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  1. Haben sich die EU-Beihilfen für die nahrungsmittelverarbeitende Industrie im Hinblick auf eine Erhöhung der Wertschöpfung bei landwirtschaftlichen Erzeugnissen als wirksam und effizient erwiesen?
    (gemäß Artikel 287 Absatz 4 Unterabsatz 2 AEUV)
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  Amt für Veröff. der Europ. Union, Luxemburg

    Freie Universität Berlin, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Europa-Universität Viadrina, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Volltext (kostenfrei)
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    Source: Philologische Bibliothek, FU Berlin; Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: German
    Media type: Book
    ISBN: 9789292411350
    RVK Categories: QM 430
    Series: Sonderbericht / Europäischer Rechnungshof ; 2013,1
    Subjects: Wettbewerbsfähigkeit; Subvention; Lebensmittelindustrie
    Scope: 57 S., Ill., graph. Darst.
  2. Public funded research for SMEs
    is it worth trying? : an analysis of publicly financed biomedical research in Swiss SMEs
    Published: [2013]
    Publisher:  IMD, International Institute for Management Development, Lausanne

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Working paper / IMD ; 2013, 01
    Subjects: Forschungsfinanzierung; Subvention; Innovation; Biotechnologie-Industrie; Pharmaindustrie; KMU; Schweiz
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 10 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Bericht des Rechnungshofes
    Tätigkeitsbericht[Bund]
    Published: 2005-2016
    Publisher:  Rechnungshof, Wien

    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
    N.Parl. 1505
    2004(2005) - 2006(2007) ; 2007/08(2008); 2009u.2008(2009); 2009/10u.2009(2010) - 2010/11u.2010(2011); 2012u.2011(2012) - 2015u.2014(2014); 2016
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    LRH
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Y 15461
    2004(2005) - 2015u.2014(2015)
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: German
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    RVK Categories: MF 8600
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    Österreich, Rechnungshof (VerfasserIn)
    Subjects: Finanzkontrolle; Rechnungshof; Subvention; EU-Beihilferecht; Österreich
    Scope: 30 cm
    Notes:

    Einzelne Bd. auch als Beil. 3 zu d. Stenographischen Protokollen des Nationalrates

    Ersch. jährl.; Zählung d. Tätigkeitsberichte ab 2009/10 aus d. Vorwort

  4. Externalities and subsidization of higher education
    conference paper
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  ZBW, [Kiel

    Higher education is subsidized worldwide, although with pronounced differences in levels of subsidization. While public funds account for about 90% of universities budgets in Scandinavian countries, the share of public funds in Great Britain and the... more

    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Higher education is subsidized worldwide, although with pronounced differences in levels of subsidization. While public funds account for about 90% of universities budgets in Scandinavian countries, the share of public funds in Great Britain and the US is less that 30%. Subsidization is typically justified by two arguments: It is necessary to enable children from poorer family backgrounds to join universities. The other argument holds that higher education is accompanied by positive externalities. Without subsidization, so the story reads, there would be an underinvestment in higher education. This paper shortly reviews theoretical arguments as well as empirical evidence on externalities. It is found that evidence on positive externalities is quite limited. What is more, evidence on negative externalities of higher education has been mainly ignored so far. If potential losses due to negative externalities are taken into account, there may be much more reason to suppress higher education than there is reason to subsidize it. If subsidization is reasonable at all, it will be reasonable in special cases only. We present a simple model of optimal subsidization and evaluate existing subsidization regimes in the US, Australia and Germany. We demonstrate that any of these regimes has severe shortcomings even if positive externalities are assumed to exist. While the Australian regime of income contingent loans is relatively best, it still offers many opportunities for improvement. We offer some guidance on potential improvements.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/79993
    Series: Array ; V2
    Subjects: Studienfinanzierung; Subvention; Externer Effekt; USA; Australien; Deutschland
    Scope: Online-Ressource (43 S.), graph. Darst.
  5. Subventionsbericht
    Bericht der Bundesregierung über die Entwicklung der Finanzhilfen des Bundes und der Steuervergünstigungen für die Jahre ...Kurzfassung
    Published: 2011-August 2017
    Publisher:  BMF, Berlin

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    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: German
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Deutschland, Bundesregierung (VerfasserIn)
    Subjects: Subvention; Steuervergünstigung; Deutschland
    Scope: Online-Ressource
    Notes:

    Gesehen am 30.08.2022

  6. Implementing energy subsidy reforms
    evidence from developing countries
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  World Bank, Washington, DC

    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
    2014 A 11833
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    B 383441
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 9780821395615
    Series: Array
    Subjects: Energiekonsum; Armut; Energiepolitik; Subvention; Entwicklungsländer; Energy consumption; Poor; Energy policy
    Scope: XXVIII, 317 S., graph. Darst.
  7. Estimating the impact of means-tested subsidies under treatment externalities with application to anti-malarial bednets
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  School of Economics and Management, Aarhus

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: CREATES research paper ; 2013,06
    Subjects: Tropenkrankheit; Gesundheitsvorsorge; Subvention; Wirkungsanalyse; Spillover-Effekt; Nachbarschaft; Kenia
    Scope: Online-Ressource (60 S.)
  8. Place based policies with unemployment
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  IZA, Bonn

    Many countries have policies aimed at creating jobs in depressed areas with high unemployment rates. In standard spatial equilibrium models with perfectly competitive labor and land markets, local job creation efforts are distortionary. We develop a... more

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    DS 4 (7180)
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    Many countries have policies aimed at creating jobs in depressed areas with high unemployment rates. In standard spatial equilibrium models with perfectly competitive labor and land markets, local job creation efforts are distortionary. We develop a stylized model of frictional local labor markets with the goal of studying the efficiency of unemployment differences across areas and the potential for place based policies to correct local market failures. Our model builds on the heavily studied Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides framework, adapted to a local labor market setting with a competitive housing market. The result is a simple search analogue of the classic Roback (1982) model that provides a tractable environment for studying the effects of local job creation efforts. In the model, workers are perfectly mobile and the productivity of worker-firm matches may vary across metropolitan areas. In equilibrium, higher local productivity results in higher nominal wages, higher housing costs, and lower unemployment rates. Although workers can move freely to arbitrage away differences in expected utility across metropolitan areas, equilibrium unemployment rates are not equalized across space. We find that if hiring costs are excessive, firms may post too few vacancies. This problem may be offset via local hiring subsidies of the sort found in many place based policies. The optimal hiring subsidy is city specific in the sense that it depends upon the local productivity level. -- spatial equilibrium ; cities

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/69408
    Series: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 7180
    Subjects: Arbeitsmarktpolitik; Regionaler Arbeitsmarkt; Regionaler Arbeitsmarkt; Beschäftigungseffekt; Personalbeschaffung; Subvention; Theorie
    Scope: Online-Ressource, graph. Darst.
  9. Place based policies with unemployment
    Published: 2013

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 1 (18758)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: NBER working paper series ; 18758
    Subjects: Arbeitsmarktpolitik; Regionaler Arbeitsmarkt; Regionaler Arbeitsmarkt; Beschäftigungseffekt; Personalbeschaffung; Subvention; Theorie
    Scope: 18, [5] S., graph. Darst.
    Notes:

    Parallel als Online-Ausg. erschienen

  10. Payment for environmental services
    hypotheses and evidence

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 1 (18740)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: NBER working paper series ; 18740
    Subjects: Umweltschutz; Naturschutz; Klimaschutz; Subvention; Coase-Theorem; Transaktionskosten; Welt
    Scope: 27 S.
    Notes:

    Parallel als Online-Ausg. erschienen

  11. Estimating the impact of means-tested subsidies under treatment externalities with application to anti-malarial bednets

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 1 (18833)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: NBER working paper series ; 18833
    Subjects: Tropenkrankheit; Gesundheitsvorsorge; Subvention; Wirkungsanalyse; Spillover-Effekt; Nachbarschaft; Kenia
    Scope: 57 S., graph. Darst.
    Notes:

    Parallel als Online-Ausg. erschienen

  12. Young carers in receipt of Carer Payment and Carer Allowance 2001 to 2006
    characteristics, experiences and post-care outcomes
    Author: Bray, J. Rob
    Published: 2013

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    C 268652
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 9781921975646
    Series: Occasional paper / Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs ; 47
    Subjects: Junge Arbeitskräfte; Pflegeberufe; Erwerbsverlauf; Lohn; Subvention; Australien
    Scope: X, 155 S., graph. Darst.
  13. Does supporting passenger railways reduce road traffic externalities?
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 32 (9335)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Array ; 9335
    Subjects: Schienenpersonennahverkehr; Subvention; Wirkungsanalyse; Nachhaltige Mobilität; Straßenverkehr; Externer Effekt; Schätzung; Deutschland
    Scope: 44 S., graph. Darst.
    Notes:

    Parallel als Online-Ausg. erschienen

  14. Place based policies with unemployment
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 32 (9330)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Array ; 9330
    Subjects: Arbeitsmarktpolitik; Regionaler Arbeitsmarkt; Regionaler Arbeitsmarkt; Beschäftigungseffekt; Personalbeschaffung; Subvention; Theorie
    Scope: 18, [5] S., graph. Darst.
    Notes:

    Parallel als Online-Ausg. erschienen

  15. Demand versus returns?
    pro-poor targeting of business grants and vocational skills training
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  World Bank, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, Poverty, Gender and Equity Unit, Washington, DC

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    VS 2 (6389)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    Series: Policy research working paper ; 6389
    Impact Evaluation Series ; 88
    Subjects: Armutsbekämpfung; Berufsbildung; Betriebliches Bildungsmanagement; Subvention; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen; Experiment; Nicaragua
    Scope: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 31 S., 2,31 MB)
  16. Political economy aspects of fuel subsidies
    a conceptual framework
    Author: Strand, Jon
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  World Bank, Development Research Group, Environment and Energy Team, Washington, DC

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    VS 2 (6392)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    Series: Policy research working paper ; 6392
    Subjects: Energiepreis; Subvention; Politisches System; Wirtschaftswissenschaft
    Scope: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 25 S., 1,89 MB)
  17. Tariffs versus production subsidies as industry protection
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  Inst. of Social and Economic Research, Osaka

    This paper provides a welfare comparison of a tariff with a combination of a production subsidy to, and a commodity tax on, an import-competing commodity in a two-country economy. We treat some plausible situations of industry protection, including... more

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    DS 198 (865)
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    This paper provides a welfare comparison of a tariff with a combination of a production subsidy to, and a commodity tax on, an import-competing commodity in a two-country economy. We treat some plausible situations of industry protection, including where the initial tariff is above the optimal tariff, where a certain output level of a tariff-imposed commodity must be maintained, and where there is positive externality of its domestic production. In those cases we explore the optimal combination of the production subsidy and the commodity tax and show it to be superior to the tariff from the welfare viewpoint. -- Commodity Tax ; Production Subsidy ; Tariff ; Industry Protection

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/92831
    Series: Discussion paper / Institute of Social and Economic Research ; 865
    Subjects: Verbrauchsteuer; Exportsubvention; Subvention; Wohlfahrtsanalyse; Zwei-Länder-Modell; Theorie
    Scope: Online-Ressource (13 S.)
  18. Cost efficiency and subsidization in German local public bus transit
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 32 (9346)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Array ; 9346
    Subjects: Busverkehr; Öffentlicher Nahverkehr; Subvention; Wirkungsanalyse; Kostenfunktion; Technische Effizienz; Schätzung; Deutschland
    Scope: 22 S., graph. Darst.
    Notes:

    Parallel als Online-Ausg. erschienen

  19. Mincer equation, power law of learning, and efficient education policy
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  IZA, Bonn

    The basis for the empirical research on earnings determination is the Mincer equation. Individuals are assumed to make schooling decisions by maximizing earnings. Leisure costs of schooling and labour supply are neglected which has some empirically... more

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    DS 4 (7280)
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    The basis for the empirical research on earnings determination is the Mincer equation. Individuals are assumed to make schooling decisions by maximizing earnings. Leisure costs of schooling and labour supply are neglected which has some empirically implausible implications. This paper shows a way of deriving a Mincer-type earnings function from the more standard assumption of utility maximization. The implications are less questionable. The approach allows one to analyse the efficiency of education policy in Ramsey's tradition. Distortive wage taxation is shown to provide reason for subsidizing education in effective terms. Second-best policy is confronted with empirical evidence on OECD countries. -- Mincer equation ; earnings determination ; maximizing utility vs. earnings ; power law of learning ; second-best taxation in Ramsey's tradition ; education elasticity rule

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/71649
    Series: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 7280
    Subjects: Bildungsertrag; Bildungsverhalten; Nutzenmaximierung; Bildungspolitik; Subvention; Optimale Besteuerung; Bildungsökonomik; OECD-Staaten
    Scope: Online-Ressource, graph. Darst.
  20. Market versus state in building the aviation value chain
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  Inst. für Verkehrswiss. und Regionalpolitik, Freiburg i. Br.

    The aim of this paper is to analyze the liberalization of the aviation value chain and the remaining role of government policy. In particular, the role of sector-specific regulation of monopolistic bottleneck components of the air traffic value chain... more

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    DS 52 (146)
    No inter-library loan

     

    The aim of this paper is to analyze the liberalization of the aviation value chain and the remaining role of government policy. In particular, the role of sector-specific regulation of monopolistic bottleneck components of the air traffic value chain is analyzed. For competition on air transport markets and groundhandling services to operate efficiently, non-discriminatory access to complementary monopolistic airport infrastructures must be guaranteed. In par-ticular, the evolution of market driven slot allocation and the role of airport regulation is analyzed. Finally, the issue of airport subsidies is taken into con-sideration.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/75277
    Series: Discussion paper / Institut für Verkehrswissenschaft und Regionalpolitik ; 146
    Subjects: Luftverkehrspolitik; Linienverkehr; Flughafen; Regulierung; Engpass; Netzregulierung; Subvention; EU-Staaten; Welt
    Scope: Online-Ressource (25 S.)
  21. Relative assistance to agriculture and manufacturing since federation
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  Univ. of Melbourne, Dep. of Economics, Melbourne

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    VS 15 (1173)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9780734045249
    Series: Research paper / The University of Melbourne, Department of Economics ; 1173
    Subjects: Subvention; Agrarsubvention; Landwirtschaft; Commonwealth-Staaten
    Scope: Online-Ressource (48 S.)
  22. Does supporting passenger railways reduce road traffic externalities?
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  Univ., Dep. of Economics, Zurich

    Many governments subsidize regional rail service as an alternative to road traffic. This paper assesses whether increases in service frequency reduce road traffic externalities. We exploit differences in service frequency growth by procurement mode... more

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    DS 191 (110)
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    Many governments subsidize regional rail service as an alternative to road traffic. This paper assesses whether increases in service frequency reduce road traffic externalities. We exploit differences in service frequency growth by procurement mode following a railway reform in Germany to address endogeneity of service growth. Increases in service frequency reduce the number of severe road traffic accidents, carbon monoxide, nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide pollution and infant mortality. Placebo regressions with sulfur dioxide and ozone yield no effect. Service frequency growth between 1994 and 2004 improves environmental quality by an amount that is worth approximately 28-40 % of total subsidies. An analysis of household behavior shows that the effects of railway services on outcome variables are driven by substitution from road to rail.

     

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    Content information
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/77571
    Series: Working paper series / University of Zurich, Department of Economics ; 110
    Subjects: Schienenpersonennahverkehr; Subvention; Wirkungsanalyse; Nachhaltige Mobilität; Straßenverkehr; Externer Effekt; Schätzung; Deutschland; Railways; pollution; procurement; accidents
    Scope: Online-Ressource (43 S.), graph. Darst., Kt.
  23. Do grants to charities crowd out other income?
    evidence from the UK

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 1 (18998)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: NBER working paper series ; 18998
    Subjects: Wohltätigkeit; Subvention; Glücksspiel; Verdrängungseffekt; Fundraising; Großbritannien
    Scope: 40 S., graph. Darst.
    Notes:

    Parallel als Online-Ausg. erschienen

  24. Die Wirkung von Subventionen auf die Investitionstätigkeit dargestellt am Beispiel der Solarbranche
    Published: 2013

    Das Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG) ist das zentrale energiepolitische Instrument für die Energiewende in Deutschland und erfüllt zugleich eine Vorbildfunktion für eine Vielzahl von anderen Ländern. Dieses Gesetz garantiert den Anlagenbetreibern... more

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    Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    DS 265 (2013,4)
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    Das Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG) ist das zentrale energiepolitische Instrument für die Energiewende in Deutschland und erfüllt zugleich eine Vorbildfunktion für eine Vielzahl von anderen Ländern. Dieses Gesetz garantiert den Anlagenbetreibern von Erneuerbaren Energien eine Mindestvergütung für jede in das Stromnetz eingespeiste Kilowattstunde, die deutlich über dem Strompreis der Leipziger Strombörse liegt. Der Strom aus Photovoltaikanlagen (PV-Anlagen) wird dabei vergleichsweise hoch vergütet. Das Angebot von PV-Anlagen erhöhte sich infolge der durch Subventionen künstlich erhöhten Nachfrage. Die Subventionen stimulierten somit die Investitionstätigkeit in der Solarbranche und ein zuvor kaum existenter Solarmarkt konnte sich etablieren. Seit wenigen Jahren befindet sich die Solarbranche in einer schweren Krise, die durch Umsatzeinbußen, Gewinneinbrüche und eine steigenden Anzahl von Insolvenzen in der Solarindustrie gekennzeichnet ist. Das zentrale Thema dieser Arbeit ist es herauszufinden, welche Wirkung Subventionen auf die Investitionstätigkeit in der Solarbranche ausüben. Die Subventionen könnten die Solarbranche in eine Abhängigkeit gebracht haben. Um dieser Fragestellung nachzugehen, muss zunächst geprüft werden, wie sinnvoll Subventionen aus der Sicht des Marktes sind und warum der Staat mit Subventionen auf dem Strommarkt arbeitet. Es geht darum, die Ursachen für die Krise der Solarbranche zu ermitteln. Eine mögliche Abhängigkeit der Solarbranche wird zusätzlich konkret am Beispiel zweier Unternehmen geprüft...

     

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    Content information
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: German
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 3939046345
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/74606
    Edition: [Online-Ausg.]
    Series: Array ; 04/2013
    Subjects: Subvention; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien; Photovoltaik; Energiewirtschaft; Investitionsentscheidung; Deutschland; Staatliche Subventionen; Krise der Solarbranche; Unternehmensinsolvenzen; Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz; Subventionskürzungen; chinesische Konkurrenz; Cashflow-Rechnung; Einseitige Investitionstätigkeit
    Scope: Online-Ressource (PDF/A-Datei: VI, 72 S., 616,8 KB), Ill.
  25. Incidence and environmental effects of distortionary subsidies
    Published: 2013

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 1 (18924)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: NBER working paper series ; 18924
    Subjects: Subvention; Arbeitsnachfrage; Wirkungsanalyse; Umweltbelastung; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht; Theorie; China
    Scope: 32 S.
    Notes:

    Parallel als Online-Ausg. erschienen