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Displaying results 26 to 50 of 89.

  1. Instrumental variables and the search for identification
    from supply and demand to natural experiments
    Author: Angrist, Joshua D.; Krueger, Alan B.
    Published: 2001
    Publisher:  NBER, Cambridge, Mass.

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    W 1 (8456)
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    ifo Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung an der Universität München, Bibliothek
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    82/766 B-8456
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: NBER working paper series ; 8456
    Subjects: Experiment; Theorie; IV-Schätzung; Econometrics; Instrumental variables (Statistics); Supply and demand
    Scope: 29 S
    Notes:

    Internetausg.: papers.nber.org/papers/W8456 - lizenzpflichtig

    Literaturverz. S. 25 - 29
  2. Haiti
    selected issues
    Author: Melhado, Oscar Edgardo; Olumuyiwa, Adedeji; Martín, Mercedes Vera
    Published: 2002

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    C 230689
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: IMF country report ; 02,18
    Subjects: Wirtschaftslage; Haiti; Balance of payments; Credit; Foreign exchange rates; Petroleum; Supply and demand
    Scope: 75 S
  3. Fiscal regime uncertainty, risk aversion, and exhaustible resource depletion
    Author: Khadr, Ali M.
    Published: 1987

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    C 154640
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 0948061197
    Series: Array ; 3
    Subjects: Rohstoffwirtschaft; Steuerpolitik; Rohstoffpolitik; Theorie; Natural resources; Supply and demand
    Scope: 79 S
  4. Assessing teacher supply and demand
    Author: Haggstrom, Gus W.; Darling-Hammond, Linda; Grissmer, David W.
    Published: 1988
    Publisher:  Rand, Santa Monica, Calif.

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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    ZB 33409:3633
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    B 245496
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 0833008870
    Series: Array ; 3633
    Array ; 3633-ED/CSTP
    Subjects: Lehrkräfte; USA
    Other subjects: Array
    Scope: XIII, 95 S
    Notes:

    May 1988
  5. Nonrenewable resource allocation under intertemporally dependent demand
    Author: Khadr, Ali M.
    Published: 1987

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    C 162470
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 0948061227
    Series: Array ; 4
    Subjects: Erschöpfbare Ressourcen; Theorie; Natural resources; Supply and demand
    Scope: 77 S. : graph. Darst
  6. Good jobs, bad jobs
    employment in the service economy ; a statement by the Economic Council of Canada
    Published: 1990
    Publisher:  Minister of Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa

    Location:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
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    6 B 5718
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    C 169992
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    1990 K 824
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 0660134586
    Other identifier:
    DSS cat. no. EC22-164/1990E
    Subjects: Dienstleistungssektor; Arbeitsmarkt; Kanada
    Other subjects: Array; Array
    Scope: X, 34 S. : graph. Darst
    Notes:

    Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: L'emploi au futur
  7. The invisible hand and the weightless economy
    Author: Quah, Danny
    Published: 1996

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    W 653 (12)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 0753005131
    Series: Occasional paper / Centre for Economic Performance ; 12
    Subjects: Wirtschaftswachstum; Strukturwandel; Technischer Fortschritt; Wirtschaftliche Konvergenz; Verteilungstheorie; Theorie; Supply and demand; Consumption (Economics); Production (Economic theory); dematerlialization
    Scope: 12, [7] S., graph. Darst.
  8. When are supply and demand determined recursively rather than simultaneously?
    another look at the Fulton fish market data
    Author: Graddy, Kathryn; Kennedy, Peter
    Published: 2007
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    W 32 (6053)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    RVK Categories: QB 910
    Series: Array ; 6053
    Subjects: Fische; Markt; Mehrgleichungsmodell; Kleinste-Quadrate-Methode; Marktmechanismus; Preiselastizität; Fulton (NY, County); Fish trade; Markets; Supply and demand
    Scope: 25 S., graph. Darst.
  9. The effects of structural reforms on productivity and profitability enhancing reallocation
    evidence from Colombia
    Published: 2004
    Publisher:  Univ. of Southampton, School of Social Science, Economics Division, Southampton

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    W 1000 (0408)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: Discussion papers in economics and econometrics ; 0408
    Subjects: Produktivität; Rentabilität; Allokation; Wirtschaftsreform; Schätzung; Kolumbien; Industrial productivity; Supply and demand
    Scope: 32, [17] S, graph. Darst
  10. Product substitutability and productivity dispersion
    Author: Syverson, Chad
    Published: 2003
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    W 1 (10049)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; 10049
    Subjects: Substitutionsgüter; Produktivität; Industrie; USA; Industrial productivity; Supply and demand
    Scope: 31, [10] S
    Notes:

    Internetausg.: papers.nber.org/papers/w10049.pdf - lizenzpflichtig

    Literaturverz
  11. Unreported labour
    Published: 2005
    Publisher:  Dep. of Economics, Univ. of Oslo, Oslo

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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    W 17 (2005.28)
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    Content information
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/62955
    Series: Memorandum / Department of Economics, University of Oslo ; 2005.28
    Subjects: Steuervermeidung; Arbeitsangebot; Arbeitsnachfrage; Schätzung; Informal sector (Economics); Supply and demand
    Scope: Online-Ressource, 32 p., text, ill
    Notes:

    nBibliography
  12. Competition in large markets
    Published: 2005
    Publisher:  Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.

    "This paper evaluates the simplifying assumption that producers compete in a large market without substantial strategic interactions using nonparametric regressions of producers' choices on market size. With such atomistic competition, increasing... more

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    W 88 (2005.16)
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    "This paper evaluates the simplifying assumption that producers compete in a large market without substantial strategic interactions using nonparametric regressions of producers' choices on market size. With such atomistic competition, increasing the number of consumers leaves the distributions of producers' prices and other choices unchanged. In many models featuring non-trivial strategic considerations, producers' prices fall as their numbers increase. I examine observations of restaurants' sales, seating capacities, exit decisions, and prices from 222 U.S. cities. Given factor prices and demographic variables, increasing a city's size increases restaurants' average sales and decreases their exit rate and prices. These results suggest that strategic considerations lie at the heart of restaurant pricing and turnover."--Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago web site

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Working papers / Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago ; 2005-16
    Subjects: Monopolistischer Wettbewerb; Markteintritt; Marktstruktur; Gastronomie; USA; Competition; Restaurants; Industries; Supply and demand
    Scope: Online-Ressource, 29, [7] p., text
    Notes:

    Includes bibliographical references
  13. When is "too much" inequality not enough?
    the selection of Israeli emigrants
    Author: Gould, Eric D.; Moav, Omer
    Published: 2008
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    W 32 (6955)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Array ; 6955
    Subjects: Auswanderung; Qualifikation; Bildungsertrag; Einkommen; USA; Israel
    Other subjects: Array; Array; Array
    Scope: 22 S., graph. Darst.
  14. Optimal trading strategy and supply/demand dynamics
    Author: Obizhaeva, Anna; Wang, Jiang
    Published: 2005
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    W 1 (11444)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: NBER working paper series ; 11444
    Subjects: Anlageverhalten; Kapitalanlage; Limit Order Book; Securities; Supply and demand
    Scope: 40 S
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. S. 36 - 40

    Internetausg.: papers.nber.org/papers/w11444.pdf - lizenzpflichtig
  15. Production and inventory behavior of capital
    Published: June 2005

    "This paper provides a dynamic optimization model of durable good inventories to study the interactions between investment demand and production of capital goods. There are three major findings: First, capital suppliers' inventory behavior makes... more

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    "This paper provides a dynamic optimization model of durable good inventories to study the interactions between investment demand and production of capital goods. There are three major findings: First, capital suppliers' inventory behavior makes investment demand more volatile in equilibrium; Second, equilibrium price of capital is characterized by downward stickiness; Third, the responses of the capital market to interest rate and other environmental changes are asymmetric. All are the results of equilibrium interactions between demand and supply"--Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis web site

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Working paper series / Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ; 2005,044
    Subjects: Dauerhafte Konsumgüter; Dynamische Optimierung; Investition; Volatilität; Preisrigidität; Kapitaltheorie; Theorie; Supply and demand; Capital investments
    Scope: Online-Ressource, 23 p., text
    Notes:

    Includes bibliographical references

    Also available in print
  16. Cars in Europe
    supply chains and spillovers during COVID-19 times
    Author: Boranova, Vizhdan; Huidrom, Raju; Ozturk, Ezgi; Stepanyan, Ara; Topalova, Petia; Zhang, Shihangyin
    Published: 2022 JAN
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    The auto sector is macro-critical in many European countries and constitutes one of the main supply chains in the region. Using a multi-sector and multi-country general equilibrium model, this paper presents a quantitative assessment of the impact of... more

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    The auto sector is macro-critical in many European countries and constitutes one of the main supply chains in the region. Using a multi-sector and multi-country general equilibrium model, this paper presents a quantitative assessment of the impact of global pandemic-induced labor supply shocks-both directly and via supply chains-during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic on the auto sector and aggregate activity in Europe. Our results suggest that these labor supply shocks would have a significant adverse impact on the major auto producers in Europe, with one-third of the decline in the value added of the car sector attributable to spillovers via supply chains within and across borders. Within borders, the pandemic-induced labor supply shocks in the services sector have a bigger adverse impact, reflecting their larger size and associated demand effects. Across borders, spillovers from the pandemic-induced labor supply shocks that originate in other European countries are larger than those that originate outside the region, though the latter are still sizable

     
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  17. Supply chains and port congestion around the world
    Author: Komaromi, Andras; Cerdeiro, Diego A.; Liu, Yang
    Published: 2022 MAR
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    Rising prices and reports of empty shelves in major economies have drawn attention to the functioning of supply chains that normally operate smoothly in the background. Among the issues, the long delays that port congestion may have caused in... more

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    Rising prices and reports of empty shelves in major economies have drawn attention to the functioning of supply chains that normally operate smoothly in the background. Among the issues, the long delays that port congestion may have caused in delivering goods to consumers and firms have been gathering increasing attention. We shed light on these issues leveraging a unique data set on maritime transport. Two main features emerge. First, at the world level, we find that shipping times jumped upwards as soon as the COVID crisis hit, and after a marked acceleration from end-2020, delays surpassed 1.5 days on average by December 2021 - or roughly a 25 percent increase in global travel times. The estimated additional days in transit for the average shipment in December 2021 can be compared to an ad-valorem tariff of 0.9 to 3.1 percent. The midpoint of this range is approximately equal, in absolute value, to the global applied tariff reduction achieved over the 14-year period from 2003 to 2017. Second, not all congestion appears related to increased demand. Many ports, especially since mid-2021, exhibit longer wait times despite handling less cargo than pre-pandemic. Infrastructure upgrading is therefore likely a necessary, but not sufficient condition for building resilience during a crisis where other factors (such as labor shortages) may also become binding

     
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  18. Supply bottlenecks
    where, why, how much, and what next?
    Author: Celasun, Oya; Hansen, Niels-Jakob Harbo; Mineshima, Aiko; Spector, Mariano; Zhou, Jing
    Published: 2022 FEB
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    Supply constraints hurt the economic recovery and boosted inflation in 2021. We find that in the euro area, manufacturing output and GDP would have been about 6 and 2 percent higher, respectively, and half of the rise in manufacturing producer price... more

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    Supply constraints hurt the economic recovery and boosted inflation in 2021. We find that in the euro area, manufacturing output and GDP would have been about 6 and 2 percent higher, respectively, and half of the rise in manufacturing producer price inflation would not have occurred in the absence of supply bottlenecks. Globally, shutdowns can explain up to 40 percent of the supply shocks. Sectors that are more reliant on differentiated inputs-such as autos-are harder hit. Late last year industry experts expected supply shortages for autos to largely dissipate by mid-2022 and broader bottlenecks by end-2022, but given the Omicron wave, disruptions will last for longer, possibly into 2023. With supply constraints adding to price pressures, the challenge for policymakers is to support recovery without allowing high inflation to become entrenched

     
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  19. Measuring output gap
    is it worth your Time?
    Author: Chen, Jiaqian; Górnicka, Lucyna
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, DC]

    We apply a range of models to the U.K. data to obtain estimates of the output gap. A structural VAR with an appropriate identification strategy provides improved estimates of output gap with better real time properties and lower sensitivity to... more

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    We apply a range of models to the U.K. data to obtain estimates of the output gap. A structural VAR with an appropriate identification strategy provides improved estimates of output gap with better real time properties and lower sensitivity to temporary shocks than the usual filtering techniques. It also produces smaller out-of-sample forecast errors for inflation. At the same time, however, our results suggest caution in basing policy decisions on output gap estimates

     
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  20. Transitory and permanent shocks in the global market for crude oil
    Author: Rebei, Nooman; Sbia, Rashid
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, DC]

    This paper documents the determinants of real oil price in the global market based on SVAR model embedding transitory and permanent shocks on oil demand and supply as well as speculative disturbances. We find evidence of significant differences in... more

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    This paper documents the determinants of real oil price in the global market based on SVAR model embedding transitory and permanent shocks on oil demand and supply as well as speculative disturbances. We find evidence of significant differences in the propagation mechanisms of transitory versus permanent shocks, pointing to the importance of disentangling their distinct effects. Permanent supply disruptions turn out to be a bigger factor in historical oil price movements during the most recent decades, while speculative shocks became less influential

     
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  21. COVID-19 and SME failures
    Author: Kalemli-Ozcan, Sebnem; Gourinchas, Pierre-Olivier; Penciakova, Veronika; Sander, Nicholas
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, DC]

    We estimate the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on business failures among small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) in seventeen countries using a large representative firm-level database. We use a simple model of firm cost-minimization and measure... more

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    We estimate the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on business failures among small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) in seventeen countries using a large representative firm-level database. We use a simple model of firm cost-minimization and measure each firm's liquidity shortfall during and after COVID-19. Our framework allows for a rich combination of sectoral and aggregate supply, productivity, and demand shocks. We estimate a large increase in the failure rate of SMEs under COVID-19 of nearly 9 percentage points, ab-sent government support. Accommodation and Food Services, Arts, Entertainment and Recreation, Education, and Other Services are among the most affected sectors. The jobs at risk due to COVID-19 related SME business failures represent 3.1 percent of private sector employment. Despite the large impact on business failures and employment, we estimate only moderate effects on the financial sector: the share of Non Performing Loans on bank balance sheets would increase by up to 11 percentage points, representing 0.3 percent of banks' assets and resulting in a 0.75 percentage point decline in the common equity Tier-1 capital ratio. We evaluate the cost and effectiveness of various policy interventions. The fiscal cost of an intervention that narrowly targets at risk firms can be modest (0.54% of GDP). However, at a similar level of effectiveness, non-targeted subsidies can be substantially more expensive (1.82% of GDP). Our results have important implications for the severity of the COVID-19 recession, the design of policies, and the speed of the recovery

     
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  22. Financial amplification of labor supply shocks
    Author: Biljanovska, Nina; Vardoulakis, Alexandros P.
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, DC]

    We study how financial frictions amplify labor supply shocks in a macroeconomic model with occasionally binding financing constraints. Workers supply labor to entrepreneurs who borrow to purchase factors of production. Borrowing capacity is... more

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    We study how financial frictions amplify labor supply shocks in a macroeconomic model with occasionally binding financing constraints. Workers supply labor to entrepreneurs who borrow to purchase factors of production. Borrowing capacity is restricted by the value of capital, generating a pecuniary externality when financing constraints bind. Additionally, there is a distributive externality operating through wages. The planner's allocation can be decentralized with two instruments: a credit tax/subsidy and a labor tax/subsidy. Labor shocks, such as the COVID-19 shock, amplify the policy responses, which critically depend on whether financing constraints bind or not

     
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  23. Using macroeconomic frameworks to analyze the impact of COVID-19
    an application to Colombia and Cambodia
    Author: Bulíř, Aleš; Baksa, Dániel; Corrales, Juan Sebastian; González, Andrés; Rodríguez, Diego; Heng, Dyna
    Published: January 2021
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, Institute for Capacity Development, Washington, DC, USA

    This technical note and manual (TNM) addresses the following issues: -- Evaluating the full implications from the policies adopted to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy requires a well-developed macroeconomic framework. This... more

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    This technical note and manual (TNM) addresses the following issues: -- Evaluating the full implications from the policies adopted to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy requires a well-developed macroeconomic framework. This note illustrates how such frameworks were used to analyze Colombia and Cambodia's shock impact at the beginning of the pandemic. -- The use of macroeconomic frameworks is not to infer general policy conclusions from abstract models or empirical analysis but to help policymakers think through and articulate coherent forecasts, scenarios, and policy responses. -- The two country cases illustrate how to construct a baseline scenario consistent with a COVID-19 shock within structural macroeconomic models. The scenario is built gradually to incorporate the available information, the pandemic's full effects, and the policy responses. -- The results demonstrate the value of combining close attention to the data, near-term forecasting, and model-based analyses to support coherent policies

     
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  24. Sectoral shocks and spillovers
    an application to COVID-19
    Author: Das, Sonali; Magistretti, Giacomo; Pugacheva, Evgenia; Wingender, Philippe
    Published: June 2021
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    This paper examines the role of sectoral spillovers in propagating sectoral shocks in the broader economy, both in the past and during the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, we study how shocks that occur within a sector itself and spillovers from... more

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    This paper examines the role of sectoral spillovers in propagating sectoral shocks in the broader economy, both in the past and during the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, we study how shocks that occur within a sector itself and spillovers from shocks to other sectors affect sectoral activity, for a large sample of countries from 1995 to 2014. We find that both supply and demand shocks-measured as changes in, respectively, productivity and government purchases at the sector level-have large spillover effects on sector-level gross value added and on a sector's share of the economy. We then use these historical estimates, together with the network structure of global production, to quantify the spillovers from the economic shock associated with the pandemic. We find spillover effects to be sizeable, making up a significant fraction of the overall decline in activity in 2020.Our results have implications for the design of policies with a sectoral dimension

     
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  25. Towards a productive and inclusive path
    job creation in the Arab region
    Author: Abu-Ismail, Khalid; Araji, Salim; Haq, Tariq; Nehme, Manuella; Jaafar, Aya
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  United Nations, ESCWA, Beirut, Lebanon

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    Verlag (kostenfrei)

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Subjects: Arab countries; Employment; Private sector; Informal sector; Supply and demand; Women; Covid-19
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 93 Seiten), Illustrationen