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  1. The Economics of Tropical Deforestation
    Author: Balboni, Clare A.; Berman, Aaron; Burgess, Robin; Olken, Benjamin A.
    Published: June 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Two factors have elevated recent academic and policy interest in tropical deforestation: first, the realization that it is a major contributor to climate change; and second, a revolution in satellite-based measurement that has revealed that it is... more

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    Two factors have elevated recent academic and policy interest in tropical deforestation: first, the realization that it is a major contributor to climate change; and second, a revolution in satellite-based measurement that has revealed that it is proceeding at a rapid rate. We begin by reviewing the methodological advances that have enabled measurement of forest loss at a fine spatial resolution across the globe. We then develop a simple benchmark model of deforestation based on classic models of natural resource extraction. Extending this approach to incorporate features that characterize deforestation in developing countries---pressure for land use change, significant local and global externalities, weak property rights, and political economy constraints---provides us with a framework for reviewing the fast-growing empirical literature on the economics of deforestation in the tropics. This combination of theory and empirics provides insights not only into the economic drivers and impacts of tropical deforestation but also into policies that may affect its progression. We conclude by identifying areas where more work is needed in this important body of research

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31410
    Subjects: Entwaldung; Landnutzung; Tropen; Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products; Forestry
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  2. The Environmental Impacts of Protected Area Policy
    Author: Reynaert, Mathias; Rodrigues, Eduardo Augusto de Souza; Benthem, Arthur A. van
    Published: November 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    The world has pledged to protect 30 percent of its land and waters by 2030 to halt the rapid deterioration of critical ecosystems. We summarize the state of knowledge about the impacts of protected area policies, with a focus on deforestation and... more

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    The world has pledged to protect 30 percent of its land and waters by 2030 to halt the rapid deterioration of critical ecosystems. We summarize the state of knowledge about the impacts of protected area policies, with a focus on deforestation and vegetation cover. We discuss critical issues around data and measurement, identify the most commonly-used empirical methods, and summarize empirical evidence across multiple regions of the world. In most cases, protection has had at most a modest impact on forest cover, with stronger effects in areas that face pressure of economic development. We then identify several open areas for research to advance our understanding of the effectiveness of protected area policies: the use of promising recent econometric advancements, shifting focus to direct measures of biodiversity, filling the knowledge gap on the effect of protected area policy in advanced economies, investigating the long-run impacts of protection, and understanding its equilibrium effects

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31873
    Subjects: Naturschutzgebiet; Umweltschutz; Waldschutz; Entwaldung; Artenvielfalt; Umweltpolitik; Wirkungsanalyse; Welt; Forestry; Land; Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics; Industrial Ecology; Land Use Patterns
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  3. An Evaluation of Protected Area Policies in the European Union
    Author: Grupp, Tristan Earle; Mishra, Prakash; Reynaert, Mathias; Benthem, Arthur A. van
    Published: December 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    The European Union designates 26% of its landmass as a protected area, limiting economic development to favor biodiversity. This paper uses the staggered introduction of protected-area policies between 1985 and 2020 to study the selection of land for... more

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    The European Union designates 26% of its landmass as a protected area, limiting economic development to favor biodiversity. This paper uses the staggered introduction of protected-area policies between 1985 and 2020 to study the selection of land for protection and the causal effect of protection on vegetation cover and nightlights. Our results reveal protection did not affect the outcomes in any meaningful way across four decades, all countries, protection cohorts, and a wide range of land and climate attributes. We conclude that European conservation efforts lack ambition because policymakers select land for protection not threatened by development

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31934
    Subjects: Naturschutzgebiet; Landnutzung; Bodenpolitik; Umweltpolitik; EU-Staaten; Forestry; Land; Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics; Industrial Ecology; Land Use Patterns
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  4. Forest Fires
    Why The Large Year-to-Year Variation in Forests Burned?
    Author: Apt, Jerome; Epple, Dennis N.; Sowell, Fallaw
    Published: September 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Quantifying factors giving rise to temporal variation in forest fires is important for advancing scientific understanding and improving fire prevention. We demonstrate that eighty percent of the large year-to-year variation in forest area burned in... more

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    Quantifying factors giving rise to temporal variation in forest fires is important for advancing scientific understanding and improving fire prevention. We demonstrate that eighty percent of the large year-to-year variation in forest area burned in California can be accounted for by variation in temperature, precipitation, housing construction, electricity transmission, and ocean surface temperatures in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Equatorial Pacific. California is of particular interest because of its large acreage burned and proximity of fires to human populations. We believe our model is the first unified treatment of climatic factors and human activities that affect forest area burned

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31738
    Subjects: Feuer; Wald; Katastrophe; Klimawandel; Kalifornien; Forestry; Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling; Climate; Natural Disasters and Their Management; Global Warming
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  5. Unveiling the critical role of forest areas amidst climate change: the Latin American case
    Author: Alonso-Sanabria, Juan David; Melo-Velandia, Luis Fernando; Parra-Amado, Daniel
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Banco de la Republica Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 20.500.12134/10703
    Series: Borradores de economía ; no.1254 (2023)
    Subjects: CO2 emissions; Forestry; Reforestation; Panel FMOLS
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 10 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Urban Forests
    Environmental Health Values and Risks
    Author: Xing, Jianwei; Hu, Zhiren; Xia, Fan; Xu, Jintao; Zou, Eric Yongchen
    Published: August 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Forests accompany the cities we build. There are an estimated 5.5 billion urban trees in the United States. Globally, about 25 percent of urban land is covered by tree canopy. This study examines urban forests as a policy tool for air pollution... more

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    Forests accompany the cities we build. There are an estimated 5.5 billion urban trees in the United States. Globally, about 25 percent of urban land is covered by tree canopy. This study examines urban forests as a policy tool for air pollution mitigation. We study an afforestation program in the city of Beijing, which planted a total of 2 million mu of greenery - roughly the size of Los Angeles - across the city over a decade. We conduct a remote-sensing audit of the program, finding that it contributes to a substantial greening up of the city. This causes significant downwind air quality improvement, reducing average `PM_2.5` concentration at city population hubs by 4.2 percent. Rapid vegetation growth, however, led to a 7.4 percent increase in pollen exposure. Analysis of medical claims data shows aeroallergens triggered emergency room visits, mirroring well-documented industrial pollution effects though less severe. We offer insight on managing urban forests' health risks, identifying harmful pollen species and susceptible population subgroups

     
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