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Displaying results 51 to 75 of 243.

  1. Too Much of a Good Thing? How Narrow Targeting and Policy Interactions Influence Responses to California's EITC
    Author: Neumark, David; Li, Zeyu
    Published: August 2024
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    California has the highest Earned Income Tax (EITC) supplement to the federal EITC, with an 85% supplement rate. However, we find that despite the apparent generosity of the California EITC, there is no employment effect on less-skilled single... more

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    California has the highest Earned Income Tax (EITC) supplement to the federal EITC, with an 85% supplement rate. However, we find that despite the apparent generosity of the California EITC, there is no employment effect on less-skilled single mothers, in sharp contrast to the evidence of positive extensive margin effects of other state EITC supplements, and of the federal EITC. Our analysis points to two reasons why, unlike other EITCs, California's EITC does not appear to have an extensive margin effect. First, most states simply supplement the federal EITC by a fixed percentage. In contrast, in California the maximum credit is reached at a much lower income level, the state EITC begins to phase out as soon as the maximum EITC payment is reached (i.e., there is no plateau), and the phase-out rate is as steep as the phase-in rate. The result is a much higher marginal tax rate that sets in at a much lower income level. Second, California has a very high (and rising) minimum wage. The interaction between a high minimum wage and the unique budget constraint created by the California EITC implies that workers who work more than a relatively low number of hours are unlikely to gain any extra income because of the EITC

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w32883
    Subjects: Einkommensteuer; Ländersteuer; Steuervergünstigung; Beschäftigungseffekt; Alleinerziehende; Kalifornien; USA; Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies; Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity; Public Policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  2. Taxes and health insurance
    Author: Gruber, Jonathan
    Published: 2001
    Publisher:  NBER, Cambridge, Mass.

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    W 1 (8657)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; 8657
    Subjects: Krankenversicherung; Steuervergünstigung; Subvention; USA; Versicherungsschutz; Financing, Government; Health insurance; Insurance, Health; Public Policy; Subsidies
    Scope: 43 S, graph. Darst
    Notes:

    Internetausg.: papers.nber.org/papers/W8657.pdf - lizenzpflichtig

    Literaturverz. S. 35 - 37
  3. The impact of tobacco control program expenditures on aggregate cigarette sales
    1981 - 1998
    Author: Farrelly, Matthew C.; Pechacek, Terry F.; Chaloupka, Frank J.
    Published: 2001
    Publisher:  NBER, Cambridge, Mass.

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; 8691
    Subjects: Rauchen; Zigarette; Absatz; USA; Cigarettes; Health Education; Public Policy; Smoking Cessation; Smoking; State Government; Tobacco industry; Tobacco
    Scope: 32 S, graph. Darst
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    Internetausg.: papers.nber.org/papers/w8691.pdf - lizenzpflichtig

    Literaturverz. S. 24 - 26
  4. Der Zweiklassenstaat
    wie die Privilegierten Deutschland ruinieren
    Author: Lauterbach, Karl
    Published: 2007
    Publisher:  Rowohlt, Berlin

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: German
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 9783871345791
    Other identifier:
    9783871345791
    RVK Categories: MS 1300 ; MG 15920 ; QC 010
    Edition: 1. Aufl.
    Subjects: Education; Elite (Social sciences); Public Policy; Social Class; Social Conditions; Social Medicine; Social classes
    Scope: 219 S., graph. Darst., 215 mm x 140 mm
    Notes:

    Literaturangaben
  5. Estimating the value of a statistical life
    the importance of omitted variables and publication bias
    Author: Ashenfelter, Orley; Greenstone, Michael
    Published: 2004
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; 10401
    Subjects: Fahrgeschwindigkeit; Verkehrsunfall; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse; Sterblichkeit; Statistischer Fehler; Systematischer Fehler; Schätzung; USA; Automobile Driving; Econometrics; Economics; Instrumental variables (Statistics); Models, Econometric; Public Policy; Publication Bias; Safety; Value of Life
    Scope: 9, [5] S
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. S.9

    Internetausg.: papers.nber.org/papers/w10401.pdf - lizenzpflichtig
  6. The generational divide in support for environmental policies
    European evidence
    Author: Hersch, Joni; Viscusi, W. Kip
    Published: 2005
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; 11859
    Subjects: Klimawandel; Klimaschutz; Zahlungsbereitschaftsanalyse; Altersgruppe; Mineralölsteuer; Generationengerechtigkeit; EU-Staaten; Meinung; Conservation of Natural Resources; Environmental policy; Gasoline; Greenhouse Effect; Intergenerational Relations; Public Policy; Social Values; Social values
    Scope: 28 S.
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. S. 20 - 21

    Internetausg.: papers.nber.org/papers/w11859.pdf - lizenzpflichtig
  7. The perception and valuation of the risks of climate change
    a rational and behavioral blend
    Author: Viscusi, W. Kip; Zeckhauser, Richard
    Published: 2005
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; 11863
    Subjects: Klimawandel; Klimaschutz; Risiko; Rationalität; Zahlungsbereitschaftsanalyse; USA; Meinung; Climatic changes; Greenhouse Effect; Observer Variation; Public Policy; Risk Assessment; Social values; Socioeconomic Factors
    Scope: 42 S., graph. Darst.
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. S. 29 - 31

    Internetausg.: papers.nber.org/papers/w11863.pdf - lizenzpflichtig
  8. Behavioral public economics
    welfare and policy analysis with non-standard decision makers
    Author: Bernheim, Bert Douglas; Rangel, Antonio
    Published: 2005
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; 11518
    Subjects: Verhaltensökonomik; Konsumentenverhalten; Öffentliche Güter; Sparen; Drogenkonsum; Wohlfahrtsanalyse; Decision Making; Economics; Models, Economic; Public Policy; Social Welfare; Welfare economics
    Scope: 76 S
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. S. 65 - 76

    Internetausg.: papers.nber.org/papers/w11518.pdf - lizenzpflichtig
  9. From the cradle to the labor market?
    The effect of birth weight on adult outcomes
    Author: Black, Sandra E.; Devereux, Paul J.; Salvanes, Kjell G.
    Published: 2005
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; 11796
    Subjects: Kinder; Gesundheit; Kindersterblichkeit; Bildungschancen; Bildungsertrag; Schätzung; Norwegen; Birth Weight; Birth weight; Educational Status; Income; Infant Mortality; Public Policy; Socioeconomic Factors
    Scope: 56 S, graph. Darst
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    Internetausg.: papers.nber.org/papers/w11796.pdf - lizenzpflichtig

    Literaturverz. S. 31 - 33
  10. Healthy development
    the World Bank strategy for health, nutrition, & population results
    Published: 2007

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    Content information
    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 9780821371930
    RVK Categories: QX 785
    Subjects: Gesundheitswesen; Ernährungspolitik; Bevölkerungspolitik; Entwicklungsfinanzierung; Entwicklungsorganisation; Entwicklungsländer; Nutrition policy; Population assistance; Public health; Public health; Developing Countries; Public Health; Financial Support; International Agencies; Public Policy
    Scope: XIX, 220 S., Ill., graph. Darst.
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. S. 201 - 210. - Enth. Index

    Executive summaryIntroduction and overview -- Opportunities and challenges in the new international environment in health -- Bank contribution and challenges in implementing the 1997 HNP strategy -- How can the bank better serve client countries in the new environment? Bank comparative advantages for HNP results -- New bank strategic objectives: what HNP results? -- New bank strategic directions: how should the bank support client-country efforts? -- Implications for priority health, nutrition, and population programs and interventions -- Implementing new bank HNP strategic directions.
  11. Education and public policy in the European Union
    crossing boundaries
    Contributor: St. John, Sarah K. (HerausgeberIn); Murphy, Mark (HerausgeberIn)
    Published: [2019]; © 2019
    Publisher:  Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

    “This book is a brilliant interdisciplinary analysis of the interplay between education and other forms of public policy. Its case studies shine a new light not just on the impact of education across policy areas, but also on its striking... more

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    “This book is a brilliant interdisciplinary analysis of the interplay between education and other forms of public policy. Its case studies shine a new light not just on the impact of education across policy areas, but also on its striking significance for European integration as a whole.” -Xavier Prats-Monné, Former Director General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture (DG-CULT), and Former Director General for Health and Food Safety (DG-SANTE) (European Commission) This book fleshes out activities and initiatives in the field of education from across areas of European Union competence in order to highlight the extent to which education and training have penetrated the European Community’s policymaking since its creation. Policies are all too often placed in their individual silos, which can sometimes work against deeper understanding of policymaking and its reach across policy domains. This project avoids such compartmentalisation and instead crosses boundaries to explore education’s relationship with other policy areas, as well as its far-reaching role in the construction of a united Europe. It demonstrates education’s significance across the broad landscape of European integration by presenting a collection of case studies, which represent policy areas that have experienced the infiltration of education. These include: Migration, Health, Agriculture, Multilingualism, Media and Communications, and the environment. Sarah K. St. John is a researcher at the University of Glasgow, UK, and works at the European University Institute. Mark Murphy is Reader in Education and Public Policy at the University of Glasgow, UK, and Co-Director of the Robert Owen Centre for Educational Change 1. Introduction - Sarah K. St. John and mark Murphy -- 2. Education | Tracing the roots: The origins and evolution of European Union Education Policy - Sarah K. St. John -- 3. Migration | Where migration meets education: Case study of policies referring to the mobility of the highly skilled - Sona Kalantaryan and Justyna Salamońska -- 4. Health | Health and education policy: Labour markets, qualifications and the struggle over standards - Scott Greer and Ellen Kuhlmann -- 5. Agriculture | Agriculture with a Social Twist: Vocational Education and Training in the Common Agricultural Policy - Carine Germond -- 6. Multilingualism | Breaking the Language Barriers: Free Movement and Language Learning in the European Community - Guido Reverdito and Sarah K. St. John -- 7. Communications and Media | EU Digital media policies and education: The challenge of A Digital Agenda for Europe - Cristina Costa and Mark Murphy -- 8. Environment | Raising Long-term Awareness: EU Environmental Policy and Education - Mirella Sarti and Sarah K. St. John -- 9. Conclusion - Mark Murphy and Sarah K. St. John

     
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  12. What is state capacity?
    Author: Khemani, Stuti
    Published: February 2019
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group, Washington, DC, USA

    Reform leaders who want to pursue technically sound policies are confronted with the problem of getting myriad government agencies, staffed by thousands of bureaucrats and state personnel, to deliver. This paper provides a framework for thinking... more

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    Reform leaders who want to pursue technically sound policies are confronted with the problem of getting myriad government agencies, staffed by thousands of bureaucrats and state personnel, to deliver. This paper provides a framework for thinking about the problem as a series of interdependent principal-agent relationships in complex organizations, where one type of actor, the agent, takes actions on behalf of another, the principal. Using this framework to review and forge connections across a large literature, the paper shows how the crux of state capacity is the culture of bureaucracies-the incentives, beliefs and expectations, or norms, shared among state personnel about how others are behaving. Although this characterization might apply generally to any complex organization, what distinguishes agencies of the state is the fundamental role of politics-the processes by which the leaders who exercise power over bureaucracies, starting from the lowest village levels, are selected and sanctioned. Politics shapes not only the incentives of state personnel, but perhaps more importantly, it coordinates their beliefs and expectations, and thereby the performance of government agencies. Recognizing these roles of politics, the paper offers insights for what reform leaders can do to strengthen state capacity for public goods

     
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 8734
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Subjects: State Capacity; Public Policy; Politicians; Bureaucracy; Service Delivery
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. The impact of targeted regulation of abortion providers laws on abortions and births
    Author: Arnold, Grace E.
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This paper analyzes the impact of supply-side abortion restrictions on aggregate abortion and birth rates in the United States. Specifically, I exploit state and time variation in the implementation of the first targeted regulation of abortion... more

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    This paper analyzes the impact of supply-side abortion restrictions on aggregate abortion and birth rates in the United States. Specifically, I exploit state and time variation in the implementation of the first targeted regulation of abortion provider (TRAP) law in a state to identify the effects of the laws. I find that TRAP laws are associated with a reduction in the abortion rate of approximately 5% the year the first law is implemented, and an average reduction of 11-14% in subsequent years. There is also evidence that TRAP laws increased birth rates by 2-3%, which accounts for approximately 80-100% of the observed decline in abortion rates.

     
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    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1093
    Subjects: Abortion; Abortion Providers; Economics of Gender; Public Policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Safeguarding Consumers Through Minimum Quality Standards
    Milk Inspections and Urban Mortality, 1880-1910
    Author: Anderson, D. Mark; Charles, Kerwin Kofi; McKelligott, Michael; Rees, Daniel I.
    Published: May 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We examine the effect of enforcing minimum quality standards (MQSs) on consumer health. In the late 1800s, the urban milk supply was regularly skimmed and diluted with water, but consumers could not easily determine its quality because dyes,... more

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    We examine the effect of enforcing minimum quality standards (MQSs) on consumer health. In the late 1800s, the urban milk supply was regularly skimmed and diluted with water, but consumers could not easily determine its quality because dyes, caramel, and salt were added. To protect consumers, milk inspectors were tasked with enforcing a well-defined MQS. Using city-level data for the period 1880-1910, we find that milk inspections reduced mortality from waterborne and foodborne diseases by 8-19 percent. Ours is the first study to provide evidence that MQSs can improve consumer health when directly applied to an experience or credence good

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30063
    Subjects: Produktqualität; Produktsicherheit; Milch; Wirkungsanalyse; Sterblichkeit; Stadt; USA; State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health; Public Policy; Economics of Regulation; U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
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  15. The Crime Effect of Refugees
    Author: Akbulut-Yuksel, Mevlude; Mocan, Naci; Tumen, Semih; Turan, Belgi
    Published: May 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We analyze the impact on crime of 3.7 million refugees who entered and stayed in Turkey as a result of the civil war in Syria. Using a novel administrative data source on the flow of offense records to prosecutors' offices in 81 provinces of the... more

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    We analyze the impact on crime of 3.7 million refugees who entered and stayed in Turkey as a result of the civil war in Syria. Using a novel administrative data source on the flow of offense records to prosecutors' offices in 81 provinces of the country each year, and utilizing the staggered movement of refugees across provinces over time, we estimate instrumental variables models that address potential endogeneity of the number of refugees and their location, and find that an increase in the number of refugees leads to more crime. We estimate that the influx of refugees between 2012 and 2016 generated additional 75,000 to 150,000 crimes per year, although it is not possible to identify the distribution of these crimes between refugees and natives. Additional analyses reveal that low-educated native population has a separate, but smaller, effect on crime. We also highlight the pitfalls of employing incorrect empirical procedures and using poor proxies of criminal activity which produce the wrong inference about the refugee-crime relationship. Our results underline the need to quickly strengthen the social safety systems, to take actions to dampen the impact on the labor market, and to provide support to the criminal justice system in order to mitigate the repercussions of massive influx of individuals into a country, and to counter the social and political backlash that typically emerges in the wake of such large-scale population movements

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30070
    Subjects: Flüchtlinge; Bürgerkrieg; Syrisch; Soziale Folgen; IV-Schätzung; Kriminalitätsökonomik; Türkei; Labor Economics Policies; Demand and Supply of Labor; Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs; Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers; Public Policy; Criminal Law; Immigration Law; Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  16. The economic implications of training for firm performance
    Author: Martins, Pedro S.
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This paper surveys the emerging economics literature on the relationship between employee training and firm performance. Most studies find very high returns to training, at least from the perspective of firms, indicating that the costs of training... more

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    This paper surveys the emerging economics literature on the relationship between employee training and firm performance. Most studies find very high returns to training, at least from the perspective of firms, indicating that the costs of training can be recouped in short periods of time. These results follow from different identification approaches, including randomised control trials. The training provided is typically of a general nature, which is consistent with employers' labour market power. Several areas for future research are also proposed, including the role of labour market institutions in promoting training and the extent to which the productivity effects of training are shared with employees.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/249569
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1046
    Subjects: Productivity; Skills; Competences; Human Capital; Lifelong Learning; Employment; Public Policy; Programme Evaluation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten)
  17. Longing for which home
    evidence from global aspirations to stay, return or migrate onwards
    Author: Bekaert, Els; Constant, Amelie; Foubert, Killian; Ruyssen, Ilse
    Published: 14 September 2021
    Publisher:  Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, The Netherlands

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    Series: Working paper series / United Nations University, UNU-MERIT ; #2021, 035
    Subjects: Economics of Immigrants; Geographic Labor Mobility; Public Policy; Microeconomic Behavior; Underlying Principles; International Migration; Large DataSets; Modeling and Analysis
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Spending and Job-Finding Impacts of Expanded Unemployment Benefits
    Evidence from Administrative Micro Data
    Author: Ganong, Peter; Greig, Fiona E.; Noel, Pascal J.; Sullivan, Daniel M.; Vavra, Joseph S.
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We show that the largest increase in unemployment benefits in U.S. history had large spending impacts and small job-finding impacts. This finding has three implications. First, increased benefits were important for explaining aggregate spending... more

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    We show that the largest increase in unemployment benefits in U.S. history had large spending impacts and small job-finding impacts. This finding has three implications. First, increased benefits were important for explaining aggregate spending dynamics--but not employment dynamics--during the pandemic. Second, benefit expansions allow us to study the MPC of normally low-liquidity households in a high-liquidity state. These households still have high MPCs. This suggests a role for persistent behavioral characteristics, rather than just current liquidity, in driving spending behavior. Third, the mechanisms driving our results imply that temporary benefit supplements are a promising countercyclical tool

     
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  19. Unconditional Cash and Family Investments in Infants
    Evidence from a Large-Scale Cash Transfer Experiment in the U.S
    Author: Gennetian, Lisa A.; Duncan, Greg J.; Fox, Nathan A.; Magnuson, Katherine A.; Halpern-Meekin, Sarah; Noble, Kimberly G.; Yoshikawa, Hirokazu
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    A key policy question in evaluating social programs to address childhood poverty is how families receiving unconditional financial support would spend those funds. Economists have limited empirical evidence on this topic in the U.S. We provide causal... more

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    A key policy question in evaluating social programs to address childhood poverty is how families receiving unconditional financial support would spend those funds. Economists have limited empirical evidence on this topic in the U.S. We provide causal estimates of financial and time investments in infants among families living in poverty from a large-scale, multi-site randomized controlled study of monthly unconditional cash transfers starting at the time of a child's birth. We find that the cash transfers increased spending on child-specific goods and mothers' early-learning activities with their infants. The marginal propensity to consume child-focused items from the cash transfer exceeded that from other income, consistent with the behavioral cues in the cash transfer design. We find no statistically detectable offsets in household earnings nor statistically detectable impacts in other pre-registered outcomes related to general household expenditures, maternal labor supply, infants' time in childcare, or mothers' subjective well-being

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30379
    Subjects: Öffentliche Sozialleistungen; Bargeld; Wirkungsanalyse; Kinderarmut; USA; Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation; Household; General; Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth; Public Policy; Time Allocation and Labor Supply
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  20. Sleep quality and the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in five European countries
    Author: Jabakhanji, Samira; Lepinteur, Anthony; Menta, Giorgia; Piper, Alan T.; Vögele, Claus
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Freie Universität Berlin, [Berlin]

    The COVID-19 pandemic has led to lifestyle changes across Europe with a likely impact on sleep quality. This investigation considers sleep quality in relation to the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in five European countries. Using panel... more

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    The COVID-19 pandemic has led to lifestyle changes across Europe with a likely impact on sleep quality. This investigation considers sleep quality in relation to the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in five European countries. Using panel regressions and keeping policy responses to COVID-19 constant, we show that an increase in the four-week average daily COVID-19 deaths/100,000 inhabitants (our proxy for the evolution of the pandemic) significantly reduced sleep quality in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Sweden between April 2020 and June 2021. Our results are robust to a battery of sensitivity tests and are larger for women, parents and young adults. Additionally, we show that about half of the reduction in sleep quality caused by the evolution of the pandemic can be attributed to changes in lifestyles, worsened mental health and negative attitudes toward COVID-19 and its management (lower degree of confidence in government, greater fear of being infected). In contrast, changes in one's own infection-status from the SARS-CoV-2 virus or sleep duration are not significant mediators of the relationship between COVID-19-related deaths and sleep quality.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/265094
    Edition: This version: September 2022
    Series: Array ; 2022, 7
    Subjects: COVID-19; Sleep Quality; Mental Health; Public Policy; Coronaphobia
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Health Care Centralization
    The Health Impacts of Obstetric Unit Closures in the US
    Author: Fischer, Stefanie; Royer, Heather; White, Corey D.
    Published: June 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Over the last few decades, health care services in the United States have become more centralized. We study how the loss of hospital-based obstetric units in over 400 rural counties affect maternal and infant health via a difference-in-differences... more

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    Over the last few decades, health care services in the United States have become more centralized. We study how the loss of hospital-based obstetric units in over 400 rural counties affect maternal and infant health via a difference-in-differences design. We find that closures lead to significant changes in obstetric practices such as inductions and C-sections. In contrast to concerns voiced in the public discourse, the effects on a range of maternal and infant health outcomes are negligible or slightly beneficial. While women travel farther to receive care, closures induce women to receive higher quality care

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30141
    Subjects: Gesundheitsversorgung; Geburt; Gesundheitswesen; Gesundheitsreform; Wirkungsanalyse; USA; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health; Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs; Labor Economics Policies; Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth; Public Policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  22. Policy Diffusion and Polarization across U.S. States
    Author: Della Vigna, Stefano; Kim, Woojin
    Published: June 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Economists have studied the impact of numerous state laws, from welfare rules to voting ID requirements. Yet for all this policy evaluation, what do we know about policy diffusion--how these policies spread from state to state? We present a series of... more

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    Economists have studied the impact of numerous state laws, from welfare rules to voting ID requirements. Yet for all this policy evaluation, what do we know about policy diffusion--how these policies spread from state to state? We present a series of facts based on a data set of over 700 U.S. state policies spanning the past 7 decades. First, considering the introduction of new laws, state capacity seems to have a small role, in that larger and richer states are only slightly more likely to innovate policy. Second, the diffusion of policies from 1950 to 2000 is best predicted by proximity: a state is more likely to adopt a policy if nearby states have already done so. Third, instead since 2000, political alignment outperforms geographic proximity in predicting diffusion. Fourth, the diffusion of COVID state policies, as opposed to vaccination mandates since the 1970s, follows similar patterns of political polarization. Models of learning and correlated preferences could account for these patterns, including the decreased role of geography over time, if ideas spread more easily and preference correlation has become more political than geographical. We document, however, a role for party control: similarity in state party control predicts policy adoption in the last two decades, even controlling for voter political preferences. We conclude that party polarization has emerged as a key factor recently for policy adoption. Finally, building on these results, we broadly classify the patterns of policy diffusion in a set of difference-in-differences papers

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30142
    Subjects: Politik; Politische Einstellung; Teilstaat; USA; Microeconomic Policy: Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation; Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents; Public Policy
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  23. Unemployment Insurance, Starting Salaries, and Jobs
    Author: Dahl, Gordon B.; Knepper, Matthew M.
    Published: June 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We study the labor market effects of permanent 23-50% reductions in unemployment insurance benefits available in seven states. Leveraging linked firm-establishment data, we find that establishments based in reform states experience 1.5-2.4% faster... more

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    We study the labor market effects of permanent 23-50% reductions in unemployment insurance benefits available in seven states. Leveraging linked firm-establishment data, we find that establishments based in reform states experience 1.5-2.4% faster employment growth relative to the same firm's establishments in other states. Using a similar multi-state firm design, starting salaries are 1.8-7.2% lower in reform states and posted salaries for the same job fall by 1.4-5.5%. These labor supply shocks yield an average labor demand elasticity of -1.0. Our results reveal a substantial decline in match quality and worker bargaining power as UI benefits become less generous

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30152
    Subjects: Arbeitslosenversicherung; Beschäftigungseffekt; Lohnniveau; USA; Public Policy; Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search; Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings
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  24. Is Our Fiscal System Discouraging Marriage? A New Look at the Marriage Tax
    Author: Ilin, Elias; Kotlikoff, Laurence J.; Pitts, Melinda
    Published: June 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We develop, apply, and test a new measure of the marriage tax - the reduction in future spending from getting married - using SCF and ACS data. Our measure incorporates all major and most minor U.S. tax and benefit programs. And it assumes clone... more

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    We develop, apply, and test a new measure of the marriage tax - the reduction in future spending from getting married - using SCF and ACS data. Our measure incorporates all major and most minor U.S. tax and benefit programs. And it assumes clone marriage - marrying oneself - to ensure the living-standard loss from marrying is unaffected by spousal choice. Our calculated high and highly variable marriage taxes materially reduce the probability of marriage particularly for low-income females with children

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30159
    Subjects: Ehe; Familie; Familienbesteuerung; USA; Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue; Household; Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse; Public Policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  25. Age and the labor market for Hispanics in the United States
    Author: Lahey, Joanna; Mosquera, Roberto M.
    Published: June 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We explore the labor market for Hispanic high school graduates in the United States by age using information from the US Census, American Community Survey, Current Population Survey, and three laboratory experiments. We find, in general, that the... more

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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    We explore the labor market for Hispanic high school graduates in the United States by age using information from the US Census, American Community Survey, Current Population Survey, and three laboratory experiments. We find, in general, that the differences in outcomes for Hispanic and non-Hispanic high school graduates do not change across the lifecycle. Moving to a laboratory setting, we provided participants with randomized resumes for a clerical position that are on average equivalent except for name and age (as indicated by date of high school graduation). In all three experiments, hypothetical applicants with Hispanic and non-Hispanic names were generally treated the same across the lifecycle by a student population, a population of human resources managers, and a more general population from mTurk. These results stand in contrast to earlier results that find strong differences by age in how resumes with Black and White names are treated

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30171
    Subjects: Hispano-Amerikaner; Weiße; Absolventen; Arbeitsuche; Vergleich; Experiment; USA; Laboratory, Individual Behavior; Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-Labor Market Discrimination; Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination; Public Policy; Labor Discrimination; Personnel Economics
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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