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  1. Gender differences in competitiveness
    to what extent can different attitudes toward competition for men and women explain the gender gap in labor markets?
    Author: Lackner, Mario
    Published: November 2021
    Publisher:  Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), Bonn

    Differences in labor market outcomes for women and men are highly persistent. Apart from discrimination, one frequently mentioned explanation could be differences in the attitude toward competition for both genders. Abundant empirical evidence... more

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    Differences in labor market outcomes for women and men are highly persistent. Apart from discrimination, one frequently mentioned explanation could be differences in the attitude toward competition for both genders. Abundant empirical evidence indicates that multiple influences shape attitudes toward competition during different periods of the life cycle. Gender differences in competitiveness will not only influence outcomes during working age, but also during early childhood education. In order to reduce the gender gap in educational and labor market outcomes, it is crucial to understand when and why gender gaps in competitiveness arise and to study their consequences.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/260691
    Series: IZA world of labor ; 2021, 236v2
    Subjects: gender; competitiveness; labor markets; education
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 10 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. The origins of gender differences in competitiveness and earnings expectations
    causal evidence from a mentoring intervention
    Author: Boneva, Teodora; Buser, Thomas; Falk, Armin; Kosse, Fabian
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  Collaborative Research Center Transregio 190, [München]

    We present evidence on the role of the social environment for the development of gender differences in competitiveness and earnings expectations. First, we document that the gender gap in competitiveness and earnings expectations is more pronounced... more

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    We present evidence on the role of the social environment for the development of gender differences in competitiveness and earnings expectations. First, we document that the gender gap in competitiveness and earnings expectations is more pronounced among adolescents with low socioeconomic status (SES). We further document that there is a positive association between the competitiveness of mothers and their daughters, but not between the competitiveness of mothers and their sons. Second, we show that a randomized mentoring intervention that exposes low-SES children to predominantly female role models causally affects girls' willingness to compete and narrows both the gender gap in competitiveness as well as the gender gap in earnings expectations. Together, the results highlight the importance of the social environment in shaping willingness to compete and earnings expectations at a young age.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/256762
    Series: Discussion paper / Rationality & Competition, CRC TRR 190 ; no. 295 (November 15, 2021)
    Subjects: competitiveness; gender; socioeconomic status; inequality; earnings expectations
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Methodologies for the assessment of real effective exchange rates
    Author: Coutinho, Leonor; Garcia, Nuria Mata; Turrini, Alessandro; Vukšić, Goran
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789276387503
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    Series: Array ; 149 (October 2021)
    Subjects: equilibrium exchange rates; external balance; competitiveness; external trade
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. A TOPSIS analysis of regional competitiveness at European level
    Author: Ferrarini, Filippo; Muzzioli, Silvia; De Baets, Bernard
    Published: February 2021
    Publisher:  nUnimore, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di economia Marco Biagi, [Modena]

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: DEMB working paper series ; n. 189
    Subjects: competitiveness; RCI; TOPSIS; regional economy; ranking; Europe
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Constraints on the performance and competitiveness of Tanzania's manufacturing exports
    Author: Misati, Roseline Nyakerario; Ngoka, Kethi
    Published: February 2021
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This study sought to examine the main constraints to manufacturing export competitiveness in Tanzania. Using panel data for the period 1997-2018, the study established that supply-side factors dominate demand-side factors in explaining manufacturing... more

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    This study sought to examine the main constraints to manufacturing export competitiveness in Tanzania. Using panel data for the period 1997-2018, the study established that supply-side factors dominate demand-side factors in explaining manufacturing export competitiveness. Specifically, the results revealed that foreign direct investment and tariffs have a negative and significant effect on export competitiveness in Tanzania, while infrastructure, total investment, labour productivity, and high institutional quality enhance manufactured exports. The study also showed scope for quality upgrading through technology diffusion as well as deeper integration of Tanzania's nascent global value chains by building on existing competencies and negotiating deep trade agreements to increase market reach. Accordingly, measures to increase investment in infrastructure, strengthen institutional frameworks, and further develop human capital can boost export competitiveness in Tanzania. In addition, export competitiveness can be enhanced through reduction of tariffs and incentives to use cheaper value-adding intermediate inputs.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789292569730
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/243361
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 35
    Subjects: competitiveness; manufactured exports; global value chains; Tanzania
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Building a competitive and dynamic green industrial sector in South Africa after COVID-19
    Author: Gwatidzo, Tendai; Simbanegavi, Witness
    Published: 28 June 2021
    Publisher:  Economic Research and Statistics Department, South African Reserve Bank, Pretoria

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: South African Reserve Bank working paper series ; WP, 21, 11
    Subjects: Climate change; competitiveness; energy efficiency; green industry; sustainable development; South Africa; COVID-19
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Building a competitive and dynamic green industrial sector in South Africa after COVID-19
    Author: Gwatidzo, Tendai; Simbanegavi, Witness
    Published: June 2021
    Publisher:  Economic Research Southern Africa, [Cape Town]

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: ERSA policy paper ; 28
    Subjects: Climate change; competitiveness; energy efficiency; green industry; sustainable development; South Africa; COVID-19
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Is being competitive always an advantage?
    degrees of competitiveness, gender, and premature work contract termination
    Author: Lüthi, Samuel; Wolter, Stefan C.
    Published: August 2021
    Publisher:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    In this study, we examine the influence of competitiveness on the stability of labour relations using the example of premature employment and training contract termination in the apprenticeship education sector. The paper extends the small but... more

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    In this study, we examine the influence of competitiveness on the stability of labour relations using the example of premature employment and training contract termination in the apprenticeship education sector. The paper extends the small but growing evidence on the external relevance of competitiveness by analysing gender differences in the correlation between competitiveness and labour market success and whether these effects depend on how the students' propensity to compete is measured. By matching a large experimental dataset with administrative data identifying contract terminations, we find that both gender and test specification matter. While competitive men assigned to a difficult competitiveness task are less likely to drop out of the contract than non competitive men, there is no such effect observable for those assigned to the easier task. On the other hand, competitive women are more likely to drop out than non competitive women, irrespective of how competitiveness is measured.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/245445
    Series: CESifo working paper ; no. 9264 (2021)
    Subjects: competitiveness; non-cognitive skills; gender; apprenticeship
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten)
  9. Is being competitive always an advantage?
    degrees of competitiveness, gender, and premature work contract termination
    Author: Lüthi, Samuel; Wolter, Stefan C.
    Published: August 2021
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    In this study, we examine the influence of competitiveness on the stability of labour relations using the example of premature employment and training contract termination in the apprenticeship education sector. The paper extends the small but... more

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    In this study, we examine the influence of competitiveness on the stability of labour relations using the example of premature employment and training contract termination in the apprenticeship education sector. The paper extends the small but growing evidence on the external relevance of competitiveness by analysing gender differences in the correlation between competitiveness and labour market success and whether these effects depend on how the students' propensity to compete is measured. By matching a large experimental dataset with administrative data identifying contract terminations, we find that both gender and test specification matter. While competitive men assigned to a difficult competitiveness task are less likely to drop out of the contract than non competitive men, there is no such effect observable for those assigned to the easier task. On the other hand, competitive women are more likely to drop out than non competitive women, irrespective of how competitiveness is measured.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Media type: Book
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/245726
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14675
    Subjects: competitiveness; non-cognitive skills; gender; apprenticeship
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten)
  10. Revisiting carbon leakage
    Author: Misch, Florian; Wingender, Philippe
    Published: August 2021
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    This paper estimates the carbon leakage rate across countries, arguably a key parameter in the international climate policy discussion including on border carbon adjustment, but which remains subject to significant uncertainty. We propose innovations... more

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    This paper estimates the carbon leakage rate across countries, arguably a key parameter in the international climate policy discussion including on border carbon adjustment, but which remains subject to significant uncertainty. We propose innovations along two lines. First, we exploit recently published data on sector-country-specific changes in energy prices to identify changes in domestic carbon emissions and other flows (rather than the historically limited variation in carbon prices or adherence to international climate agreements). Second, we present a simple accounting framework to derive carbon leakage rates from reduced-form regressions in contrast to existing papers, thereby making our results directly comparable to model-based estimates of carbon leakage. We show that carbon leakage rates differ across countries and could be larger than what existing estimates suggest

     
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  11. Catching up and falling behind
    cross-country evidence on the impact of the EU ETS on firm productivity
    Author: Themann, Michael; Koch, Nicolas
    Published: April 2021
    Publisher:  RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Essen, Germany

    This paper assesses the potential impact of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) on firm productivity. We estimate a stylized version of the neo-Schumpeterian model, which incorporates innovation and productivity catch-up as two... more

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    This paper assesses the potential impact of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) on firm productivity. We estimate a stylized version of the neo-Schumpeterian model, which incorporates innovation and productivity catch-up as two potential sources of firm’s productivity growth, while at the same time accounting for persistent productivity dispersion within industries. This dynamic model allows us to differentiate the potential effects of the EU ETS on total factor productivity (TFP) depending on the level of firms’ technological advancement. The identification approach is based on a difference-in-difference approach exploiting the incomplete participation requirements of the EU ETS and the rich panel structure of firm-level data for eight EU countries from 2002 to 2012. We find evidence that the policy effects on TFP are highly heterogeneous and depend on the distance to the technological frontier, measured as the highest TFP in each year-industry. Productivity effects are positive for firms that are close to the frontier, but they turn negative for firms operating far behind the frontier. In dieser Studie untersuchen wir die möglichen Auswirkungen des Emissionshandelssystems der Europäischen Union (EU ETS) auf das Produktivitätswachstum der regulierten Firmen. Auf Basis von Firmen-Paneldaten für 8 EU-Länder für den Zeitraum von 2002-2012 und unter Verwendung eines Differenz-in-Differenzen-Ansatzes wird der Effekt dieser Politikmaßnahme geschätzt. Wir verwenden eine stilisierte Version des neo-schumpeterianischen Modells, welches Innovation und den technologischen Aufholprozess als zwei potenzielle Quellen für Produktivitätswachstum beinhaltet und die Produktivitätsstreuung innerhalb der Wirtschaftsbranchen berücksichtigt. Ein zentrales und robustes Ergebnis dieser Analyse sind die heterogenen Auswirkungen des ETS: Das System hat positive Effekte für die effizientesten Unternehmen, aber negative Effekte für Unternehmen, die weit von der Effizienzgrenze entfernt sind. Dieses Ergebnis stützt beide Paradigmen, die in Bezug auf die Auswirkungen von Umweltregulierung vorherrschen: die Porter-Hypothese, nach der Umweltregulierung bei Firmen zu Effizienzgewinnen führt, wie dies beim ETS für die effizientesten Firmen der Fall zu sein scheint, und die konträre konventionelle Sichtweise, nach der Umweltregulierung zu Effizienzverlusten führen kann.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9783969730454
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/233880
    Series: Ruhr economic papers ; #904
    Subjects: Environmental regulation; EU ETS; productivity; competitiveness
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Gender differences in preferences of adolescents
    evidence from a large-scale classroom experiment
    Author: Horn, Dániel; Kiss, Hubert János; Lénárd, Tünde
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest

    In this study, we estimate unadjusted and adjusted gender gap in time preference, risk attitudes, altruism, trust, trustworthiness, cooperation and competitiveness using data on 1088 high-school students from 53 classes. These data, collected by... more

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    In this study, we estimate unadjusted and adjusted gender gap in time preference, risk attitudes, altruism, trust, trustworthiness, cooperation and competitiveness using data on 1088 high-school students from 53 classes. These data, collected by running incentivized experiments in Hungarian classrooms, are linked to an administrative data source on the students’ standardized test scores, grades and family background. We find that after taking into account class fixed effects, females are significantly more altruistic (both with classmates and schoolmates), but are less present-biased, less risk tolerant, less trusting, less trustworthy and less competitive than males. At the same time we do not observe significant gender differences in patience, time inconsistency and cooperation at the 5% significance level. We also show that these initial gender differences do not change even if we control for age, family background, cognitive skills and school grades in a regression framework. Moreover, the gender gap also remains in all but one of these preferences even if we control for the other preference domains, suggesting that only risk preferences are confounded by the other preferences, at least as the gender gap in these preferences is concerned.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/237547
    Series: CERS-IE working papers ; CERS-IE WP - 2021, 3 (January 2021)
    Subjects: adolescents; altruism; competitiveness; cooperation; dictator game; patience; present bias; public goods game; risk preferences; social preferences; time inconsistency; time preferences; trust; trustworthiness
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Lietuvos eksporto konkurencingumas: ne kainos veiksniai
    = Non price competitiveness of Lithuanian exports
    Author: Kostinas, Antonas; Vilniškis, Mantas
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  Bank of Lithuania, Vilnius

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Lithuanian
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 11159/5539
    Series: Occasional paper series / Lietuvos Bankas ; no. 38 (2021)
    Subjects: export; foreign trade; external sector; competitiveness; cost competitiveness; non-cost competitiveness; real effective exchange rates
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten)
  14. Talking about competition?
    discursive shifts in the economic imaginary of competition in public debates
    Author: Pühringer, Stephan; Porak, Laura; Rath, Johanna
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  Institute for Comprehensive Analysis of the Economy, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz

    In this paper, we apply a discourse analytical framework to explore the performativity of the economic concept of competition in public policy discourses. We focus on the role of professional economists as opinion leaders to analyze how concepts of... more

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    In this paper, we apply a discourse analytical framework to explore the performativity of the economic concept of competition in public policy discourses. We focus on the role of professional economists as opinion leaders to analyze how concepts of competition have entered public discourses. The main economic imaginary ascribes to competition the function of a primary mode for economic and social coordination, ensuring prosperity and wealth. Competitiveness is predominately interpreted not as a means but an end in itself. Furthermore, three partly conflicting discursive positions on how competition should be organized arise in the discourse: first, the neoliberal position interprets every non-efficient market outcome as the result of institutional intervention, hindering effective competition; second, the ordoliberal position of fair competition evaluates governance intervention positively, as long as they promote the functioning of competition; third, the Keynesian position promotes corrected competition, i.e. diverse policy intervention to compensate for market failure outcomes.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/231515
    Series: ICAE working paper series ; no. 123 (February 2021)
    Subjects: competition; competitiveness; media debates; consulting; economic experts; critical discourse analysis
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Is the Global Competitiveness Index a reliable tool for the design of labor market policies?
    evidence from Peru
    Author: Vera, Celia P.; Rendón, Sílvio
    Published: September 2021
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Peru's national policy on productivity and competitiveness relies on the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) by the World Economic Forum. We analyze the subjective component of GCI and show that, in the labor market area, this index has been largely... more

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    Peru's national policy on productivity and competitiveness relies on the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) by the World Economic Forum. We analyze the subjective component of GCI and show that, in the labor market area, this index has been largely constructed with opinion data coming from a particular group of the business sector. The opinion data is based on a survey of 98 business executives, which mainly represent firms with 100 or more employees and account for only 1% of total firms in Peru. Further, the questionnaire exhibits obvious flaws, and the underlying viewpoint that less employment protection promotes productive and formal work is not aligned with the evidence. Thus, we do not find that GCI provides a solid base for policy advice.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/243466
    Series: IZA policy paper ; no. 180
    Subjects: labor markets; competitiveness; subjective data
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on EU industries
    Author: Vet, Jan M. de; Nigohosyan, Daniel; Núñez Ferrer, Jorge; Gross, Ann-Kristin; Kuehl, Silvia; Flickenschild, Michael
    Published: March 2021
    Publisher:  European Union, Luxembourg

    The COVID-19 crisis has had a substantial impact on the EU27 economy and triggered unprecedented policy responses across Europe and the globe. With evidence on the effects on the EU industry manifested until the beginning of 2021, this report aims to... more

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    Fachinformationsverbund Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
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    The COVID-19 crisis has had a substantial impact on the EU27 economy and triggered unprecedented policy responses across Europe and the globe. With evidence on the effects on the EU industry manifested until the beginning of 2021, this report aims to address the following key issues: (1) impact of COVID-19 on the EU economy as a whole and across sectors; (2) impact on strategic value chains; and (3) necessary recovery measures to meet the needs of the EU industry. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789284679379
    Other identifier:
    PE 662.903
    IP/A/ITRE/2020-11
    Edition: Manuscript completed: March 2021
    Series: Study / requested by the ITRE committee
    Subjects: Coronavirus; Wirkungsanalyse; Industrie; Branche; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung; EU-Staaten; COVID-19; Wirkung; Auswirkung; Industrie; Entwicklung; Strategie; Einflussgröße; new technology; economy; EU industrial policy; innovation; competitiveness; economic consequence; coronavirus disease
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (83 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Notes:

    Literatruverzeichnis: Seite 70-81

    Gesehen am 07.05.2021
  17. Border carbon adjustments
    rationale, design and impact
    Author: Keen, Michael; Parry, Ian W. H.; Roaf, James
    Published: September 2021
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    This paper assesses the rationale, design, and impacts of border carbon adjustments (BCAs). Large disparities in carbon pricing between countries raise concerns about competitiveness and emissions leakage. BCAs are potentially the most effective... more

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    This paper assesses the rationale, design, and impacts of border carbon adjustments (BCAs). Large disparities in carbon pricing between countries raise concerns about competitiveness and emissions leakage. BCAs are potentially the most effective domestic instrument for addressing these challenges-but design details are critical. For example, limiting coverage of the BCA to energy-intensive, trade-exposed industries facilitates administration, and initially benchmarking BCAs on domestic emissions intensities would ease the transition for trading partners with emission-intensive production. It is also important to consider how to apply BCAs across countries with different approaches to emissions mitigation. BCAs alone do not solve the free-rider problem in carbon pricing, but might be a step to an effective international carbon price floor

     
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  18. The origins of gender differences in competitiveness and earnings expectations: causal evidence from a mentoring intervention
    Author: Boneva, Teodora; Buser, Thomas; Falk, Armin; Kosse, Fabian
    Published: October 2021
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We present evidence on the role of the social environment for the development of gender differences in competitiveness and earnings expectations. First, we document that the gender gap in competitiveness and earnings expectations is more pronounced... more

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    We present evidence on the role of the social environment for the development of gender differences in competitiveness and earnings expectations. First, we document that the gender gap in competitiveness and earnings expectations is more pronounced among adolescents with low socioeconomic status (SES). We further document that there is a positive association between the competitiveness of mothers and their daughters, but not between the competitiveness of mothers and their sons. Second, we show that a randomized mentoring intervention that exposes low-SES children to predominantly female role models causally affects girls' willingness to compete and narrows both the gender gap in competitiveness as well as the gender gap in earnings expectations. Together, the results highlight the importance of the social environment in shaping willingness to compete and earnings expectations at a young age.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/250461
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14800
    Subjects: competitiveness; gender; socioeconomic status; inequality; earnings expectations
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Carbon pricing
    what role for border carbon adjustments?
    Author: Parry, Ian W. H.; Dohlman, Peter; Hillier, Cory; Kaufman, Martin; Kwak, Kyung; Misch, Florian; Roaf, James; Waerzeggers, Christophe
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC

    This Climate Note discusses the rationale, design, and impacts of border carbon adjustments (BCAs), charges on embodied carbon in imports potentially matched by rebates for embodied carbon in exports. Large disparities in carbon pricing between... more

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    This Climate Note discusses the rationale, design, and impacts of border carbon adjustments (BCAs), charges on embodied carbon in imports potentially matched by rebates for embodied carbon in exports. Large disparities in carbon pricing between countries is raising concerns about competitiveness and emissions leakage, and BCAs are a potentially effective instrument for addressing such concerns. Design details are critical, however. For example, limiting coverage of the BCA to energy-intensive, trade-exposed industries facilitates administration, and initially benchmarking BCAs on domestic emissions intensities would help ease the transition for emissions-intensive trading partners. It is also important to consider how to apply BCAs across countries with different approaches to emissions mitigation. BCAs are challenging because they pose legal risks and may be at odds with the differentiated responsibilities of developing countries. Furthermore, BCAs provide only modest incentives for other large emitting countries to scale carbon pricing-an international carbon price floor would be far more effective in this regard

     
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  20. Advanced technologies for industry
    policy brief : industrial recovery and technology policy
    Author: Izsak, Kincsö; Romanainen, Jari; Stamenov, Blagoy
    Published: July 2021
    Publisher:  Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

    This report focuses on a review and analysis of recent policy actions across EU Member States that address the industrial recovery through research, technology and innovation. In the past decade the drive for industrial transformation has largely... more

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    This report focuses on a review and analysis of recent policy actions across EU Member States that address the industrial recovery through research, technology and innovation. In the past decade the drive for industrial transformation has largely been motivated by the desire to boost productivity and growth in an increasingly competitive manufacturing landscape. Policies have promoted the positioning of businesses higher up the value chain and often targeted 'high tech' sectors. The industrial transformation has been seen as a way to increase exports through competitiveness and even to address regional economic disparities. At the same time, many 'low tech' companies, as part of cost reduction strategies, have moved part of their production to Asia and other parts of the world. However, those companies were often producers of essential goods such as for example medical supplies. In addition, European companies have become extremely dependent on third countries for critical raw materials.The pandemic has thus revealed how vulnerable and dependent the production chains of European companies (both in high and in low tech sectors) have become due to globalisation. As a result, some policymakers looked at ways to incentivise companies to shorten their production chains and move their production capacity and jobs back to their countries of origin ('reshoring'). This applied especially to vital sectors such as medical technology and critical ICT technologies (such as cloud computing, micro- and nanoelectronics). In this context, this report begins by identifying the main drivers of industrial transformation before and after Covid-19. It then gives examples of how different advanced technologies could support recovery, diversification and resilience of manufacturing in the EU. After pointing out the key policy challenges for the industrial recovery, it finally analyses national policy responses to accelerate industrial recovery and puts forward best practices by giving examples of policy measures at national level that address these issues. It is important to note that this brief does not aim to provide an exhaustive overview of all the different strategies and policies addressing industrial recovery but rather to give a brief description of practices in a selected number of EU Member States and highlight key policy challenges. This report is based on desk research, expert assessment and interviews with policymakers.

     
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  21. Econometric modelling of managerial decisions at the macro and micro levels
    monograph
    Contributor: Ivanova, Natalia (HerausgeberIn); Kozhukhova, Tetiana (HerausgeberIn)
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Technology Center, Kharkiv, Ukraine

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  22. Mittelstand policy after the pandemic - for a sustainable future
    Author: Welter, Friederike; Levering, Britta
    Published: 20.10.2021
    Publisher:  Institut für Mittelstandsforschung Bonn, Bonn

    Covid 19 pandemic, digitalization, Green Deal - Mittelstand companies will face great challenges in the next years besides their sector and size-specific tasks. Derived from Mittelstand research, we outline which legislative motions and support... more

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    Covid 19 pandemic, digitalization, Green Deal - Mittelstand companies will face great challenges in the next years besides their sector and size-specific tasks. Derived from Mittelstand research, we outline which legislative motions and support measures policy makers need to pay attention to in order to sustainably strengthen Mittelstand companies' competitiveness and innovativeness. Corona-Pandemie, Digitalisierung, Green Deal - die mittelständischen Unternehmen stehen in den kommenden Jahren neben ihren branchen- und größenspezifischen Aufgaben vor großen Herausforderungen. Die Autorinnen zeigen in ihrem Beitrag auf, worauf die Mittelstandspolitik bei der Gesetzgebung und der Gestaltung von Unterstützungsmaßnahmen aus Sicht der Mittelstandsforschung achten sollte, damit die Wettbewerbs- und Innovationsfähigkeit der mittelständischen Unternehmen nachhaltig gestärkt wird.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/246501
    Series: Working paper / Institut für Mittelstandsforschung Bonn ; 2021, 02
    Subjects: Mittelstand policy; Covid 19; Green Deal; digitalization; innovativeness; competitiveness
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 14 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. The origins of gender differences in competitiveness and earnings expectations
    causal evidence from a mentoring intervention
    Author: Boneva, Teodora; Buser, Thomas; Falk, Armin; Kosse, Fabian
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    We present evidence on the role of the social environment for the development of gender differences in competitiveness and earnings expectations. First, we document that the gender gap in competitiveness and earnings expectations is more pronounced... more

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    We present evidence on the role of the social environment for the development of gender differences in competitiveness and earnings expectations. First, we document that the gender gap in competitiveness and earnings expectations is more pronounced among adolescents with low socioeconomic status (SES). We further document that there is a positive association between the competitiveness of mothers and their daughters, but not between the competitiveness of mothers and their sons. Second, we show that a randomized mentoring intervention that exposes low-SES children to predominantly female role models causally affects girls' willingness to compete and narrows both the gender gap in competitiveness as well as the gender gap in earnings expectations. Together, the results highlight the importance of the social environment in shaping willingness to compete and earnings expectations at a young age.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/248777
    Series: Array ; TI 2021, 093
    Subjects: competitiveness; gender; socioeconomic status; inequality; earnings expectations
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Border carbon adjustments
    rationale, design and impact
    Author: Keen, Michael; Parry, Ian W. H.; Roaf, James
    Published: September 2021
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    This paper assesses the rationale, design, and impacts of border carbon adjustments (BCAs). Large disparities in carbon pricing between countries raise concerns about competitiveness and emissions leakage. BCAs are potentially the most effective... more

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    This paper assesses the rationale, design, and impacts of border carbon adjustments (BCAs). Large disparities in carbon pricing between countries raise concerns about competitiveness and emissions leakage. BCAs are potentially the most effective domestic instrument for addressing these challenges-but design details are critical. For example, limiting coverage of the BCA to energy-intensive, trade-exposed industries facilitates administration, and initially benchmarking BCAs on domestic emissions intensities would ease the transition for trading partners with emission-intensive production. It is also important to consider how to apply BCAs across countries with different approaches to emissions mitigation. BCAs alone do not solve the free-rider problem in carbon pricing, but might be a step to an effective international carbon price floor

     
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  25. Carbon pricing
    what role for border carbon adjustments?
    Author: Parry, Ian W. H.; Dohlman, Peter; Hillier, Cory; Kaufman, Martin; Kwak, Kyung; Misch, Florian; Roaf, James; Waerzeggers, Christophe
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC

    This Climate Note discusses the rationale, design, and impacts of border carbon adjustments (BCAs), charges on embodied carbon in imports potentially matched by rebates for embodied carbon in exports. Large disparities in carbon pricing between... more

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    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
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    This Climate Note discusses the rationale, design, and impacts of border carbon adjustments (BCAs), charges on embodied carbon in imports potentially matched by rebates for embodied carbon in exports. Large disparities in carbon pricing between countries is raising concerns about competitiveness and emissions leakage, and BCAs are a potentially effective instrument for addressing such concerns. Design details are critical, however. For example, limiting coverage of the BCA to energy-intensive, trade-exposed industries facilitates administration, and initially benchmarking BCAs on domestic emissions intensities would help ease the transition for emissions-intensive trading partners. It is also important to consider how to apply BCAs across countries with different approaches to emissions mitigation. BCAs are challenging because they pose legal risks and may be at odds with the differentiated responsibilities of developing countries. Furthermore, BCAs provide only modest incentives for other large emitting countries to scale carbon pricing-an international carbon price floor would be far more effective in this regard

     
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