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Displaying results 101 to 125 of 464.

  1. The violent and the weak
    when dictators care about social contracts
    Published: 05 July 2000
    Publisher:  CSLE, Saarbrücken

    This paper explores the conditions under which compliance with a social contract establishes an equilibrium in a society. It is assumed that society consists of two groups, one of which has a comparative advantage in using violence, whereas the other... more

    Bucerius Law School, Hochschule für Rechtswissenschaft, "Hengeler Mueller"-Bibliothek
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    This paper explores the conditions under which compliance with a social contract establishes an equilibrium in a society. It is assumed that society consists of two groups, one of which has a comparative advantage in using violence, whereas the other one has a comparative advantage in producing a private good. Violence can be used to produce security as well as to exploit the weaker group. Yet, exploitation is limited: it reduces the incentives of the exploited group to produce the private good and increases the chances of a revolution. A social contract consists of the exchange of security against a share of the private good, produced at a high level of effort. The model not only allows the derivation of conditions for either compliance or exploitation to occur, but also sheds light on the transition from one form of government to the other. Hence, it contributes to Positive Constitutional Economics, i.e., the research program that is interested in explaining the emergence and the change of constitutions.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Edition: [Elektronische Ressource]
    Series: CSLE discussion paper series ; 2000-02
    Subjects: Verfassungsökonomik; Autoritarismus; Politische Unruhen; Spieltheorie; Theorie
    Scope: Online-Ressource, 17 p., text, ill
  2. La tentation populiste au cœur de l'Europe
    Contributor: Ihl, Olivier (Hrsg.); Chêne, Janine (Hrsg.); Vial, Éric (Hrsg.)
    Published: 2003
    Publisher:  La Découverte, Paris

    Fachinformationsverbund Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Contributor: Ihl, Olivier (Hrsg.); Chêne, Janine (Hrsg.); Vial, Éric (Hrsg.)
    Language: French
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 2707139874
    RVK Categories: ID 1220
    Series: Recherches
    Subjects: Populism; Populism; Rechtsradikalismus; Rechtsextremismus; Rechtsradikalismus; Protestbewegung; Nationalismus; Fremdenfeindlichkeit; Autoritarismus; Europa
    Scope: 313 S, Lit.Hinw.
  3. Entwicklungszusammenarbeit mit autoritären Regimen?
    die Entwicklungspolitik auf schmalem Grat ; Dokumentation eines Werkstattgesprächs im Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, am 30. und 31. Oktober 1997 = Development cooperation with authoritarian governments?
    Contributor: Frey, Regina (Hrsg.)
    Published: 1999
    Publisher:  SID, Berlin

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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Contributor: Frey, Regina (Hrsg.)
    Language: German; English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 3980445623
    RVK Categories: PD 3003 ; MK 9550
    Series: SID-Berlin-Berichte ; 10
    Subjects: Entwicklungshilfe; Autoritarismus; Entwicklungshilfe; Deutsch; Entwicklungshilfekonditionen; Demokratie; Entwicklungsländer; Myanmar; Indonesien; Kenia; Malawi; Nigeria; Togo; Entwicklungshilfe; Konditionalität; Außenpolitik; Demokratisierung; Autoritarismus
    Scope: III, 216 S, graph. Darst, 21 cm
    Notes:

    Enth. 8 Beitr

  4. The contested state
    American foreign policy and regime change in the Philippines
    Author: Blitz, Amy
    Published: 2000
    Publisher:  Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Md. [u.a.]

    Fachinformationsverbund Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
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    Content information
    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 084769934X; 0847699358
    Subjects: Authoritarianism; Democracy; Imperialism; Politik; Geschichte; Kolonialismus; Unabhängigkeit; Politisches System; Autoritarismus; Demokratisierung; Internationale Politik; Politischer Wandel; Sozialer Wandel; Innenpolitik; Außenpolitik; Motivation
    Other subjects: Array
    Scope: XI, 237 S
    Notes:

    Includes bibliographical references (p. 215 - 226) and index

  5. Belarus: kritische Überlegungen zu Politik und Wirtschaft des Lukaschenko-Regimes
    Published: 2000
    Publisher:  Bundesinst. für Ostwiss. und Internat. Studien, Köln

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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: German
    Media type: Book
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    RVK Categories: MG 80000 ; MG 82000
    Series: Berichte des Bundesinstituts für Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien ; 2000,12
    Subjects: Wirtschaftspolitik; Autoritarismus; Soziale Werte; Systemtransformation; Belarus
    Other subjects: Lukashenko, Aleksandr <1954->
    Scope: 40 S., graph. Darst., 30 cm
    Notes:

    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache

  6. Autocracy, collective goods and the vikings

    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Media type: Book
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    Series: Working paper / Department of Economics, Faculty of Business Administration, the Aarhus School of Business ; 99,6
    Subjects: Autoritarismus; Öffentliche Güter; Wirtschaftswachstum; Wirtschaftsgeschichte; Wirtschaftstheorie; Theorie
    Scope: 16 S
  7. Die Ukraine auf dem Weg zu einer autoritären Präsidialherrschaft?
    Published: 2000
    Publisher:  Bundesinst. für Ostwiss. und Internat. Studien, Köln

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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: German
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    RVK Categories: MB 1100 ; MG 80000 ; QB 910 ; QG 470 ; MG 82000
    Series: Berichte des Bundesinstituts für Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien ; 2000,17
    Subjects: Verfassungsreform; Autoritarismus; Ukraine; Executive power
    Other subjects: Kuchma, L. D <1938->
    Scope: 30 S.
    Notes:

    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache

  8. Die Wachstumsdiktatur
    ein institutionelles Arrangement mit Seltenheitswert
    Published: 1999
    Publisher:  Max-Planck-Inst. zur Erforschung von Wirtschaftssystemen, Jena

    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
    1 : Z 104.60 -13-99-
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: German
    Media type: Book
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    Series: Diskussionsbeitrag / Max-Planck-Institut zur Erforschung von Wirtschaftssystemen ; 13-99
    Subjects: Diktatur; Autoritarismus; Verfassungsökonomik; Wachstumspolitik; Neue politische Ökonomie; Theorie
    Scope: 28 Bl
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. Bl. 25 - 28

  9. Political culture in post-socialist transition
    radical cultural change or adaptation on the basis of old cultural patterns?
    Author: Bernik, Ivan
    Published: [20]00
    Publisher:  Frankfurter Inst. für Transformationsstudien, Frankfurt (Oder)

    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
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    Leibniz-Institut für Agrarentwicklung in Transformationsökonomien, Bibliothek
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: Arbeitsberichte / Frankfurter Institut für Transformationsstudien ; 09/00
    Subjects: Politischer Wandel; Sozialethik; Autoritarismus; Systemtransformation; Osteuropa; Slowenien; Politische Kultur
    Scope: 40 S, graph. Darst
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. S. 38 - 40

  10. Extremism and authoritarian democracies
    Islamic countries in the Mediterranean area
    Published: Dec. 1999
    Publisher:  Univ. degli Studi, Dipeartimento di Scienze Economiche, Venezia

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 382 (99.12)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Italian
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Edition: [Elektronische Ressource]
    Series: Nota di Lavoro ; 99,12
    Subjects: Radikalismus; Islam; Autoritarismus; Spieltheorie; Unvollkommene Information; Theorie; Islamische Staaten
    Scope: Online Ressource, 37 p., text
  11. Politische Regime und Wirtschaftswachstum
    Autokratie versus Pluralismus
    Author: Horn, Holger
    Published: 2000

    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
    MC 2005-1305:1-2
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    2002 F 23
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    Mb 1068
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    Universitätsbibliothek Osnabrück
    9822-583 9
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: German
    Media type: Dissertation; Data medium; Microfilm
    Subjects: Politisches System; Wirtschaftswachstum; Institutionenökonomik; Autoritarismus; Pluralismus; Sozialer Indikator; Schätzung; Theorie; Welt
    Scope: 146 Bl, graph. Darst
    Notes:

    Berlin, Univ., Diss., 2001

  12. Commercial power centers in emerging markets
    Published: c 1998
    Publisher:  RAND, National Security Research Div., Santa Monica, CA

    Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Bibliothek
    Zs R
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 0833026038
    Series: MR / Rand Corporation ; 950
    Subjects: Wirtschaftspolitik; Staatliche Einflussnahme; Schwellenländer; Interessenpolitik; Oligarchie; Autoritarismus; Mexiko; Türkei; China; Indonesien
    Other subjects: Array; Array
    Scope: xxi, 68 p, ill, 28 cm
    Notes:

    National Security Research Division

    Includes bibliographical references

  13. Społeczeństwa posttotalitarne
    kierunki przemian
    Published: 1991

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    A 194034
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Polish
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 8390020602
    Subjects: Autoritarismus; Politische Reform; Systemtransformation; Polen
    Scope: 174 S
    Notes:

    Enth. 9 Beitr.

  14. African military regimes and social-economic development
    Published: 1990
    Publisher:  Rijksuniv. Groningen, Bureau Buitenland, Groningen

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    C 172616
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Series development & security ; 32
    Subjects: Militär; Autoritarismus; Entwicklung; Afrika
    Scope: 21 Bl
  15. The transition to illiberal democracy economic drivers and consequences
    Contributor: Razin, Asaf (HerausgeberIn)
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, Paris, France

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Contributor: Razin, Asaf (HerausgeberIn)
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781912179862
    Subjects: Demokratie; Liberalismus; Autoritarismus; Soziale Ungleichheit; Persönlichkeitspsychologie; Social Web; Wirtschaftslage
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 85 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Silencing dissent in the wake of catastrophe?
    an examination of the repression dynamics following weather-related rapid-onset events in autocracies
    Published: 2024
    Publisher:  KOPS Universität Konstanz, Konstanz

    Climate change will increase the frequency of destructive weather events, such as storms and floods, posing heavy burdens on affected societies, particularly in the Global South. These disasters can create fractures between the state and its... more

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    Evangelische Hochschule Freiburg, Hochschulbibliothek
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    DS 758
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    Climate change will increase the frequency of destructive weather events, such as storms and floods, posing heavy burdens on affected societies, particularly in the Global South. These disasters can create fractures between the state and its citizens, potentially leading to social unrest. To manage such situations, autocratic governments might resort to repression. This paper examines whether rapid-onset weather events influence governmental repression in autocracies in the Global South. We argue that such events could trigger repression through two pathways: government-initiated repression to prevent anti-government mobilization and reactive repression in response to existing unrest. Using spatially disaggregated event data for Africa and Latin America, and logistic regression models with fixed effects on a coarsened exact matching sample, we find that government-initiated repression becomes more likely after destructive storms and floods, while reactive repression does not. Thus, autocratic governments prefer preemptive measures over reactive ones when disasters strike.

     

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    Volltext (kostenfrei)
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/300834
    Series: Working paper series / Cluster of Excellence "The Politics of Inequality" ; no. 27 (July 2024)
    Subjects: Katastrophe; Wetter; Autoritarismus; Afrika; Lateinamerika
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten)
  17. Misperceptions and Demand for Democracy under Authoritarianism
    Published: October 2024
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This paper investigates whether enduring authoritarian regimes are in part rooted in the population's misperceptions about their social and economic costs--as opposed to a general preference for authoritarianism. We explore this question using online... more

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    Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
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    This paper investigates whether enduring authoritarian regimes are in part rooted in the population's misperceptions about their social and economic costs--as opposed to a general preference for authoritarianism. We explore this question using online and field experiments in the context of Türkiye's May 2023 presidential and parliamentary elections. We confirm that voters, especially those supporting the incumbent authoritarian government systematically underestimate the extent to which democracy and media freedom have been eroded in Türkiye and their usefulness in dealing with natural disasters and corruption (two salient issues in Türkiye). We find that providing (accurate) information about the state and implications of democracy and media freedom have significant effects on beliefs and increase the likelihood of voting for the opposition by about 3.7 percentage points (6.2 percent) in the online experiment. In the field experiment, we estimate similarly-sized impacts on the ballot-box level vote share--with the information treatment leading to a 2.4 percentage point (4.4 percent) increase in the opposition's vote share. Interestingly, both in the field and online, the results are driven not by further mobilizing opposition supporters, but by influencing those likely to vote for the governing coalition and those holding more misperceived beliefs about democracy and media freedom in Türkiye. The evidence suggests that at least part of the support for authoritarian regimes may be coming from misperceptions about their institutions and policies, and may be more malleable than typically presumed

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w33018
    Subjects: Politische Einstellung; Autoritarismus; Demokratie; Feldforschung; Präsidentschaftswahl; Türkei; Capitalist Institutions; Welfare State
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
    Notes:

    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers

  18. Echoes from Mozambique
    did the idea of high modernism vanish?
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  SECO ⋅ Socio-Economic Research Centre, Department of Social Sciences and Business, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark

    Mozambique has become a significant destination for a diverse portfolio of investments in mining, liquid natural gas, power plants, industrial complexes and large-scale agricultural schemes. Acquiring investments across sectors has re-emerged as a... more

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    Mozambique has become a significant destination for a diverse portfolio of investments in mining, liquid natural gas, power plants, industrial complexes and large-scale agricultural schemes. Acquiring investments across sectors has re-emerged as a top national priority, though few of these projects are actually new. Most if not all of these grand plans were among the post-independence, MarxistLeninist, high-modernism and state-led development plans that were pursued in Mozambique in the 1970s and 1980s. Given that more or less identical plans from the 1970s are enjoying a resurgence currently, this article asks whether this means they are still embedded in ideas associated with highmodernism and grand ideas of social transformation? What characterizes today's plans in contrast to those of the heyday of the big state-led ideas about industry and infrastructural development that blossomed after independence in 1975? This article argues that the present attempts to implement investments are no longer embedded in the grand visions and ideas of social transformation that characterized high modernism, but are more concerned with creating opportunities for key constituencies in order to reproduce power. Present projects therefore come closer to the positions of illiberal modernizers by emphasizing modernization and transformative state-building in order to reproduce the authoritarian ruling Frelimo party while upholding idea semblance of formal liberal democracy.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9788772400020
    Series: SECO working paper ; 2024, 1
    Subjects: Modernisierungstheorie; Entwicklungsplanung; Autoritarismus; Auslandsinvestition; Investition; Mosambik
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten)
  19. A state-centred public choice approach for a semi-democratic country
    rent-seeking interest groups in Turkish trade policy
    Published: 1998
    Publisher:  Univ., Public Sector Economic Research Centre, Leicester

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 915 (98.5)
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    K98-5433
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Discussion papers in public sector economics ; 98/5
    Subjects: Rent-Seeking; Interessenpolitik; Importsubstitution; Außenwirtschaftsförderung; Autoritarismus; Theorie; Türkei
    Scope: 34 S
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. S. 31 - 34

  20. Fiskale Illusion und Glory Seeking am Beispiel Koreas
    (1960 - 1987) ; eine Fallstudie
    Published: 1998
    Publisher:  Finanzwiss. Forschungsinst. an der Univ. zu Köln, Köln

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 742 (98.2)
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    K98-4064
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    Content information
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: German
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 3923342470
    Series: Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge ; 98-2
    Subjects: Fiskalillusion; Autoritarismus; Leviathan-Modell; Schätzung; Südkorea
    Scope: 30, 2 Bl
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. Bl. 28 - 30

  21. Post-totalitarian society
    the course of change
    Published: 1993
    Publisher:  IFiS Publ., Warszawa

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    A 207743
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 8385194835
    Subjects: Sozialer Wandel; Systemtransformation; Politische Reform; Autoritarismus; Polen
    Scope: 160 S
    Notes:

    Enth. 9 Beitr.

  22. Characteristics of the East Asian economic system
    authoritarian capitalism and the developmental state
    Published: 1996

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    C 199882
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Array ; 52
    Subjects: Wirtschaftsordnung; Autoritarismus; Kapitalismus; Entwicklungsländer
    Scope: 33 S
  23. Sozialpolitik im demokratischen und im autokratischen Staat
    Published: 1998
    Publisher:  Zentrum für Sozialpolitik, Univ. Bremen, Bremen

    Universitätsbibliothek Braunschweig
    3486-0229
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen
    bh 7614
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen
    tp 7159
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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
    K 99 B 3049
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
    B 2000/582
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    Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek - Niedersächsische Landesbibliothek
    3 Kap. 20148
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    Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek
    2015 SB 741
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 517 (98.14)
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    Universität Potsdam, Universitätsbibliothek
    98042640
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    Content information
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: German
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: ZeS-Arbeitspapier ; 14/98
    Subjects: Sozialpolitik; Demokratie; Autoritarismus; Welt
    Scope: 16 Bl
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. Bl. 14 - 16

  24. Indonesia beyond Suharto
    polity, economy, society, transition
    Contributor: Emmerson, Donald K. (Hrsg.)
    Published: c 1999
    Publisher:  Sharpe, Armonk, N.Y [u.a.]

    Fachinformationsverbund Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
    No loan of volumes, only paper copies will be sent
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
    1 A 409907
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen
    32/1 Ind 9 (1999)/ Magazin
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    Arnold-Bergstraesser-Institut für kulturwissenschaftliche Forschung, Bibliothek
    Frei 119: X-X-D-0301-00
    No loan of volumes, only paper copies will be sent
    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
    GE 2000/12553
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan
    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
    2012 A 27367
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    German Institute for Global and Area Studies, Bibliothek
    1.33.07.00/42
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    German Institute for Global and Area Studies, Bibliothek
    1.33.12.00
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
    A 2000/7142
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    Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, Zentralbibliothek
    SO-IN-XIII-39
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    HTWG Hochschule Konstanz Technik, Wirtschaft und Gestaltung, Bibliothek
    sb4/234
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Contributor: Emmerson, Donald K. (Hrsg.)
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 1563248891; 1563248905
    Series: An East gate book
    Subjects: Postkolonialismus; Politisches System; Gesellschaft; Entwicklung; Wirtschaftsentwicklung; Systemtransformation; Staatsoberhaupt; Autoritarismus; Wirtschaftspolitik; Wirtschaftsreform; Religion; Ideologie; Frau
    Other subjects: Array; Array; Array; Array
    Scope: XXVIII, 395 S, Kt, 24 cm
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. S. 363-[370]

    Includes bibliographical references and index

    Pt. 1: Polity. Cribb, R.: Nation. Making Indonesia. - S. 3-38. Liddle, W.: Regime. The new order. - S. 39-70. Malley, M.: Regions. Centralization and resistance. - S. 71-105. Pt. 2: Economy. Booth, A.: Development. Achievement and weakness. - S. 109-135. Borsuk, R.: Markets. The limits of reform. - S. 136-167. Habir, A. D.: Conglomerates. All in the family? - S. 168-202. Pt. 3: Society. Hefner, R. W.: Religion. Evolving pluralism. - S. 205-236. Robinson, K.: Women. Difference versus diversity. - S. 237-261. Hooker, V. M.: Expression. Creativity despite constraint. - S. 262-291. Pt. 4: Transition. Emmerson, D. K.: Exit and aftermath. The crisis of 1997-98. - S. 295-343. Emmerson, D. K.: Voting and violence. Indonesia and East Timor in 1999. - S. 344-362.

  25. Inward-looking policies, institutions, autocrats, and economic growth in Latin America
    an empirical exploration
    Published: Apr. 2001
    Publisher:  Inter-American Development Bank, Reserach Dep., Washington, DC

    Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Bibliothek
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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 977 (446)
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    Content information
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/88067
    Edition: [Elektronische Ressource]
    Series: Working paper / Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department ; 446
    Subjects: Wirtschaftswachstum; Institutionelle Infrastruktur; Autoritarismus; Lateinamerika; Governance-Ansatz
    Scope: Online-Ressource, 37 p. = 500 Kb, text