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Displaying results 1 to 25 of 77.

  1. Policy mix and the US trade balance
    Author: Adler, Gustavo; Osorio Buitron, Carolina
    Published: September 2017
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    The strong US policy response to the 2008-09 financial crisis raised concerns about its impact (spillovers) on other countries, with great focus on the monetary stimulus but little attention to fiscal policy, despite their combined deployment. Using... more

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    The strong US policy response to the 2008-09 financial crisis raised concerns about its impact (spillovers) on other countries, with great focus on the monetary stimulus but little attention to fiscal policy, despite their combined deployment. Using a sign-restricted structural VAR approach, we study the trade spillovers of the post-crisis policy mix, by assessing the joint impact of monetary and fiscal policy. We find that aggregate trade effects, as reflected in the trade balance, varied across time, reflecting the different timing of fiscal and monetary stimuli, with overall positive spillovers in the immediate aftermath of the crisis. At the same time, reflecting the different transmission mechanisms of monetary policy, we find that the effects differed greatly between trading partners with fixed and flexible exchange rates. In general, our results highlight (i) the importance of studying fiscal and monetary policy spillovers jointly in order to avoid attenuation bias from omitted variables; and (ii) that trading partners' exchange rate regimes are of first order importance in determining the impact of policy spillovers

     
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  2. Peeling away the layers
    impacts of durable tariff elimination
    Author: Gnutzmann-Mkrtchyan, Arevik; Henn, Christian
    Published: May 2018
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    We demonstrate that durable MFN tariff elimination affects trade patterns through several layers, which generates non-linear impacts. First, complete tariff elimination results in a large additional trade gains over and above tariff reductions.... more

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    We demonstrate that durable MFN tariff elimination affects trade patterns through several layers, which generates non-linear impacts. First, complete tariff elimination results in a large additional trade gains over and above tariff reductions. Second, commitment to durable tariff elimination, through WTO bindings, further boosts both imports and exports of ITA members. The unique setting of the WTO Information Technology Agreement (ITA) allows us to identify these effects of non-discriminatory trade policies because (i) ITA constitutes a quasi-natural experiment as several 'passive' signatories joined it as an unavoidable part of pursuing of a larger policy objective, and (ii) ITA's partial coverage of the IT sector provides a natural control group for cross-product identification. Commitments under the ITA spurned development of a downstream IT export sector in 'passive' signatories

     
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  3. Multidimensional approach to trade policy indicators
    Author: Cerdeiro, Diego A.; Nam, Rachel J.
    Published: February 2018
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    We present and discuss a set of indicators to help assess countries' trade policies. The indicators relate to three policy areas - trade in goods, trade in services, and FDI. Given concerns about the direction of global trade policy, we also consider... more

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    We present and discuss a set of indicators to help assess countries' trade policies. The indicators relate to three policy areas - trade in goods, trade in services, and FDI. Given concerns about the direction of global trade policy, we also consider a set of more granular measures that reflect the evolution of countries' policies since the 2008 financial crisis. We propose a simple approach to present the multidimensional aspects of trade policy that, by shedding light on relative openness across areas, can facilitate policy discussions. In the cross-section of countries, we find a diversity in the type of measures adopted, both between and (since the 2008 financial crisis) within policy areas, lending support to the approach based on multiple indicators. The indicators' time series suggest that advanced and, especially, emerging economies are moving toward more open regimes over time, although recently progress has, with some exceptions, slowed across the board. Lastly, our findings also call for stronger efforts to objectively quantify the different aspects of countries' trade regimes. More data, both across countries and in terms of policy areas that significantly affect trade, are needed for better-informed policy discussions

     
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  4. Trade policy, the price of capital goods and econoomic growth
    An empirical test of a Solow-Swan model with capital variety
    Author: Maurer, Rainer
    Published: 2011
    Publisher:  ZBW - Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Kiel

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  5. Brexit referendum and business investment in the UK
    Author: Górnicka, Lucyna
    Published: 2018
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    In this paper I apply firm-level analysis to examine how the Brexit process has affected business investment in the UK. An interaction term of potential trade costs after exiting the EU and a measure of firms' participation in global trade is used as... more

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    In this paper I apply firm-level analysis to examine how the Brexit process has affected business investment in the UK. An interaction term of potential trade costs after exiting the EU and a measure of firms' participation in global trade is used as a proxy for firm-level exposure to Brexit-related effects. The results suggest that potential trade costs have had a considerable and statistically significant negative impact on firm investment in the UK after the referendum. At the same time, the post-referendum sterling depreciation has likely contributed positively to investment expenditure by more foreign-oriented firms

     
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  6. The consequences of non-tariff trade barriers
    theory and evidence from import licenses in Argentina : preliminary results
    Author: Bernini, Federico; García-Lembergman, Ezequiel; Juarez, Leticia
    Published: August 2024
    Publisher:  IDB, Inter-American Development Bank, [Washington, DC]

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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: Discussion paper / IDB, Inter-American Development Bank ; no IDB-DP-1063
    Subjects: Non-trade barriers; Trade policy; Market power
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Are antidumping duties for sale?
    case-level evidence on the Grossman-Helpman protection for sale model
    Author: Evans, Carolyn L.; Sherlund, Shane M.
    Published: 2006
    Publisher:  Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Washington, DC

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    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: International finance discussion papers ; 888
    Subjects: Antidumping; Außenwirtschaftspolitik; Interessenpolitik; Theorie; USA; Antidumping duties
    Other subjects: Array
    Scope: 40 S., graph. Darst.
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  8. A simple model of the juggernaut effect of trade liberalisation
    Published: Jan. 2008
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Performance, London

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    Series: CEP discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance ; 845
    Subjects: Internationale Handelspolitik; Handelsliberalisierung; Meistbegünstigung; Freihandel; Interessenpolitik; Theorie
    Other subjects: Array
    Scope: Online-Ressource, 17 S., Text, graph. Darst.
  9. Investment responses to trade liberalization
    evidence from U.S. industries and establishments
    Author: Pierce, Justin R.; Schott, Peter K.
    Published: November 2017
    Publisher:  Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D.C.

    This paper examines the effect of a change in U.S. trade policy on the domestic investment of U.S. manufacturers. Using a difference-in-differences identification strategy, we find that industries more exposed to reductions in import tariff... more

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    This paper examines the effect of a change in U.S. trade policy on the domestic investment of U.S. manufacturers. Using a difference-in-differences identification strategy, we find that industries more exposed to reductions in import tariff uncertainty exhibit relative declines in investment after the change in trade policy. Within industries, we find that this relationship is concentrated among establishments with low initial levels of labor productivity, capital intensity and skill intensity. For plants with high initial levels of skill intensity, we find that increased exposure is associated with a relative increase in investment. We also find evidence that establishments' investment activity is smoother following the policy change

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Edition: This draft: November 2017
    Series: Finance and economics discussion series ; 2017, 120
    FEDS Working Paper ; No. 2017-120
    Subjects: Investment; Normal trade relations; Manufacturing; Most favored nation; China; Trade policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Quantifying disruptive trade policies
    Author: Balistreri, Edward J.; Böhringer, Christoph; Rutherford, Thomas F.
    Published: 2018
    Publisher:  University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Agricultural & Applied Economics, [Madison, WI]

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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Agricultural & Applied Economics staff paper series ; no. 592 (November 2018)
    Subjects: Applied economic analysis; Multiregional models; Trade policy; Mo-nopolistic competition; Trade wars
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Trade models in the European Union
    Author: Gräbner-Radkowitsch, Claudius; Tamesberger, Dennis; Heimberger, Philipp; Kapelari, Timo; Kapeller, Jakob
    Published: [2019]
    Publisher:  ifso, Institute for Socio-Economics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany

    By studying the factors underlying differences in trade performance across European economies, this paper derives six different "trade models" for 22 EU-countries and explores their developmental and distributional implications. We first introduce a... more

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    By studying the factors underlying differences in trade performance across European economies, this paper derives six different "trade models" for 22 EU-countries and explores their developmental and distributional implications. We first introduce a typology of trade models by clustering countries based on four key dimensions of trade performance: endowments, technological specialization, labour market characteristics and regulatory requirements. The resulting clusters comprise countries that base their export success on similar trade models. Our results indicate the existence of six different trade models: the "primary goods model" (Latvia, Estonia), the "finance model" (Luxembourg), the "flexible labour market model" (UK), the "periphery model" (Greece, Portugal, Spain, Italy, France), the "industrial workbench model" (Slovenia, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic), and the "high-tech model" (Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Finland, Germany and Austria). Subsequently, we comparatively analyse the economic development and trends in inequality across these trade models. We observe a shrinking wage share and increasing personal income inequality in most of the trade models. The "high-tech model" is an exceptional case, being characterised by a relatively stable economic development and an institutional setting that managed to counteract rising inequality.

     
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    Media type: Book
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/215635
    Series: ifso working paper ; no. 3 (2019)
    Subjects: Trade policy; cluster analysis; European Union; trade models
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Measurement of aggregate trade restrictions and their economic effects
    Author: Estefania-Flores, Julia; Furceri, Davide; Ahmed Hannan, Swarnali; Ostry, Jonathan David; Rose, Andrew
    Published: 2022 JAN
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    We develop a new Measure of Aggregate Trade Restrictions (MATR) using data from the IMF's Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions. MATR is an empirical measure of how restrictive official government policy is towards the... more

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    We develop a new Measure of Aggregate Trade Restrictions (MATR) using data from the IMF's Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions. MATR is an empirical measure of how restrictive official government policy is towards the international flow of goods and services. MATR is simple, ad hoc, plausible, quantitative, easily updated, based solely on policy-relevant measures of trade policy, and covers an unbalanced sample of up to 157 countries annually between 1949 and 2019. MATR is strongly correlated with, but more comprehensive than, existing measures of openness and trade policy existing measures. We use MATR to show that trade restrictions are harmful for the economy and lead to significant contractions in output

     
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  13. Preference utilization in the global economy
    an empirical analysis
    Author: Cariola, Gianmarco; Lanz, Rainer
    Published: 4 May 2022
    Publisher:  World Trade Organization, Economic Research and Statistics Division, [Geneva]

    This paper analyses the determinants of preference utilization using a novel WTO dataset that allows us to measure the underutilization of preferences across several importers, exporters and products over time. Building on the previous literature, we... more

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    This paper analyses the determinants of preference utilization using a novel WTO dataset that allows us to measure the underutilization of preferences across several importers, exporters and products over time. Building on the previous literature, we confirm that preference utilization is increasing with the size of exports, preference margin and geographical and linguistic proximity. We find that utilization rates tend to be higher for reciprocal preferences compared to non-reciprocal preferences, and that the incentive to use preferences increases with the share of competitors' exports that is eligible for preferential treatment. Our most innovative contribution is the analysis of the relationship between preference utilization and the production structure of the countries that benefit from preferential market access. Using an instrumental variable approach, we show that an increase in value added reduces both underutilization and its sensitivity with respect to the preference margin, making the use of preferences more robust with respect to trade policy changes. Analogously, a change in the preference margin will have a differential impact on sectors depending on their value added content. We explain this finding by introducing the concept of "effective preference margin" to measure the importance of the benefits from preference utilization relative to the value added content of exports.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/254327
    Edition: Manuscript date: 25 February 2022
    Series: Staff working paper ; ERSD-2022, 04
    Subjects: Trade policy; preference utilization; value added trade
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Trade performance and structure profiles
    Morocco
    Published: 12 February 2019
    Publisher:  United Nations, ESCWA, [Beirut, Lebanon]

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    Media type: Book
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    Subjects: International trade; Intraregional trade; Trade policy; Trade structure
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 16 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Import liberalization as export destruction?
    evidence from the United States
    Author: Breinlich, Holger; Leromain, Elsa; Novy, Dennis; Sampson, Thomas
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  University of Warwick, Department of Economics, Coventry, United Kingdom

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    Series: Warwick economics research papers ; no: 1413 (June 2022)
    Subjects: Trade policy; Import liberalization; Comparative advantage; Scale economies,China shock
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Trade models in the European Union
    Author: Gräbner-Radkowitsch, Claudius; Tamesberger, Dennis; Heimberger, Philipp; Kapelari, Timo; Kapeller, Jakob
    Published: [2019]
    Publisher:  Institute for Comprehensive Analysis of the Economy, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz

    By studying the factors underlying differences in trade performance across European economies, this paper derives six different "trade models" for 22 EU-countries and explores their developmental and distributional implications. We first introduce a... more

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    By studying the factors underlying differences in trade performance across European economies, this paper derives six different "trade models" for 22 EU-countries and explores their developmental and distributional implications. We first introduce a typology of trade models by clustering countries based on four key dimensions of trade performance: endowments, technological specialization, labour market characteristics and regulatory requirements. The resulting clusters comprise countries that base their export success on similar trade models. Our results indicate the existence of six different trade models: the 'primary goods model' (Latvia, Estonia), the 'finance model' (Luxembourg), the 'flexible labour market model' (UK), the 'periphery model' (Greece, Portugal, Spain, Italy, France), the 'industrial workbench model' (Slovenia, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic), and the 'high-tech model' (Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Finland, Germany and Austria). Subsequently, we comparatively analyse the economic development and trends in inequality across these trade models. We observe a shrinking wage share and increasing personal income inequality in most of the trade models. The 'high-tech model' is an exceptional case, being characterised by a relatively stable economic development and an institutional setting that managed to counteract rising inequality.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/200214
    Series: ICAE working paper series ; no. 95 (June 2019)
    Subjects: Trade policy; cluster analysis; European Union; trade models
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. The trade facilitation agenda of the WTO and India's commitments
    where does India stand?
    Author: Singh, Surendar; Mishra, Utkarsh Kumar; Sandha, Harleen Singh
    Published: [2018]
    Publisher:  Commonwealth Secretariat, London

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    Series: International trade working paper / Commonwealth Secretariat ; 2018, 01
    Subjects: Trade facilitation; India; Trade policy; International trade organisations; Economic integration; Commitments; Capacity; Legal implications; Challenges
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 16 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Trade policy and market power
    firm-level evidence
    Author: Asprilla, Alan; Berman, Nicolas; Cadot, Olivier; Jaud, Melise
    Published: October 2019
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice, [Washington, DC, USA]

    This paper identifies the effect of trade policy on market power through new data and a new identification strategy. It uses a large data set containing export values and quantities by product and destination for all exporting firms in 12 developing... more

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    This paper identifies the effect of trade policy on market power through new data and a new identification strategy. It uses a large data set containing export values and quantities by product and destination for all exporting firms in 12 developing and emerging countries over several years, merged with destination-product-specific information on tariffs and non-tariff barriers. Market power is identified by observing how exporting firms price discriminate across markets in reaction to variations in bilateral exchange rates. Pricing-to-market is prevalent in all regions of the sample, even among small firms, although it is increasing in firm size, in accordance with theory. More importantly, the effect of non-tariff measures is not isomorphic to that of tariffs: the observed pricing-to-market behavior suggests that, although tariffs reduce the market power of foreign firms through classic rent-shifting effects, non-tariff measures alter market structure and reinforce the market power of non-exiting firms, domestic and foreign ones alike

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 9050
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Subjects: Trade policy; non-tariff measures; tariffs; exchange rate; price discrimination
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Endogenous sequencing of tariff decisions
    Author: Tabakis, Chrysostomos
    Published: December, 2015
    Publisher:  KDI School of Public Policy and Management, [Sejong-si, Republic of Korea]

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    Series: KDI School working paper series ; 15, 16
    Subjects: Trade policy; Antidumping; Cournot; Stackelberg; Endogenous timing; Incomplete information
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Australia
    selected issues
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.

    This Selected Issues paper investigates the drivers of business investment in Australia, focusing on the non-mining sectors. The paper also identifies aggregate-level drivers for non-mining business investment by looking at long-term trends. It... more

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    This Selected Issues paper investigates the drivers of business investment in Australia, focusing on the non-mining sectors. The paper also identifies aggregate-level drivers for non-mining business investment by looking at long-term trends. It delves into firm-level investment behavior and assesses the role of credit availability and uncertainty in different types of firms. Long-term empirical and simulation-based analyses suggest that global factors such as rising policy uncertainty and weaker commodity prices have been key drivers of the slowdown, while in the short term, a renewed escalation in US-China trade tensions could spill over to investment and growth in Australia. Yet, domestic factors are also at play, including domestic policy uncertainty and financial constraints, especially for smaller and younger firms. The pace of product market reforms can also impact business investment. Australia can promote business investment by reducing domestic policy uncertainty, easing credit constraints for small- and medium-sized enterprises, incentivizing research and development, and continuing with product market and tax reforms

     
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  21. Modelling Australia's exports of non-commodity goods and services
    Author: Kouparitsas, Michael A.; Luo, Linden; Smith, Jazmine
    Published: February 2017
    Publisher:  The Treasury, Canberra

    This paper models both the supply and demand of Australian non-commodity exports. We derive long-run export demand relationships from first principles. On the demand side, the paper finds a relatively low substitution elasticity between Australian... more

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    This paper models both the supply and demand of Australian non-commodity exports. We derive long-run export demand relationships from first principles. On the demand side, the paper finds a relatively low substitution elasticity between Australian exports and a broad basket of foreign produced goods and services. So, for instance, if Australian export prices increase, overseas buyers are less likely to respond by purchasing the same goods and services from foreign competitors, and are instead more likely to respond by reducing their demand for the product - whether Australian or foreign-made. In other words, income effects trump substitution effects. This result is consistent with other Australian studies. On the supply side, our modelling assumes that Australian manufacturing and services exporters are price setters - an assumption consistent with existing literature. This means that if global input costs increase, Australian exporters are able to pass some of that increase onto their customers. Based on this assumption, our modelling suggests that labour costs are a larger contributor to Australia's non commodity export prices than imported intermediate inputs costs.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781925504323
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/210393
    Series: Treasury working paper / Australian Government, The Treasury ; 2017, 01
    Subjects: Trade policy; optimal tariff; price elasticity; Public debt; debt dynamics; fiscal policy; debt sustainability; fiscal sustainability
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Heterogeneous effects of tariff and non-tariff trade-policy barriers in quantitative general equilibrium
    Author: Egger, Peter; Katharina, Erhardt
    Published: 20 March 2019
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Series: Array ; DP13602
    Subjects: Trade policy; Gravity models; Semi-parametric methods; Non-parametric methods; Generalized propensity scores
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. US-China rivalry
    the macro policy choices
    Author: Tyers, Rodney; Zhou, Yixiao
    Published: May 2019
    Publisher:  The University of Western Australia, Department of Economics, [Crawley, WA]

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    Series: Discussion paper / The University of Western Australia, Economics ; 19, 08
    Subjects: Trade policy; macroeconomic policy; general equilibrium analysis; numerical theory; China
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. The dynamic impact of exporting on firm R&D investment
    Author: Maican, Florín G.; Orth, Matilda; Roberts, Mark J.; Vuong, Van Anh
    Published: October 13, 2020
    Publisher:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    Economic theory predicts that outsourcing public services to private firms will reduce costs, but the effect on quality is ambiguous. We explore quality differences between publicly and privately owned ambulances in a setting where patients are as... more

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    Economic theory predicts that outsourcing public services to private firms will reduce costs, but the effect on quality is ambiguous. We explore quality differences between publicly and privately owned ambulances in a setting where patients are as good as randomly assigned to ambulances of different ownership statuses. We find that privately owned ambulances are better at responding to contracted quality measures but perform worse on noncontracted measures, such as mortality. In fact, a randomly allocated patient has a significantly higher risk of death if a private ambulance is dispatched. We also present suggestive evidence on the mechanism, supporting that private firms cost innovate at the expense of ambulance staff quality.

     
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    hdl: 10419/240509
    Series: IFN working paper ; no. 1366 (2020)
    Subjects: R&D; Innovation; Trade policy; Productivity
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten)
  25. Superstar exporters
    an empirical investigation of strategic interactions in danish export markets
    Author: Ciliberto, Federico; Jäkel, Ina Charlotte
    Published: 31 August 2020
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Series: Array ; DP15236
    Subjects: Export participation; Strategic interaction; Multiple equilibria; Trade policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 83 Seiten), Illustrationen