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  1. Policy strategies and challenges for climate change mitigation in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector
    Author: Henderson, Ben; Frank, Stefan; Havlik, Petr; Valin, Hugo
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  OECD Publishing, Paris

    This study uses GLOBIOM ‒ the most detailed global economic model of agriculture, land use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions ‒ to assess the effectiveness of different policies in cutting net emissions from the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land... more

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    This study uses GLOBIOM ‒ the most detailed global economic model of agriculture, land use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions ‒ to assess the effectiveness of different policies in cutting net emissions from the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector, with a view to helping limit long-term global temperature increases to 1.5°C and 2°C. Trade-offs between emission reductions and impacts on food producers, consumers and government budgets are also evaluated for each policy package. A full complement of policy options is deployed globally across AFOLU, comprising emission taxes for emitting AFOLU activities and subsidies rewarding carbon sequestration. Using a carbon price consistent with the 2°C target (1.5°C target), this is projected to mitigate 8 GtCO2 eq/yr (12 GtCO2 eq/yr) in 2050, representing 89% (129%) reduction in net AFOLU emissions, and 12% (21%) of total anthropogenic GHG emissions. Nearly two-thirds of the net emission reductions are from the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) component of AFOLU, mostly from reduced deforestation. A global carbon tax on AFOLU is found to be twice as effective in lowering emissions as an equivalently priced emission abatement subsidy because the latter keeps high emitting producers in business. However, a tax has trade-offs in terms of lower agricultural production and food consumption, which a subsidy avoids. A shift to lower emission diets by consumers has a much smaller impact on reducing agricultural emissions than any of the policy packages involving taxes on emissions.

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers ; no. 149
    Subjects: GHG emission tax; abatement subsidy; Paris Agreement; Agriculture and Food
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Third generation of nationally determined contributions
    the heart of the Paris Agreement is at stake
    Author: Adolphsen, Ole; Könneke, Jule; Thielges, Sonja
    Published: [August 2024]
    Publisher:  SWP, Berlin

    The signatories of the Paris Agreement are required to submit new nationally determined contributions (NDCs) by 10 February 2025, laying out targets for 2035. These third generation NDCs - "NDCs 3.0" - are supposed to serve as comprehensive... more

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    The signatories of the Paris Agreement are required to submit new nationally determined contributions (NDCs) by 10 February 2025, laying out targets for 2035. These third generation NDCs - "NDCs 3.0" - are supposed to serve as comprehensive investment and transformation plans and incorporate the findings of the Global Stocktake (GST). The GST was agreed at COP 28 in Dubai to keep the 1.5 degree target within reach. However, hardened fronts between developing and developed countries obstruct the establishment of a progressive coalition to develop ambitious NDCs. Germany and the European Union could inject new life into the NDC 3.0 process by stepping up technical support, promoting diplomatic initiatives and embracing Brazil as a key actor

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/302119
    Series: SWP comment ; 2024, no. 33 (August 2024)
    Subjects: Internationaler Umweltschutz; Umweltabgabe; Völkerrechtlicher Vertrag; Umweltschutz; Klimaschutz; Klimaänderung; NDC 3.0; nationally determined contribution; NDC; Global Stocktake; GST; Paris Agreement; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; UNFCCC; Just Energy Transition Partnerships; JETP; new collective quantified goal; NCQG
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (7 Seiten)
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    "English version of SWP-Aktuell 37/2024"

    Gesehen am 07.08.2024
  3. What drives implementation of city-level climate action
    case studies of climate change action plan at the local level in Ho Chi Minh City and Hai Phong City of Vietnam
    Author: Fukuda, Koji; Akagi, Junko; Kato, Makoto
    Published: [July 2023]
    Publisher:  JICA Ogata Sadako Research Institute for Peace and Development, Tokyo, Japan

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    Series: JICA Ogata Research Institute discussion paper ; no. 11 (July 2023)
    Subjects: Cities; local climate change action plan; drivers of implementation; budget; co-benefits; effectiveness; Vietnam; Paris Agreement
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Are the nationally determined contributions of African countries just negotiation documents?
    Author: Andersen, Ole Winckler; Pedersen, Rasmus Hundsbæk
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  DIIS - Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen, Denmark

    All countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have submitted Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) as part of their respective commitments to climate action, and they will start to share updated versions of their NDCs in 2025. While various analyses have... more

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    All countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have submitted Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) as part of their respective commitments to climate action, and they will start to share updated versions of their NDCs in 2025. While various analyses have documented and analysed the significant differences in countries' NDCs, there has only been a limited focus on this aspect of African countries' NDCs or on the role NDCs play in these countries. This paper addresses this issue by exploring common trends and differences in the NDCs of countries in SubSaharan Africa and discusses some potential explanations. The paper argues that the contents of these NDCs are not only influenced by climate-change considerations but also by a complex set of national and international factors. A better understanding of the differences between them in Sub-Saharan Africa is needed, including the extent to which the NDCs constitute commitment or negotiation positions of the countries.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9788772361727
    Series: DIIS working paper ; 2024, 05
    Subjects: Sub-Saharan Africa; NDCs; Nationally Determined Contributions; COP29; climate; climate-change; Paris Agreement
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Natural disasters, investor attention, and non-fundamental green asset demand
    Author: Misev, Marina A.; Balles, Patrick
    Published: July 2024
    Publisher:  University of Basel, Faculty of Business and Economics, Basel, Switzerland

    This study examines how the occurrence of natural disasters in the U.S. influences investor interest in green assets and actual investments, focusing on inflows into green ETFs as a proxy for non-fundamental demand. Event study analyses demonstrate... more

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    This study examines how the occurrence of natural disasters in the U.S. influences investor interest in green assets and actual investments, focusing on inflows into green ETFs as a proxy for non-fundamental demand. Event study analyses demonstrate both increases in investor interest in eco-friendly investments (proxied by Google searches) and inflows into green ETFs following disasters, driven by the period following the 2015 Paris Agreement. The additional inflows average about $4.3 million in the week directly following disasters, compared to average inflows of around $1.1 million in the non-disaster reference window. Importantly, both effects disappear when other attention-grabbing events, such as terrorist attacks or mass shootings, occur simultaneously with disasters. Analysis of climate change coverage across U.S. media suggests that media attention devoted to climate change concerns drives the documented shifts in investor behavior towards green investments. Furthermore, analysis of flows in brown ETFs (e.g., the oil and gas sector) reveals analogous disinvestments in the wake of disasters, but notably, only in the absence of concurrent distracting events.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
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    hdl: 10419/301196
    Series: WWZ working paper ; 2024, 07
    Subjects: Investor attention; green investing; natural disasters; ETFs; non-fundamental demand; green sentiment; ESG; media attention; Paris Agreement
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Financing the transition?
    taking the temperature of European banks' corporate loan books a pilot study on banks' alignment with the temperature target of the Paris Agreement
    Author: Passaro, Raffaele; Schumacher, Benno; Helmke, Hannah; Pellegrino, Jacopo; Roshan, Elnaz
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  European Banking Authority, Paris, France

    The Paris Agreement requires policy makers to keep the increase in global average temperature well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, while pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C. Furthermore, it demands finance flows to be consistent... more

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    The Paris Agreement requires policy makers to keep the increase in global average temperature well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, while pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C. Furthermore, it demands finance flows to be consistent with pathways towards low greenhouse gas emission technologies. While prudential supervisory authorities so far primarily focussed on assessing banks' resilience to climate-related financial shocks from a risk-oriented viewpoint, e.g. based on dedicated climate stress tests, we argue in this paper for a complementary perspective beyond prudential supervision, namely banks' own contribution to global warming through their financing of climateharmful activities. This perspective becomes especially relevant considering the prospective reporting on double materiality according to the EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). With the objective of the Paris Agreement being defined in terms of degrees Celsius, we examine banks' alignment with the temperature target by quantifying the implied temperature rise of banks' (non-SME) corporate loan books. To that end, we propose an innovative alignment methodology, leveraging on the so-called X-Degree Compatibility (XDC) Model developed by right°, which we apply on granular exposure-level information collected from selected EU banks. According to our findings, the average implied temperature rise of banks' (non-SME) corporate loan portfolios ranges between 3.7°C and 4.1°C, depending on the aggregation methodology. While we observe some heterogeneity across banks, none of them is on a pathway compatible with the agreed target. Additionally, we show that the implied temperature rise as per our methodology can also serve as proxy for transition risk, thereby combining the twofold objective from a double materiality perspective in a single metric.

     
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    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9789292459772
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    Series: EBA staff paper series ; n. 20 (11/2024)
    Subjects: EU banks; Paris Agreement; portfolio alignment; climate transition; financed emissions; implied temperature rise
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. An integrated approach to the Paris climate Agreement
    the role of regions and cities
    Author: Matsumoto, Tadashi; Allain-Dupré, Dorothée; Crook, Jonathan N.; Robert, Alexis
    Published: [2019]
    Publisher:  OECD, Paris, France

    Following the historic 2015 Paris Agreement aiming to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels by 2100, 165 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, representing 192 countries, have been submitted. Nationally... more

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    Following the historic 2015 Paris Agreement aiming to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels by 2100, 165 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, representing 192 countries, have been submitted. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) detail each Party’s efforts to reduce domestic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. This paper, recognising the role of cities and regions in implementing the Paris Agreement, highlights the need for an integrated approach in implementing NDCs and long-term low GHG emission development strategies (LT-LEDS) and attempts to present key policy options for such an approach. First, the paper identifies the national and subnational co-ordination mechanisms in current NDCs, LT-LEDS and other subnational climate strategies and argues that the current processes of developing and implementing NDCs and LT-LEDS provide a unique opportunity for national governments to integrate innovative subnational climate action. The paper then assesses the potential for co-ordination of national, regional and local climate mitigation investment through the lens of the OECD Recommendation on Effective Public Investment Across Levels of Government adopted in 2014.

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
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    Series: OECD regional development working papers ; 2019, 13
    Subjects: Urban, Rural and Regional Development; Climate change; Paris Agreement; Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs); long-term lowgreenhouse gas emission development strategies (LT-LEDS); public investment; cities; mitigation; infrastructure
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Climate change-related regulatory risks and bank lending
    Author: Mueller, Isabella; Sfrappini, Eleonora
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    We identify the effect of climate change-related regulatory risks on credit reallocation, Our evidence suggests that effects depend borrower's region, Following an increase in salience of regulatory risks, banks reallocate credit to US firms that... more

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    We identify the effect of climate change-related regulatory risks on credit reallocation, Our evidence suggests that effects depend borrower's region, Following an increase in salience of regulatory risks, banks reallocate credit to US firms that could be negatively impacted by regulatory interventions, Conversely, in Europe, banks lend more to firms that could benefit from environmental regulation, The effect is moderated by banks' own loan portfolio composition, Banks with a portfolio tilted towards firms that could be negatively affected by environmental policies increasingly support these firms, Overall, our results indicate that financial implications of regulation associated with climate change appear to be the main drivers of banks' behavior.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9789289951197
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    hdl: 10419/264495
    Series: Array ; no 2670 (June 2022)
    Subjects: climate change; climate risk; credit reallocation; Paris Agreement
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 63 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Unlocking the potentials of private financing for low-carbon energy transition
    ideas and solutions from ASEAN markets
    Author: Anbumozhi, Venkatachalam; Locastro, Matthew; David, Dharish; Lutfiana, Dian; Rakhmah, Tsani Fauziah
    Published: January 2020
    Publisher:  Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, [Jakarta]

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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: ERIA discussion paper series ; ERIA-DP-2019-27 = no. 313
    Subjects: Paris Agreement; low-carbon energy transition; private sector; regional cooperation; innovative financing
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Policies and financing strategies for low-carbon energy transition
    overcoming barriers to private financial institutions
    Author: Anbumozhi, Venkatachalam; Wolff, Peter; Yao, Xianbin
    Published: February 2020
    Publisher:  Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, [Jakarta]

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    Series: ERIA discussion paper series ; ERIA-DP-2019-38 = no. 324
    Subjects: Capital markets; banking sector; financial regulations; Paris Agreement
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Over with carbon?
    investors' reaction to the Paris Agreement and the US withdrawal
    Author: Alessi, Lucia; Battiston, Stefano; Kvedaras, Virmantas
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  European Commission, Ispra

    How financial investors may react to policy events related to sustainability and climate change mitigation in particular, is a key question with implications for sustainable finance and financial stability. We address this question by carrying out a... more

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    How financial investors may react to policy events related to sustainability and climate change mitigation in particular, is a key question with implications for sustainable finance and financial stability. We address this question by carrying out a multi-period difference-in-difference approach on a confidential database of securities holdings of the European Central Bank, and we provide evidence of several effects related to the Paris Agreement. In aggregate, investors reduced their exposure to carbon-intensive assets in response to the agreement, and the trend reverted after the US withdrawal announcement. However, the reaction varies across categories and geographies of the securities holders, their ownership size, and the emissions of owned firms. In particular, transition risk has been taken up by less regulated financial institutions and the BRIC countries. Our results highlight that the redirection of global financial flows towards climate action requires clear and unanimous signals from the global community of policy makers.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
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    hdl: 10419/250162
    Series: JRC working papers in economics and finance ; 2021, 12
    Subjects: high-carbon firms; finance; Paris Agreement; stock holdings; US withdrawal
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Offset approaches in existing compliance mechanisms - adding value and upholding environmental integrity?
    final report
    Author: Carvalho, Maria; Meneses, Mireille; Amellina, Aryanie; Álvarez Campo, Carmen; Kreibich, Nico
    Published: May 2022
    Publisher:  Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau

    The report analyzes, by looking back at existing compliance systems in the EU, Alberta, Australia, Colombia and Japan, the conditions under which offsets can add value to the compliance system without undermining its environmental integrity. The... more

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    The report analyzes, by looking back at existing compliance systems in the EU, Alberta, Australia, Colombia and Japan, the conditions under which offsets can add value to the compliance system without undermining its environmental integrity. The compliance system’s climate ambition as well as the efficiency of the institutions, processes and infrastructure that are used for the generation and crediting of offsets are seen as essential conditions for offsets to uphold environmental integrity and add value to a compliance system, to climate action and to sustainable development.

     
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    Language: English
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    Project No. (FKZ) 3719 42 507 0
    Report No. (UBA-FB) FB000681/ENG
    Series: Climate change / Umweltbundesamt ; 2021, 58
    Ressortforschungsplan of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection
    Subjects: Market mechanisms; carbon market; climate projects; Paris Agreement; Kyoto Protocol
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (104 Seiten, 1,58 MB), Diagramme
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    Report completed in: August 2021
  13. Suitability and success factors of offsets post-2020
    final report
    Author: Kreibich, Nico; Arens, Christof; Carvalho, Maria; Meneses Campos, Mireille; Sherman, Luke
    Published: May 2022
    Publisher:  Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau

    The report examines the role offset approaches can play in the post-2020 climate regime. For this purpose, the report first develops a conceptual approach and a normative vision of what should be viewed as successful offset use. It then proposes... more

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    The report examines the role offset approaches can play in the post-2020 climate regime. For this purpose, the report first develops a conceptual approach and a normative vision of what should be viewed as successful offset use. It then proposes tools to operationalize this vision. Lastly it derives overarching policy recommendations for the integration of offsets in carbon pricing systems.

     
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    Report No. (UBA-FB) FB000682/ENG
    Series: Climate change / Umweltbundesamt ; 2021, 59
    Ressortforschungsplan of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection
    Subjects: Market mechanisms; carbon market; climate projects; Paris Agreement; environmental integrity
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (108 Seiten, 1,92 MB), Diagramme
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    Report completed in: July 2021
  14. Potentials for offset approaches in selected sectors post 2020
    final report
    Author: Carvalho, Maria; Sherman, Luke; Álvarez Campo, Carmen; Kreibich, Nico
    Published: May 2022
    Publisher:  Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau

    The report develops an assessment framework that policy makers can use to determine whether offsets can add value while ensuring the environmental integrity of a compliance system. It uses an assessment framework for these factors to: (1) identify... more

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    The report develops an assessment framework that policy makers can use to determine whether offsets can add value while ensuring the environmental integrity of a compliance system. It uses an assessment framework for these factors to: (1) identify sectors that warrant offsets as cost-containment measures for ambitious climate targets due to emissions that are difficult to reduce; and (2) identify which emissions reductions would otherwise be unachievable, promote sustainable development, and the extent to which they enable transformative sectoral actions that may be considered to provide offsets. This evaluation framework is exemplified in various sectors and technologies.

     
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    Report No. (UBA-FB) FB000683/ENG
    Series: Climate change / Umweltbundesamt ; 2021, 60
    Ressortforschungsplan of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection
    Subjects: Market mechanisms; carbon market; climate projects; Paris Agreement; environmental integrity
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (106 Seiten, 3,3 MB), Diagramme
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    Report completed in: July 2021
  15. The European Commission’s 2050 Vision “A clean planet for all” – implications for sector strategies and climate governance
    final report
    Author: Wachsmuth, Jakob; Duscha, Vicki; Eckstein, Johannes; Herbst, Andrea; Plötz, Patrick; Duwe, Matthias; Evans, Nick; Freundt, Mona; Umpfenbach, Katharina; Bettgenhäuser, Kjell; Hermelink, Andreas
    Published: April 2022
    Publisher:  Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau

    In November 2018, the European Commission published its Strategic Long-Term Vision entitled “A Clean Planet for all” calling for the target of net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. This proposal was subsequently agreed upon by EU heads of state... more

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    In November 2018, the European Commission published its Strategic Long-Term Vision entitled “A Clean Planet for all” calling for the target of net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. This proposal was subsequently agreed upon by EU heads of state and government, it features centrally in the European Green Deal and has now been made a legally binding objective in the EU Climate Law. The Strategic Long-Term Vision was supported by a detailed In-depth Analysis. The central objective of the work presented in this report was to assess the European Commission's Strategic Long-Term Vision and supplementary materials and reflect on them in light of state-of-the-art sector analyses. The report is a summary of a series of publications. These publications provide insights on the In-depth Analysis along with an assessment of the role of the Strategic Vision and how it can be turned into an effective long-term strategy for the EU. In addition, sector analyses for the transport sector, the industry sector and the buildings sector provide insights on the action needed to reach long-term decarbonisation in those sectors. An assessment of the inception impact assessment to the Effort Sharing Regulation shed light on different options for a meaningful combination of CO2 pricing (emissions trading) and regulation under the Effort Sharing Regulation. Lastly, a stocktake on the overall landscape of EU climate governance as of autumn of 2021 identified remaining weaknesses and recommends ways to strengthen the existing processes to ensure that they can get the EU on a path towards climate neutrality. A central recommendation is the call for an update to the EU long-term strategy as a central hub to provide oversight and guidance for sectoral and horizontal strategies as well as the next policy package (beyond 2030) that is due in 2024. Im November 2018 veröffentlichte die Europäische Kommission ihre Strategische LangzeitVision „Ein sauberer Planet für alle“, welche Netto-Null-Treibhausgasemissionen als Ziel für die EU im Jahr 2050 vorschlug. Dieses Ziel wurde ein Jahr später von den EU-Staats- und Regierungschefs angenommen. Es ist auch eine zentrale Zielgröße im European Green Deal und durch das EU-Klimaschutzgesetz wurde es rechtlich verbindlich. Die Strategische LangzeitVision von 2018 wurde von einer detaillierten Folgenabschätzung begleitet. Das Hauptziel der in diesem Bericht vorgestellten Arbeit bestand darin, die Strategische Langzeitvision der Europäischen Kommission und die ergänzenden Materialien zu bewerten und sie im Lichte der neuesten Sektoranalysen zu reflektieren. Der Bericht ist eine Zusammenfassung einer Serie von Publikationen. Diese Publikationen geben Einblicke in die Folgenabschätzung sowie eine Einschätzung der Rolle der Strategischen Vision und wie sie zu einer effektiven Langzeitstrategie für die EU entwickelt werden kann. Darüber hinaus geben Sektoranalysen für den Verkehrs-, Industrie- und Gebäudesektor Aufschluss darüber, welche Maßnahmen erforderlich sind, um eine langfristige Dekarbonisierung in diesen Sektoren zu erreichen. Eine Analyse der ersten Folgenabschätzung zur Effort-SharingVerordnung beleuchtet die verschiedenen Optionen für eine sinnvolle Kombination aus CO2-Bepreisung (Emissionshandel) und Regulierung im Rahmen der Effort-Sharing-Verordnung. Schließlich wurden in einer Bestandsaufnahme des Gesamtbilds der EU-Klimagovernance im Herbst 2021 verbleibende Schwachstellen ermittelt und Wege zur Stärkung der bestehenden Prozesse empfohlen, um sicherzustellen, dass sie die EU auf den Weg zur Klimaneutralität bringen können. Eine zentrale Empfehlung ist die Forderung nach einer Aktualisierung der EULangzeitstrategie als zentraler Drehscheibe, um Übersicht und Orientierung für sektorale und horizontale Strategien sowie für das nächste Politikpaket (nach 2030), das 2024 ansteht, zu bieten.

     
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    3718411130
    Series: Climate change / Umweltbundesamt ; 2022, 17
    Ressortforschungsplan of the Federal Ministry for the Enviroment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection
    Subjects: climate protection; long-term strategy; EU; European Union; Paris Agreement
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (41 Seiten, 0,84 MB), Diagramme
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    Report completed in: November 2021
  16. Carbon taxes or emissions trading systems?
    instrument choice and design
    Author: Parry, Ian W. H.; Black, Simon; Zhunussova, Karlygash
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC

    Carbon pricing should be a central element of climate mitigation strategies, helping countries transition to 'net zero' greenhouse gas emissions over the next three decades. Policymakers considering introducing or scaling up carbon pricing face... more

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    Carbon pricing should be a central element of climate mitigation strategies, helping countries transition to 'net zero' greenhouse gas emissions over the next three decades. Policymakers considering introducing or scaling up carbon pricing face technical choices between carbon taxes and emissions trading systems (ETSs) and in their design. This includes administration, price levels, relation to other mitigation instruments, use of revenues to address efficiency and distributional objectives, supporting measures to address competitiveness concerns, extension to broader emissions sources, and coordination at the global level. Political economy considerations also affect the choice and design of instruments. This paper discusses such issues in the choice between and design of carbon taxes and ETSs, providing guidance, broader considerations, and quantitative analyses. Overall, carbon taxes have significant practical advantages over ETSs (especially for developing countries) due to ease of administration, price certainty to promote investment, the potential to raise significant revenues, and coverage of broader emissions sources-but ETSs can have significant political economy advantages

     
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  17. Promoting transformational change through carbon markets
    strengthening the transformational impact of carbon market cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement : final report
    Author: Olsen, Karen Holm; Kolenda, Mathilde; Konrad, Susanne; Lütken, Søren; Censkowsky, Philipp; Espelage, Agalaja; Hoch, Stephan; Kessler, Juliana; Michaelowa, Axel; Singh, Aayushi; Brodmann, Urs; Keller, Yves
    Published: September 2022
    Publisher:  Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau

    A transition to sustainable development and net-zero greenhouse gas emissions is key to achieve the temperature limits established by the Paris Agreement (PA) and the global sustainable development goals (SDGs) agreed in the 2030 Agenda. To explore... more

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    A transition to sustainable development and net-zero greenhouse gas emissions is key to achieve the temperature limits established by the Paris Agreement (PA) and the global sustainable development goals (SDGs) agreed in the 2030 Agenda. To explore how carbon market approaches under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement can contribute to the transformational change required by these global agreements, the German Environment Agency (UBA) has commissioned UNEP DTU Partnership in collaboration with Perspectives Climate Research and First Climate to carry out this research project. The project aims to generate insights and recommendations for how to design and implement Article 6 rules and activities to promote transformational change (TC) through carbon markets. Based on insights from a literature review and expert interviews, the authors propose a definition of transformational change with four characteristics particularly relevant to Article 6 objectives, namely 'Digitalisation’, ‘Private sector and Governments’, ‘Carbon pricing’ and ‘Dynamic baselines’. In the context of Article 6 negotiations up to COP26 in Glasgow and an overview of Article 6 piloting efforts, conceptual options are presented for Article 6 activities to promote transformational change. An incentive structure for carbon markets to promote Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) ambition raising, and transformational impact is introduced. Insights from a comparative case study analysis of different NDCs and sectors in Costa Rica, Morocco and Pakistan demonstrate how transformational impact can be designed and assessed at Article 6 activity level. Findings are used to identify implications for Article 6 design so that activities enhance their transformational impact. For instance, higher prices for internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) with transformational impact can enable the political will in host countries to undertake deep mitigation opportunities while achieving cost-efficient emission reductions with domestic means. Key conclusions and recommendations are that core carbon market principles such as of additionality and baselines-setting can be reinterpreted in order to promote transformational change aligned with the global 1.5°C temperature goal. Ein Übergang zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung und Netto-Null-Treibhausgasemissionen auf allen Ebenen der Gesellschaft ist der Schlüssel zum Erreichen der im Übereinkommen von Paris (ÜvP) festgelegten Temperaturziele und der globalen Ziele für nachhaltige Entwicklung (engl. Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs) der Agenda 2030. Das Umweltbundesamt (UBA) hat UNEP DTU Partnership in Zusammenarbeit mit Perspectives Climate Research und First Climate mit der Durchführung dieses Forschungsprojektes beauftragt, um zu untersuchen, wie Kohlenstoffmarktansätze unter Artikel 6 des ÜvP zu der von diesen globalen Abkommen geforderten transformativen Wirkung beitragen können. Das Projekt zielt darauf ab, Erkenntnisse und Empfehlungen für die Gestaltung und Umsetzung von Artikel 6-Regeln und - Aktivitäten zur Förderung des transformativen Wandels durch Kohlenstoffmärkte zu generieren. Auf der Grundlage von Erkenntnissen aus einer Literaturrecherche und Interviews schlagen die Autoren eine Definition von transformativem Wandel vor: „Ein grundlegender, nachhaltiger Wandel eines Systems, der etablierte kohlenstoffintensive Praktiken beendet und zu einer emissionsfreien Gesellschaft beiträgt, im Einklang mit dem Ziel des Pariser Abkommens, die globale Erwärmung auf 1,5-2°C zu begrenzen, und den Nachhaltigkeitszielen der Vereinten Nationen", mit vier Merkmalen, die für die Ziele von Artikel 6 besonders relevant sind, nämlich "Digitalisierung", "Privatsektor und Regierungen", "Kohlenstoffpreisgestaltung" und "dynamische Baselines". Auf der Grundlage der Artikel 6-Verhandlungen bis zur COP26 in Glasgow und eines Überblicks über Artikel 6-Pilotprojekte werden konzeptionelle Optionen für Artikel 6-Aktivitäten zur Förderung eines transformativen Wandels vorgestellt. Eine Anreizstruktur für Kohlenstoffmärkte zur Förderung höherer Ambitionen in den national festgelegten Beiträgen (engl. Nationally Determined Contributions, NDCs) und der transformativen Wirkung wird vorgestellt. Erkenntnisse aus einer vergleichenden Fallstudienanalyse verschiedener NDCs und Sektoren in Costa Rica, Marokko und Pakistan zeigen, wie transformative Auswirkungen auf der Ebene der Artikel-6-Aktivitäten konzipiert und bewertet werden können. Die Ergebnisse werden genutzt, um Implikationen für die Gestaltung von Artikel 6 zu identifizieren, damit Aktivitäten ihre transformative Wirkung verstärken. Beispielsweise können höhere Preise für international übertragene Minderungsergebnisse (engl. internationally transferred mitigation outcomes, ITMOs) mit Transformationswirkung den politischen Willen in den Gastgeberländern stärken, Möglichkeiten zur umfassenden Minderung zu ergreifen und gleichzeitig kosteneffiziente Emissionsminderungen mit eigenen Mitteln zu erreichen. Die wichtigsten Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen lauten, dass Kernprinzipien des Kohlenstoffmarktes wie Zusätzlichkeit und stringente Baselines neu interpretiert werden können, um einen transformativen Wandel zu fördern, der auf das globale Temperaturziel von 1,5 °C ausgerichtet ist.

     
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    Contributor: Götzinger, Anne (HerausgeberIn); Raeschke-Kessler, Konrad (HerausgeberIn)
    Language: English
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    Format: Online
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    Project No. (FKZ) 3719 42 504 0
    Report No. (UBA-FB) FB000837/ENG
    Series: Climate change / Umweltbundesamt ; 2022, 40
    Ressortforschungsplan of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection
    Subjects: Market mechanisms; carbon market; climate projects; Paris Agreement; Article 6; transformational change
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (125 Seiten, 3,84 MB), Diagramme, Karte
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    Report completed in: October 2021
  18. Climate policies after Paris
    pledge, trade, and recycle
    Author: Böhringer, Christoph; Peterson, Sonja; Rutherford, Thomas F.; Schneider, Jan; Winkler, Malte
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Verein für Socialpolitik, [Köln]

    This article summarizes the insights of an Energy Modeling Forum study on the magnitude and distribution of economic adjustment costs to greenhouse gas emission constraints in the aftermath of the Paris Agreement where countries voluntarily committed... more

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    This article summarizes the insights of an Energy Modeling Forum study on the magnitude and distribution of economic adjustment costs to greenhouse gas emission constraints in the aftermath of the Paris Agreement where countries voluntarily committed themselves to Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). The model cross-comparison suggests that tightening of NDCs in line with the commonly agreed 2◦C temperature target will induce global economic costs of roughly 1% in 2030 - yet, these cost are unevenly spread across regions with fossil fuel exporting countries being most adversely affected from the transition towards a low-carbon economy. In order to reduce adjustment costs at the global and regional level, comprehensive emissions trading which exploits least-cost abatement options is strongly desirable as it can relax contentious normative debates on equitable burden sharing. Lump-sum recycling of revenues from GHG pricing in equal amounts to every household appeals as an attractive strategy to mitigate regressive effects of emission pricing and thereby make stringent climate policy more acceptable on societal fairness grounds.

     
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    hdl: 10419/242408
    Series: Jahrestagung 2021 / Verein für Socialpolitik ; 57
    Subjects: Paris Agreement; emissions pricing and trading; revenue recycling
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. The trade implications of the Paris COP21 Agreement
    Author: Cosbey, Aaron
    Published: [2016]
    Publisher:  Commonwealth Secretariat, London

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    Series: International trade working paper / Commonwealth Secretariat ; 2016, 17
    Subjects: COP21; climate change; Paris Agreement; trade and investment policy; Commonwealth
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 16 Seiten)
  20. Are financial markets aligned with climate action?
    new evidence from the Paris Agreement
    Author: Kruse, Tobias; Mohnen, Myra; Sato, Misato
    Published: February 2020
    Publisher:  Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, [London, UK]

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    Series: Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy working paper ; no. 364
    Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment working paper ; no. 333
    Subjects: Green growth; Green revenues; Event Study; Paris Agreement; Firm value; GHG emissions
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Blockchain and tokenized securities
    the potential for green finance
    Author: Schletz, Marco; Nassiry, Darius; Lee, Myung-Kyoon
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Asian Development Bank Institute, Tokyo, Japan

    Green investment vehicles are limited by multiple market failures, such as high transaction costs for certification and monitoring, and high minimum investment sizes. In this exploratory study, we apply an inductive approach based on qualitative... more

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    Green investment vehicles are limited by multiple market failures, such as high transaction costs for certification and monitoring, and high minimum investment sizes. In this exploratory study, we apply an inductive approach based on qualitative evidence from expert feedback to assess the potential of blockchain-based security tokens to address these market failures. The tokenization of real assets or debt/equity instruments reduces transaction costs through disintermediation and automation, enhances transparency, and reduces size and liquidity requirements due to lower transaction costs. The main constraints to the adoption of tokenized securities are software risk, regulatory uncertainty, and immature investment infrastructure. These constraints can be addressed by decision- and policy makers in Asia. Through developing pilot use cases and establishing regulatory sandboxes for tokenized securities, valuable experiences and stakeholder feedback can be merged into coherent regulatory and investment frameworks. Even though tokenized securities are a nascent technology and currently limited by immaturities, it is important to consider and develop this financing mechanism in a proactive manner, given its high potential to democratize green finance.

     
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    hdl: 10419/238436
    Series: ADBI working paper series ; no. 1079 (February 2020)
    Subjects: green finance; blockchain; tokenized securities; security token offering; Asia; green bonds; policy implications; climate change; sustainable development; climate finance; Paris Agreement; sustainability finance
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Overstraining international climate finance: when conflicts of objectives threaten its success
    Author: Buchholz, Wolfgang; Rübbelke, Dirk T. G.
    Published: October 2020
    Publisher:  Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Milano, Italia

    Expectations concerning international climate finance have increased considerably. In particular, provisions for international transfer schemes are an important element in the Paris Agreement. Yet, climate finance is not only seen as a tool to... more

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    DS 125
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    Expectations concerning international climate finance have increased considerably. In particular, provisions for international transfer schemes are an important element in the Paris Agreement. Yet, climate finance is not only seen as a tool to efficiently combat global warming, but also to solve development problems in the recipient countries. Thereby, conflicts between distributive and allocative objectives arise, which threaten overall performance of such transfer schemes. Given the severity of the climate change problem, we raise concerns whether the world can afford climate transfer schemes that do not focus on prevention of (and adaptation to) climate change, but are considered as a vehicle of rentseeking by many agents. In line with the famous Tinbergen rule we argue that other sustainability problems and issues of global fairness should not be primarily addressed by climate finance but should be mainly tackled by other means. Future designs of international transfer schemes within the framework of the Paris Agreement are to be based on experience gained from existing mechanisms. Therefore, we con-sider different existing schemes using a graphical technique first proposed by David Pearce and describe the conflicts between allocative and distributional goals that arise.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/228793
    Series: Array ; 2020, 017
    Subjects: Ancillary Benefits; CDM; Climate Finance; Co-benefits; Global Environment Facility; Incremental Cost; International Transfers; Paris Agreement; Premium Prices
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Carbon emissions and the cost of debt financing
    what role for policy commitment, firm disclosure and corporate governance?
    Author: Palea, Vera; Drogo, Federico
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Università degli studi di Torino, Department of Economics and Statistics “Cognetti de Martiis”, [Turin]

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Edition: This version 6 February 2020
    Series: Working paper series / Dipartimento economia e statistica Cognetti de Martiis ; 20, 02
    Subjects: cost of debt; carbon emissions; climate-related disclosure; emission control mechanisms; Paris Agreement; Eurozone
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten)
  24. Blue hydrogen as an enabler of green hydrogen
    the case of Germany
    Author: Dickel, Ralf
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781784671594
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/246558
    Series: Array ; 159
    Subjects: carbon sequestration; decarbonization; methane blending; Paris Agreement; public good; renewable electricity; steam reforming
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. When green meets green
    Author: Degryse, Hans; Goncharenko, Roman; Theunisz, Carola; Vadasz, Tamas
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  National Bank of Belgium, Brussels

    What is the impact of environmental consciousness (i.e., being green) as borrower and as lender on loan rates? We investigate this question employing an international sample of syndicated loans over the period 2011-2019. We find that green firms... more

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    What is the impact of environmental consciousness (i.e., being green) as borrower and as lender on loan rates? We investigate this question employing an international sample of syndicated loans over the period 2011-2019. We find that green firms borrow at a signifi- cantly lower spread, especially when the lender consortium can also be classified as green, i.e., when \green-meets-green". Further tests reveal that the impact of \green-meets-green" became significant and large negative only after the acceptance of the Paris Agreement in December 2015. We argue that this is evidence for lenders responding to policy events which affect environmental attitudes.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/238179
    Series: Working paper research / National Bank of Belgium ; no 392 (October 2020)
    Subjects: Paris Agreement; Green Firms; Green Banks; Bank Lending
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen