decarbonized economy. LT-LEDS additionally make it possible to identify investments and regulatory changes needed to enable the deployment of new technologies and to identify measures which facilitate a just transition. This study seeks to improve the understanding of the value that LT-LEDS can bring to climate policy and action at the national level, based on the perspective of local actors who have participated in their design. The study explores the process of formulating LT-LEDS in Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Peru. It combines three distinct methodologies, namely content analysis, literature review and semi- structured interviews with actors who participated in the LT-LEDS design processes. We identify common aspects among these processes, as well as weaknesses and difficulties, and provide recommendations for formulating and updating LT-LEDS. Stakeholders expressed their appreciation for many of the attributes of LT-LEDS, for instance using simulations to demonstrate how long-term goals can be achieved, and the possibility of using LT-LEDS to assess and inform Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). However, LT-LEDS are sometimes perceived as instruments primarily designed to fulfill external requirements but disconnected from national development priorities (and from the need to improve resilience). In addition, LT- LEDS are not yet fully equipped to mobilize the private sector. The findings of this study can be taken into consideration to improve LT-LEDS drafting processes.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Spanish
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/290038
    Series: Documento de trabajo del BID ; no IDB-WP-1361
    Subjects: climate strategies; decarbonization; climate governance; Paris agreement; climate policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten)