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  1. Employment effects of environmental policies
    evidence from firm-level data
    Author: Mohommad, Adil
    Published: May 2021
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    The employment impact of environmental policies is an important question for policy makers. We examine the effect of increasing the stringency of environmental policy across a broad set of policies on firms' labor demand, in a novel identification... more

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    The employment impact of environmental policies is an important question for policy makers. We examine the effect of increasing the stringency of environmental policy across a broad set of policies on firms' labor demand, in a novel identification approach using Worldscope data from 31 countries on firm-level CO2 emissions. Drawing on evidence from as many as 5300 firms over 15 years and the OECD environmental policy stringency (EPS) index, it finds that high emission-intensity firms reduce labor demand upon impact as EPS is tightened, whereas low emission-intensity firms increase labor demand, indicating a reallocation of employment. Moreover, tightening EPS during economic contractions appears to have a positive effect on employment, other things equal. Quantifications exercises show modest positive net changes in employment for market-based policies, and modest negative net changes for non-market policies (mainly emission quantity regulations) and for the combined aggregate EPS. Within market-based policies, the percent decline in employment in high-emission firms (correspondingly the increase in low-emission firms) for a unit change in a policy index is smallest (largest) for trading schemes ('green' certificates, and 'white' certificates)-although stringency is not comparable across indices. Finally, the employment effects of EPS are not persistent

     
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  2. Catching up and falling behind
    cross-country evidence on the impact of the EU ETS on firm productivity
    Author: Themann, Michael; Koch, Nicolas
    Published: April 2021
    Publisher:  RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Essen, Germany

    This paper assesses the potential impact of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) on firm productivity. We estimate a stylized version of the neo-Schumpeterian model, which incorporates innovation and productivity catch-up as two... more

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    This paper assesses the potential impact of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) on firm productivity. We estimate a stylized version of the neo-Schumpeterian model, which incorporates innovation and productivity catch-up as two potential sources of firm’s productivity growth, while at the same time accounting for persistent productivity dispersion within industries. This dynamic model allows us to differentiate the potential effects of the EU ETS on total factor productivity (TFP) depending on the level of firms’ technological advancement. The identification approach is based on a difference-in-difference approach exploiting the incomplete participation requirements of the EU ETS and the rich panel structure of firm-level data for eight EU countries from 2002 to 2012. We find evidence that the policy effects on TFP are highly heterogeneous and depend on the distance to the technological frontier, measured as the highest TFP in each year-industry. Productivity effects are positive for firms that are close to the frontier, but they turn negative for firms operating far behind the frontier. In dieser Studie untersuchen wir die möglichen Auswirkungen des Emissionshandelssystems der Europäischen Union (EU ETS) auf das Produktivitätswachstum der regulierten Firmen. Auf Basis von Firmen-Paneldaten für 8 EU-Länder für den Zeitraum von 2002-2012 und unter Verwendung eines Differenz-in-Differenzen-Ansatzes wird der Effekt dieser Politikmaßnahme geschätzt. Wir verwenden eine stilisierte Version des neo-schumpeterianischen Modells, welches Innovation und den technologischen Aufholprozess als zwei potenzielle Quellen für Produktivitätswachstum beinhaltet und die Produktivitätsstreuung innerhalb der Wirtschaftsbranchen berücksichtigt. Ein zentrales und robustes Ergebnis dieser Analyse sind die heterogenen Auswirkungen des ETS: Das System hat positive Effekte für die effizientesten Unternehmen, aber negative Effekte für Unternehmen, die weit von der Effizienzgrenze entfernt sind. Dieses Ergebnis stützt beide Paradigmen, die in Bezug auf die Auswirkungen von Umweltregulierung vorherrschen: die Porter-Hypothese, nach der Umweltregulierung bei Firmen zu Effizienzgewinnen führt, wie dies beim ETS für die effizientesten Firmen der Fall zu sein scheint, und die konträre konventionelle Sichtweise, nach der Umweltregulierung zu Effizienzverlusten führen kann.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9783969730454
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/233880
    Series: Ruhr economic papers ; #904
    Subjects: Environmental regulation; EU ETS; productivity; competitiveness
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Essays on the economics of the 1956 Clean Air Act
    Author: Fukushima, Nanna
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Stockholm University, Stockholm

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Dissertation
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789179115593
    Other identifier:
    Series: Dissertations in economics ; 2021, 1
    Subjects: Environmental economics; Air pollution; Clean Air Act 1956; Environmental regulation; Infant health; Firm heterogeneity; Firm behaviour; Regulation compliance; Economic history
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 165 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Notes:

    Dissertation, Stockholm University, 2021
  4. Employment effects of environmental policies
    evidence from firm-level data
    Author: Mohommad, Adil
    Published: May 2021
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    The employment impact of environmental policies is an important question for policy makers. We examine the effect of increasing the stringency of environmental policy across a broad set of policies on firms' labor demand, in a novel identification... more

    Access:
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    The employment impact of environmental policies is an important question for policy makers. We examine the effect of increasing the stringency of environmental policy across a broad set of policies on firms' labor demand, in a novel identification approach using Worldscope data from 31 countries on firm-level CO2 emissions. Drawing on evidence from as many as 5300 firms over 15 years and the OECD environmental policy stringency (EPS) index, it finds that high emission-intensity firms reduce labor demand upon impact as EPS is tightened, whereas low emission-intensity firms increase labor demand, indicating a reallocation of employment. Moreover, tightening EPS during economic contractions appears to have a positive effect on employment, other things equal. Quantifications exercises show modest positive net changes in employment for market-based policies, and modest negative net changes for non-market policies (mainly emission quantity regulations) and for the combined aggregate EPS. Within market-based policies, the percent decline in employment in high-emission firms (correspondingly the increase in low-emission firms) for a unit change in a policy index is smallest (largest) for trading schemes ('green' certificates, and 'white' certificates)-although stringency is not comparable across indices. Finally, the employment effects of EPS are not persistent

     
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