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  1. Do Stronger IPR Incentivize Female Participation in Innovation? Evidence from Chinese AI Patents
    Author: Agrawal, Shubhangi; Rathi, Sawan; Chatterjee, Chirantan; Higgins, Matthew J.
    Published: June 2024
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Do stronger intellectual property rights incentivize female participation in innovation? We provide new evidence on this question using a unique database of artificial intelligence patents publicly shared by the USPTO. Our identification strategy... more

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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Do stronger intellectual property rights incentivize female participation in innovation? We provide new evidence on this question using a unique database of artificial intelligence patents publicly shared by the USPTO. Our identification strategy leverages China's WTO TRIPs accession, which led to stronger intellectual property rights in 2002. We find a significant rise in the number of female inventors and an increase in the number of patents with females on inventor teams vis-a-vis a control group of countries. We also find that after stronger intellectual property rights, the quality of Chinese artificial intelligence patents with female inventors on the team improved. Results are robust controlling for unobserved heterogeneity at the country, technology class, and over time. Additional robustness tests with synthetic controls, coarsened exact matching, randomized inference and alternative control groups support our benchmark findings. Our results highlight that stronger intellectual property rights can be helpful in improving gender division of labor thereby benefiting society and innovation

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w32547
    Subjects: Frauen; Innovation; Patent; Immaterialgüterrechte; Patentrecht; Künstliche Intelligenz; WTO-Mitgliedschaft; China; inventor; Erfinder; Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination; Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  2. Measuring the Commercial Potential of Science
    Author: Masclans, Roger; Hasan, Sharique; Cohen, Wesley M.
    Published: March 2024
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This paper uses a large language model to develop an ex-ante measure of the commercial potential of scientific findings. In addition to validating the measure against the typical holdout sample, we validate it externally against 1.) the progression... more

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    This paper uses a large language model to develop an ex-ante measure of the commercial potential of scientific findings. In addition to validating the measure against the typical holdout sample, we validate it externally against 1.) the progression of scientific findings through a major university's technology transfer process and 2.) firms' use of the academic science of major American research universities. We then illustrate the measure's utility by applying it to two questions. First, does the patenting of academic research by universities impede its breadth of use by firms? Second, to illustrate how this measure can advance our understanding of the determinants of firms' use of science generally, we use it to analyze how one factor, universities' reputations for generating commercializable science, impacts firms' use of academic science. For the former question, using our measure to control for commercializable science, we find that patenting does not dampen the dissemination of academic science in industry. For the second, we find that reputation per se, apart from the production of commercializable science, impacts industry's use of science, especially for that science with high commercial potential, implying that the commercializable science of less prominent universities is disproportionately overlooked by industry

     
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  3. Market Power in Artificial Intelligence
    Author: Gans, Joshua
    Published: March 2024
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This paper surveys the relevant existing literature that can help researchers and policy makers understand the drivers of competition in markets that constitute the provision of artificial intelligence products. The focus is on three broad markets:... more

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    This paper surveys the relevant existing literature that can help researchers and policy makers understand the drivers of competition in markets that constitute the provision of artificial intelligence products. The focus is on three broad markets: training data, input data, and AI predictions. It is shown that a key factor in determining the emergence and persistence of market power will be the operation of markets for data that would allow for trading data across firm boundaries

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w32270
    Subjects: Künstliche Intelligenz; Data Science; Datenmanagement; Marktmacht; Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility; General; Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  4. Copyright Policy Options for Generative Artificial Intelligence
    Author: Gans, Joshua
    Published: February 2024
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    New generative artificial intelligence (AI) models, including large language models and image generators, have created new challenges for copyright policy as such models may be trained on data that includes copy-protected content. This paper examines... more

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    New generative artificial intelligence (AI) models, including large language models and image generators, have created new challenges for copyright policy as such models may be trained on data that includes copy-protected content. This paper examines this issue from an economics perspective and analyses how different copyright regimes for generative AI will impact the quality of content generated as well as the quality of AI training. A key factor is whether generative AI models are small (with content providers capable of negotiations with AI providers) or large (where negotiations are prohibitive). For small AI models, it is found that giving original content providers copyright protection leads to superior social welfare outcomes compared to having no copyright protection. For large AI models, this comparison is ambiguous and depends on the level of potential harm to original content providers and the importance of content for AI training quality. However, it is demonstrated that an ex-post `fair use' type mechanism can lead to higher expected social welfare than traditional copyright regimes

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w32106
    Subjects: Künstliche Intelligenz; Urheberrecht; General; Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  5. The Government Patent Register
    A New Resource for Measuring U.S. Government-Funded Patenting
    Author: Gross, Daniel P.; Sampat, Bhaven N.
    Published: February 2024
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We introduce new historical administrative data identifying U.S. government-funded patents since the early twentieth century. In addition to the funding agency, the data report whether the government has title to the patent ("title" patents) or... more

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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    We introduce new historical administrative data identifying U.S. government-funded patents since the early twentieth century. In addition to the funding agency, the data report whether the government has title to the patent ("title" patents) or funded a patent assigned to a private organization ("license" patents). The data include a large number of "license" patents that cannot be linked to government funding from patent text or other sources. Combining the historical data with modern administrative sources, we present a public, consolidated data series measuring U.S. government-funded patents--including funding agencies--through 2020, and we provide code to extend this series in the future. We use the data to document long-run patterns in U.S. government-funded patents and federal patent policy, propose ways in which these data can be used in future research, and discuss limitations of the data

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w32136
    Subjects: Technologiepolitik; Patent; Patentrecht; Forschungsdaten; USA; U.S.; Canada: 1913-; Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives; Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital; Government Policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  6. Deadlines Versus Continuous Incentives
    Evidence from the Patent Office
    Author: Frakes, Michael; Wasserman, Melissa F.
    Published: January 2024
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    A quota system with an associated deadline may retain the possibility of worker procrastination and related deadline behaviors. A performance appraisal system based on continuous temporal incentives, on the other hand, has the potential to alleviate... more

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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    A quota system with an associated deadline may retain the possibility of worker procrastination and related deadline behaviors. A performance appraisal system based on continuous temporal incentives, on the other hand, has the potential to alleviate deadline effects but may lose some of the quality-related benefits associated with the flexibility of a quota/deadline system. We explore these tradeoffs by observing patent examiner behavior and examination quality outcomes surrounding a 2011 reform at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office that built on its bi-weekly quota system by adding a set of bonuses tied to daily examination-pendency measures. We find a substantial reduction in deadline effects and near complete temporal smoothing in examiner behavior in connection with the reform, leading to large reductions in average examination pendency while resulting in no corresponding reductions in the accuracy of examinations

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w32066
    Subjects: Leistungsanreiz; Leistungsmotivation; Arbeitsverhalten; Patentrecht; USA; Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles; Compensation Packages; Payment Methods; General; Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  7. The Wandering Scholars
    Understanding the Heterogeneity of University Commercialization
    Author: Lerner, Joshua; Manley, Henry J.; Stein, Carolyn; Williams, Heidi
    Published: January 2024
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    University-based scientific research has long been argued to be a central source of commercial innovation and economic growth. Yet at the same time, there have been long-held concerns that many university-based discoveries never realize their... more

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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    University-based scientific research has long been argued to be a central source of commercial innovation and economic growth. Yet at the same time, there have been long-held concerns that many university-based discoveries never realize their potential social benefits. Looking across universities, research and commercialization activities such as start-up formation vary tremendously - variation that could reflect the composition and orientation of faculty research, university-level factors such as patenting and licensing efforts, or broader place-based factors such as location in a technology cluster. We take a first step towards unpacking this heterogeneity in university commercialization by analyzing how the propensity of academic research to spill over to commercial innovation changes when academics move across universities. Our estimates suggest that at least 15-25% of geographic variation in commercial spillovers from university-based research is attributable to place-specific factors

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w32069
    Subjects: Universitäre Forschung; Spillover-Effekt; Industrieforschung; Regionalentwicklung; USA; Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital; Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers