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Displaying results 26 to 50 of 77.

  1. Proximity and horizontal policies
    the backbone of export diversification and complexity
    Author: Salinas, Gonzalo
    Published: March 2021
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, DC]

    The lack of a clear link between general economic fundamentals and export diversification indicators in the literature has fueled the believe that industrial policies are an absolute requisite to diversify exports. This paper, however, does find a... more

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    The lack of a clear link between general economic fundamentals and export diversification indicators in the literature has fueled the believe that industrial policies are an absolute requisite to diversify exports. This paper, however, does find a strong statistical connection between horizontal policies and diversification by making two novel changes to traditional methodologies: using export categories that lead to diversification (for example, manufactures) as dependent variables, and using a gravity-equation regression setting. Proximity to other economies explains about a third of cross-country heterogeneity in targeted exports, and four fifths together with horizontal policies. Australia, Chile, and New Zealand emerge as new role models for diversification policies

     
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  2. Trade and inclusive growth
    Author: Bacchetta, Marc; Cerra, Valerie; Piermartini, Roberta; Smeets, Maarten
    Published: March 2021
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, DC]

    This paper surveys the literature on the relationship between international trade and inclusive growth. It examines claims that the rise in inequality in many countries can be attributed to the concurrent rise in trade competition, especially from... more

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    This paper surveys the literature on the relationship between international trade and inclusive growth. It examines claims that the rise in inequality in many countries can be attributed to the concurrent rise in trade competition, especially from EMEs like China, spurring trade tensions and protectionist measures. The paper investigates the conflicting literature showing the aggregate benefits of trade versus the adverse and persistent impact of trade, especially import competition, on specific industries and local communities. The paper then reviews the evidence for using trade policies and other complementary policies for adjustment and compensation to those groups adversely affected by trade

     
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  3. Understanding South Africa's trade policy and performance
    Author: Stern, Matthew; Ramkolowan, Yash
    Published: May 2021
    Publisher:  Economic Research Southern Africa, [Cape Town]

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: ERSA policy paper ; 26
    Subjects: Trade policy; trade agreements; tariff liberalisation; economic reform; regional integration; South Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Firm heterogeneity, variable markups, and multinational production: a review from trade policy perspective
    Author: Ding, Ziran
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Lietuvos Bankas, Vilnius

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    Series: Working papers series / Lietuvos Bankas ; No.2021,92
    Subjects: Trade policy; Firm heterogeneity; Variable markups; Multinational production
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Modeling trade tensions
    different mechanisms in general equilibrium
    Author: Hunt, Benjamin F.; Mursula, Susanna; Portillo, Rafael; Santoro, Marika
    Published: December 2020
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, DC]

    In this paper, we investigate the mechanisms through which import tariffs impact the macroeconomy in two large scale workhorse models used for quantitative policy analysis: a computational general equilibrium (CGE) model (Purdue University GTAP... more

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    In this paper, we investigate the mechanisms through which import tariffs impact the macroeconomy in two large scale workhorse models used for quantitative policy analysis: a computational general equilibrium (CGE) model (Purdue University GTAP model) and a multi-country dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model (IMF GIMF model). The quantitative effects of an increase in tariffs reflect different mechanisms at work. Like other models in the trade literature, in GTAP higher tariffs generate a loss in terms of output arising from an inefficient reallocation of resources between sectors. In GIMF instead, as in other DSGE models, tariffs act as a disincentive to factor utilization. We show that the two models/channels can be broadly interpreted as capturing the impact of tariffs on different components of a country's aggregate production function: aggregate productivity (GTAP) and factor supply/utilization (GIMF). We discuss ways to combine the estimates from these two models to provide a more complete assessment of the macro effects of tariffs

     
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  6. Understanding South Africa's trade policy and performance
    Author: Stern, Matthew; Ramkolowan, Yash
    Published: 25 August 2021
    Publisher:  Economic Research and Statistics Department, South African Reserve Bank, Pretoria

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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: South African Reserve Bank working paper series ; WP, 21, 17
    Subjects: Trade policy; trade agreements; tariff liberalisation; economic reform; regional integration; South Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Porqué Colombia no exporta más
    Author: García García, Jorge; López-Valenzuela, David C.; Montes-Uribe, Enrique
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Banco de la Republica Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Spanish
    Media type: Book
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    Series: Borradores de economía ; núm. 1139 (2020)
    Subjects: Trade costs; Trade policy; Protection; Non-Tariff Measures
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 69 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. When are tariff cuts not enough?
    heterogeneous effects of trade preferences for the least developed countries
    Author: Forge, Fabien; Garred, Jason; Kwon, Kyae Lim
    Published: May 2021
    Publisher:  Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa

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    Series: Working paper / Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa ; # 2106E
    Subjects: Trade policy; trade preferences; tariffs; least developed countries; exports
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Trade and transport costs in the Arab region
    Published: [2019]
    Publisher:  United Nations, Beirut, Lebanon

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
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    Series: United Nations publication
    Subjects: Competitiveness; Economic development; Logistics; Trade policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 79 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Heyday of Asian regionalism?
    the implications of the regional comprehensive economic partnership for the United States
    Author: Solis, Mireya
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, [Jakarta]

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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: ERIA discussion paper series ; ERIA-DP-2022-06 = no. 435
    Subjects: Trade policy; Asian regionalism; RCEP; TPP
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten)
  11. The consumer price effects of specific trade policy restrictions in South Africa
    Author: Edwards, Lawrence; Ismail, Zaakirah; Kamutando, Godfrey; Mambara, Simbarashe; Stern, Matthew; Venter, Fouche
    Published: 18 November 2022
    Publisher:  Economic Research and Statistics Department, South African Reserve Bank, Pretoria

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    Series: South African Reserve Bank working paper series ; WP, 22, 15
    Subjects: Trade policy; consumer prices; tariff pass-through; household welfare; South Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 84 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. The empire project
    trade policy in interwar Canada
    Author: O'Rourke, Kevin Hjortshøj; Lampe, Markus; Reiter, Lorenz; Yotov, Yoto
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
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    Series: Division of Social Science working paper series ; working paper # 0089 (May 2023)
    Subjects: Trade policy; Trade Agreements; Interwar Tariffs; Multilateral Resistances; Trade Elasticities; Canada; Empire
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. The contractionary effects of protectionist trade policy in a dollarized economy
    Author: Grijalva, Diego F.; Uribe-Terán, Carlos; Gache, Ivan
    Published: January 2024
    Publisher:  Inter-American Development Bank, Department of Research and Chief Economist, [Washington, DC]

    This study analyzes the firm-level impacts of temporary safeguard import tariffs implemented in Ecuador from 2015 to 2017. Employing a difference-in-differences methodology, we explore the policy's effects on a unique dataset combining firm- and... more

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    This study analyzes the firm-level impacts of temporary safeguard import tariffs implemented in Ecuador from 2015 to 2017. Employing a difference-in-differences methodology, we explore the policy's effects on a unique dataset combining firm- and product-level data. We focus on the direct effects on importing firms and indirect effects through the value chain. The analysis shows, that while the safeguards significantly reduced imports, they also resulted in short-run negative scale effects on firms. These include reduced sales, employment, labor costs, and material costs, without positive impacts on local firms in import-competing industries. Overall, our findings suggest a contractionary effect of protectionist policies, particularly in a dollarized economy, highlighting the complex implications of trade measures on firm performance and economic sectors.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/289910
    Series: IDB working paper series ; no IDB-WP-1480
    Subjects: Trade policy; Protectionism; Input-output linkages; Emerging markets; LatinAmerica
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. EXIM's exit
    the real effects of trade financing by export credit agencies
    Author: Kabir, Poorya; Matray, Adrien; Mueller, Karsten; Xu, Chenzi
    Published: 30 January 2024
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

    We study the role of export credit agencies — the predominant tool of industrial policy — on firm behavior by using the effective shutdown of the Export–Import Bank of the United States (EXIM) from 2015-2019 as a natural experiment. We show that... more

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    We study the role of export credit agencies — the predominant tool of industrial policy — on firm behavior by using the effective shutdown of the Export–Import Bank of the United States (EXIM) from 2015-2019 as a natural experiment. We show that firms that previously relied on EXIM support saw a 18% drop in global sales after the agency closed down, driven by a reduction in exports. Firms affected by the shutdown were unable to make up for the loss of trade financing, especially if they were financially constrained, and consequently laid off employees and curtailed investment. These negative effects were more pronounced for firms with higher export opportunities and higher ex-ante marginal revenue products of capital. Lower exports at the firm level aggregate up to lower total exports for industries most reliant on EXIM support. These findings suggest that government policies aimed at providing trade financing can boost exports and firm growth even in countries with well-developed financial markets without necessarily leading to a misallocation of resources.

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Array ; DP18795
    Subjects: Trade finance; Trade policy; Firm-level exports
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. The macroeconomic consequences of import tariffs and trade policy uncertainty
    Author: Boer, Lukas; Rieth, Malte
    Published: 2024
    Publisher:  DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin

    We estimate the macroeconomic effects of import tariffs and trade policy uncertainty in the United States, combining theory-consistent and narrative sign restrictions on Bayesian SVARs. We find mostly adverse consequences of protectionism. Tariff... more

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    We estimate the macroeconomic effects of import tariffs and trade policy uncertainty in the United States, combining theory-consistent and narrative sign restrictions on Bayesian SVARs. We find mostly adverse consequences of protectionism. Tariff shocks are more important than trade policy uncertainty shocks. Tariff shocks depress trade, investment, and output persistently, in aggregate and across sectors and space. The general equilibrium import elasticity is -0.8. Historically, NAFTA/WTO raised output by 1-3% for twenty years. Undoing the 2018/19 measures would raise output by cumulatively 4%. The findings imply higher output costs of protectionism than partial equilibrium or static trade models.

     
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    Language: English
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    hdl: 10419/283240
    Series: Discussion papers / Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung ; 2072
    Subjects: Trade policy; international trade; structural vector autoregressions; narrative identification; general equilibrium; United States
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 75 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. The empire project
    trade policy in interwar canada
    Author: Lampe, Markus; O'Rourke, Kevin Hjortshøj; Reiter, Lorenz; Yotov, Yoto
    Published: 25 May 2023
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Array ; DP18162
    Subjects: Trade policy; Trade Agreements; Interwar Tariffs; Multilateral Resistances; Trade Elasticities; Canada; Empire
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Digital trade integration in preferential trade agreements
    Author: Mitchell, Andrew D.; Mishra, Neha
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  ARTNeT, United Nations ESCAP, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand

    The growth of digital trade is dependant upon greater interconnectivity across borders. Several countries strive to achieve such interconnectivity and integration in digital trade through international trade agreements. Digital trade integration is a... more

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    The growth of digital trade is dependant upon greater interconnectivity across borders. Several countries strive to achieve such interconnectivity and integration in digital trade through international trade agreements. Digital trade integration is a complex, multidimensional process that integrates regulatory structures/policy designs, digital technologies and business processes along the entire global/regional digital value chain. This paper sets out five foundational elements of digital trade integration: reducing digital trade barriers; digital trade facilitation; digital trade regulatory frameworks and digital trust policies; digital development and inclusion; and institutional coordination. It then examines the extent to which Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) can or do contribute to digital integration. Some recent PTAs contain ambitious provisions to reduce regulatory barriers in digital trade and facilitate cross-border data flows. However, most PTAs fail to holistically support the five pillars of digital trade integration, and are particularly deficient in supporting digital development and inclusion, incorporating adequate digital trade facilitation measures, and facilitating meaningful international regulatory cooperation. This paper provides various policy recommendations to address such deficiencies. This paper also contains a case study of digital trade integration in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It argues that the ASEAN framework currently functions as a weak form of digital trade integration, focusing mainly on political goodwill and high-level cooperation. Although the ASEAN Members are committed to enhancing regulatory cooperation and strengthening their institutions on electronic commerce, the development asymmetry coupled with the conflicting policy preferences of ASEAN Members remains a key obstacle.

     
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    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/217272
    Series: Working paper / Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade ; no. 191 (2020)
    Subjects: Digital trade; Digital trade integration; Trade barriers; International trade; PTAs; Trade facilitation; Trade policy; ASEAN
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. The FTA debate in Sri Lanka
    rhetoric and reality
    Author: Athukorala, Premachandra; Silva, Dayaratna
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  ASARC, Canberra

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    Fachinformationsverbund Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
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    German Institute for Global and Area Studies, Bibliothek
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    Series: ASARC Working paper ; 2019, 03
    Subjects: Außenhandelspolitik; Freihandelsabkommen; Ursache; Einflussgröße; Interesse; Handelsvertrag; Außenwirtschaftspolitik; Außenhandel; Trade policy; Export performance; World Trade Organisation; Free trade Agreement; Rules of origin
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (26 Seiten)
  19. US-China rivalry
    the macro policy choices
    Author: Tyers, Rodney; Zhou, Yixiao
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  Australian National University, Crawford School of Public Policy, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, [Canberra]

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    Series: CAMA working paper ; 2019, 35 (May 2019)
    Subjects: Trade policy; macroeconomic policy; general equilibrium analysis; numerical theory; China
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Trade models in the European Union
    Author: Gräbner-Radkowitsch, Claudius; Tamesberger, Dennis; Heimberger, Philipp; Kapelari, Timo; Kapeller, Jakob
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  ifso, Institute for Socio-Economics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany

    By studying the factors underlying differences in trade performance across European economies, this paper derives six different “trade models” for 22 EU-countries and explores their developmental and distributional dynamics. We first introduce a... more

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    By studying the factors underlying differences in trade performance across European economies, this paper derives six different “trade models” for 22 EU-countries and explores their developmental and distributional dynamics. We first introduce a typology of trade models by clustering countries based on four key dimensions of trade performance: endowments, technological specialization, labour market characteristics and regulatory requirements. The resulting clusters comprise countries that base their export success on similar trade models. Our results indicate the existence of six different trade models: the 'primary goods model' (Latvia, Estonia), the "finance model" (Luxembourg), the "flexible labour market model" (UK), the "periphery model" (Greece, Portugal, Spain, Italy, France), the ‘industrial workbench model' (Slovenia, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic), and the ‘high-tech model’ (Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Finland, Germany and Austria). Subsequently, we comparatively analyse the economic development and trends in inequality across these trade models. We observe a shrinking wage share and increasing personal income inequality in most of the trade models. The "high-tech model" is an exceptional case, being characterised by a relatively stable economic development and an institutional setting that managed to counteract rising inequality.

     
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    hdl: 10419/218900
    Series: ifso working paper ; no. 6 (2020)
    Subjects: Trade policy; cluster analysis; European Union; growth models; trade models
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Value chain development for deeper integration of East Asia and Latin America
    Author: Shepherd, Benjamin
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  ARTNeT, United Nations ESCAP, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand

    This paper uses new data from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and its partners, including the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), to track the importance of trade within global value chains in East Asia and Latin... more

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    This paper uses new data from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and its partners, including the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), to track the importance of trade within global value chains in East Asia and Latin America. The analysis shows that while value chain trade is important within the overall trade landscape, it takes place to a significant extent within a traditional paradigm in which Latin America most often supplies raw materials, and East Asia supplies manufactured goods. The pattern is not uniform, but there are important elements of this dynamic at play. While experiences differ significantly across countries and sectors, there is a generally a closer degree of GVC integration between East and South-East Asia than between East Asia and Latin America. Nonetheless, GVC integration between Latin America and South-East Asia in agriculture, mining and service sectors shows promise, with the former supplying inputs used in the latter’s export production. Trade costs are likely an important part of the explanation, so further attention to policies like regulatory cooperation in services sectors, as well as trade facilitation, and standards and conformance, would be ways to help promote further integration even in the absence of a comprehensive and broad-based liberalization agreement.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/224785
    Series: Working paper / Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade ; no. 199 (2020)
    Subjects: International trade; Trade policy; Global value chains; Trade costs; Value added exports; Asia; Latin America
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Designing effective carbon border adjustment with minimal information requirements
    theory and empirics
    Author: Campolmi, Alessia; Fadinger, Harald; Forlati, Chiara; Stillger, Sabine; Wagner, Ulrich
    Published: 29 November 2023
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Series: Array ; DP18645
    Subjects: Carbon leakage; Emission trading; Carbon taxation; Trade policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. The Empire project
    trade policy in interwar Canada
    Author: Lampe, Markus; O'Rourke, Kevin Hjortshøj; Reiter, Lorenz; Yotov, Yoto
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  University of Oxford, [Oxford, United Kingdom]

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    Series: Oxford economic and social history working papers ; number 208 (May 2023)
    Subjects: Trade policy; Trade Agreements; Interwar Tariffs; Multilateral Resistances; Trade Elasticities; Canada; Empire
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Deglobalization and the reorganization of supply chains
    effects on regional inequalities in the EU
    Author: Magerman, Glenn; Palazzolo, Alberto
    Published: October 2024
    Publisher:  National Bank of Belgium, Brussels

    After decades of globalization, many countries are now considering various measures to reduce their dependence on third countries and to incentivize domestic production. This paper analyzes a policy toolbox encompassing trade, industrial, and public... more

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    After decades of globalization, many countries are now considering various measures to reduce their dependence on third countries and to incentivize domestic production. This paper analyzes a policy toolbox encompassing trade, industrial, and public policies and their effects on the EU and its geographical regions. We develop a multi-sector, multi-region general equilibrium framework with imperfect competition, input-output linkages, and external economies of scale. Regional and supranational governments set policies and raise taxes and provide subsidies to fund these. We calibrate our framework using detailed data on 235 EU NUTS2 regions and 25 Rest of the World aggregates, with 55 sectors and input-output linkages both within and across regions. Our results show that raising trade barriers reduces EU welfare, with substantial variation across regions. Industrial policy generates positive welfare effects. Public policy results are ambiguous. Across all policies, input-output linkages significantly amplify positive and negative welfare changes, dominating other channels such as classical gains from trade or economies of scale channels. Even common policies, like trade policy, can generate significant winners and losers across regions within the same country. Moreover, the same region can gain under one policy but lose under another. These results highlight that one policy objective can be implemented through multiple instruments, generating positive or negative aggregate welfare effects under each instrument, while obfuscating massive heterogeneity in regional outcomes, even within countries.

     
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    Media type: Conference proceedings
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    Corporations / Congresses: NBB Conference Deglobalisation, Decarbonisation and Digitalisation: How the Three Ds Affect Firm Pricing, Markups and Productivity (2024, Brüssel)
    Series: Working paper research / National Bank of Belgium ; no 464 (3 & 4 October 2024)
    Subjects: Deglobalization; Regional Inequalities; Trade policy; Industrial Policy; Public Policy; Supply Chains; General Equilibrium
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Beggar thy neighbour
    British imports during the inter-war years and the effect of the 1932 tariff
    Author: Horsewood, Nicholas; Sen, Somnath; Voicu, Anca
    Published: 2010
    Publisher:  Dep. of Economics, Univ. of Birmingham, Birmingham

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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Department of Economics discussion paper / Department of Economics, The University of Birmingham ; 10-31
    Subjects: Trade policy; protectionism; General Tariff; British trade; inter-war years; open economy macroeconomics
    Scope: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 29 S.)