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  1. Subsidization and structural change in eastern German transition
    did economic policy meet its objectives?
    Author: Gerling, Katja
    Published: 2000
    Publisher:  Inst. of World Economics, Kiel

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  2. Loan guarantees, bank lending and credit risk reallocation
    Author: Altavilla, Carlo; Ellul, Andrew; Pagano, Marco; Polo, Andrea; Vlassopoulo, Thomas
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  EIEF, Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance, [Rom]

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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: EIEF working paper ; 21, 13 (November 2021)
    Subjects: loan guarantees; bank lending; COVID-19 pandemic; substitution; credit risk
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Countercyclical elasticity of substitution
    Author: Koh, Dongya; Santaeulàlia-Llopis, Raül
    Published: 23 April 2022
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Array ; DP17246
    Subjects: Short-run; Elasticity; substitution; Capital; Labor; cycle; Labor market; Labor Share
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Let's switch to the cloud
    cloud adaption and its effect on IT investment and productivity
    Author: Duso, Tomaso; Schiersch, Alexander
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin

    The advent of cloud computing promises to improve the way firms utilize IT solutions. Firms are expected to replace large and inflexible fixed-cost investments in IT with more targeted variable spending in cloud solutions. In addition, cloud usage is... more

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    The advent of cloud computing promises to improve the way firms utilize IT solutions. Firms are expected to replace large and inflexible fixed-cost investments in IT with more targeted variable spending in cloud solutions. In addition, cloud usage is expected to increase the productivity of firms, as it allows them to quickly customize the IT they require to their specific needs. We assess these assertions using data on a representative sample of firms provided by the German statistical offices for the years 2014 and 2016, which allows to observe who are the cloud users. Our analysis explicitly accounts for the self-selection into cloud adoption within an endogenous treatment regression framework. Broadband availability at the municipality level is used as an exogenous shifter for cloud usage. We show that, while cloud adoption does not impact IT investment in any sectors, it does significantly improve labor productivity for firms in manufacturing and in information and communication services.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/265519
    Series: Discussion papers / Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung ; 2017
    Subjects: cloud computing; investment; productivity; IT; substitution; firm performance
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Let's switch to the cloud
    cloud adoption and its effect on IT investment and productivity
    Author: Duso, Tomaso; Schiersch, Alexander
    Published: September 2022
    Publisher:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    The advent of cloud computing promises to improve the way firms utilize IT solutions. Firms are expected to replace large and inflexible fixed-cost investments in IT with more targeted variable spending in cloud solutions. In addition, cloud usage is... more

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    The advent of cloud computing promises to improve the way firms utilize IT solutions. Firms are expected to replace large and inflexible fixed-cost investments in IT with more targeted variable spending in cloud solutions. In addition, cloud usage is expected to increase the productivity of firms, as it allows them to quickly customize the IT they require to their specific needs. We assess these assertions using data on a representative sample of firms provided by the German statistical offices for the years 2014 and 2016, which allows to observe who are the cloud users. Our analysis explicitly accounts for the self-selection into cloud adoption within an endogenous treatment regression framework. Broadband availability at the municipality level is used as an exogenous shifter for cloud usage. We show that, while cloud adoption does not impact IT investment in any sectors, it does significantly improve labor productivity for firms in manufacturing and in information and communication services.

     
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    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/265979
    Series: CESifo working paper ; no. 9944 (2022)
    Subjects: cloud computing; investment; productivity; IT; substitution; firm performance
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Relationship of Over-the-top (OTT) communications and traditional telecommunications services
    the case of Thailand : conference paper
    Author: Jirakasem, Monarat; Mitomo, Hitoshi
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  International Telecommunications Society, Helsinki

    This paper focuses on the relationship between over-the-top (OTT) and traditional communications services. Many analysts have stated OTT communications services might soon replace other communication services; however, the empirical study of this... more

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    This paper focuses on the relationship between over-the-top (OTT) and traditional communications services. Many analysts have stated OTT communications services might soon replace other communication services; however, the empirical study of this assumption is scarce, especially in the case of Thailand. This study thus aims to investigate the actual effects of OTT communications services on traditional communications services and whether OTT communications services can substitute or complement traditional communications services. The data used in this paper were collected in 2019 and comprised 1,052 observations. After the Probit analysis, the results stated the relationship between the two services depends on tariff type: they are complementary under a flat rate plan but substitutable under a use-dependent scheme. With respect to messaging feature, OTTs and short message services (SMS) and multimedia messaging services (MMS) are independent. The results contribute to the field of telecommunications and provide evidence of the substitution and guidelines for telecommunications policy makers in Thailand. Regulators and mobile operators should encourage the flat rate plan. For economic reasons, the regulation similar to traditional telecommunications might not be suitable; however, regulation regarding other issues should be addressed in further study.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/205184
    Series: Towards a connected and automated society : 30th European Conference of the International Telecommunications Society, Helsinki Espoo - Finland, 16th - 19th June 2019
    Subjects: Over-the-top (OTT) communications services; substitution; mobile telephony; messaging; Thailand
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 14 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. A firm-side perspective on parental leave
    Author: Huebener, Mathias; Jessen, Jonas; Kühnle, Daniel; Oberfichtner, Michael
    Published: June 2021
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Motherhood and parental leave interrupt employment relationships, likely imposing costs on firms. We document that mothers who are difficult to replace internally take shorter leave and that their firms hire replacements more often. Introducing more... more

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    Motherhood and parental leave interrupt employment relationships, likely imposing costs on firms. We document that mothers who are difficult to replace internally take shorter leave and that their firms hire replacements more often. Introducing more generous parental leave benefits erases the link between mothers' internal replaceability and their leave duration. In firms with few internal substitutes this reduces employment in the short-, but not longer-term. Firms respond by hiring fewer women of childbearing age into occupations where they are difficult to replace internally. Taken together, motherhood and generous parental leave policies burden firms that have few internal substitutes available.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/236509
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14478
    Subjects: parental leave; worker absences; firm-specific human capital; substitution; statistical discrimination
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Best techniques leave little room for substitution
    a new critique of the production function
    Author: Kersting, Götz; Schefold, Bertram
    Published: December 2020
    Publisher:  Centro di ricerche e documentazione "Piero Sraffa", Roma (Italy)

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    Media type: Book
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    Series: Centro Sraffa working papers ; n. 47
    Subjects: Capital theory; production function; substitution; reswitching
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Craig on Penal Substitution
    A Critique
    Author: Farris, Joshua R.; Hamilton, S. Mark
    Published: 2021

    The recent atonement literature reveals a growing trend accepting the thesis that the Reformer's doctrine just is the biblical doctrine of penal substitution. This is the claim of William Lane Craig in his recent works on the atonement. In the... more

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    The recent atonement literature reveals a growing trend accepting the thesis that the Reformer's doctrine just is the biblical doctrine of penal substitution. This is the claim of William Lane Craig in his recent works on the atonement. In the present article, we challenge these set of claims in Craig's recent works and advance an alternative theory of the atonement that has some significant footing in the Reformed theological tradition, most notably reflected in the theologian, William Ames. Finally, we lay out several reasons why Craig's doctrine of the atonement fails to capture the biblical data on the atonement and fails to avoid the legal fiction problem parasitic on most, if not all, accounts of penal substitution. Die jüngste Sühneliteratur zeigt einen wachsenden Trend, der die These akzeptiert, dass die Doktrin der Reformatoren die biblische Doktrin der Strafersetzung ist. Dies ist zumindest die Behauptung von William Lane Craig in seinen jüngsten Arbeiten zum Sühneopfer. In diesem Artikel stellen wir diese Behauptung in Frage und führen eine alternative Theorie der Sühne an, die in der reformierten theologischen Tradition eine bedeutende Grundlage hat und in ihren Grundzügen von William Ames entwickelt worden ist. Abschließend legen wir einige Gründe dar, warum Craigs Versöhnungslehre die biblischen Daten über das Sühneopfer nicht erfasst und das Problem der rechtlichen Fiktion nicht vermeidet, das bei den meisten Theorien über die Substitution von Sühne parasitär ist.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Article (journal)
    Format: Online
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    Parent title: Enthalten in: Neue Zeitschrift für systematische Theologie und Religionsphilosophie; Berlin : de Gruyter, 1963; 63(2021), 2, Seite 237-269; Online-Ressource

    Subjects: legal fiction; penal; rectoral; reformed; reparative; substitution; Strafe; Substitution; Wiedergutmachung; Rektorat; Reform; juristische Fiktion
  10. Studying a sin tax scheme with multiple reforms lessons for consumption taxation
    Author: Kosonen, Tuomas; Jysmä, Sami; Savolainen, Riikka
    Published: 2024
    Publisher:  VATT Institute for Economic Research, Helsinki, Finland

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    Series: VATT working papers ; 164
    Subjects: excise taxes; sin tax; consumption; substitution; sweets; soda
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 81 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Loan guarantees, bank lending and credit risk reallocation
    Author: Altavilla, Carlo; Ellul, Andrew; Pagano, Marco; Polo, Andrea; Vlassopoulos, Thomas
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  Center for Financial Studies, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    We investigate whether government credit guarantee schemes, extensively used at the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, led to substitution of non-guaranteed with guaranteed credit rather than fully adding to the supply of lending. We study this issue... more

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    We investigate whether government credit guarantee schemes, extensively used at the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, led to substitution of non-guaranteed with guaranteed credit rather than fully adding to the supply of lending. We study this issue using a unique euro-area credit register data, matched with supervisory bank data, and establish two main findings. First, guaranteed loans were mostly extended to small but comparatively creditworthy firms in sectors severely affected by the pandemic, borrowing from large, liquid and well-capitalized banks. Second, guaranteed loans partially substitute pre-existing non-guaranteed debt. For firms borrowing from multiple banks, the substitution mainly arises from the lending behavior of the bank extending guaranteed loans. Substitution was highest for funding granted to riskier and smaller firms in sectors more affected by the pandemic, and borrowing from larger and stronger banks. Overall, the evidence indicates that government guarantees contributed to the continued extension of credit to relatively creditworthy firms hit by the pandemic, but also benefited banks’ balance sheets to some extent.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Media type: Book
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/248407
    Series: CFS working paper series ; no. 672
    Subjects: loan guarantees; bank lending; COVID-19 pandemic; substitution; credit risk
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Loan guarantees, bank lending and credit risk reallocation
    Author: Altavilla, Carlo; Ellul, Andrew; Pagano, Marco; Polo, Andrea; Vlassopoulos, Thomas
    Published: 15 November 2021
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Series: Array ; DP16727
    Subjects: loan guarantees; bank lending; Covid-19 pandemic; substitution; credit risk
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Loan guarantees, bank lending and credit risk reallocation
    Author: Altavilla, Carlo; Ellul, Andrew; Pagano, Marco; Polo, Andrea; Vlassopoulo, Thomas
    Published: November 2021
    Publisher:  CSEF, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance, Department of Economics, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

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    Series: Working paper / CSEF, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance ; no. 629
    Subjects: loan guarantees; bank lending; COVID-19 pandemic; substitution; credit risk
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. No activation without reconciliation?
    the interplay between ALMP and ECEC in relation to women's employment, unemployment and inactivity in 30 OECD countries, 1985-2018
    Author: Nieuwenhuis, Rense
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  IFAU, Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy, Uppsala

    Comparative welfare state research has mostly examined the outcomes of active labour market policies and work-family reconciliation policies separately. As a result, potential complementarities between these policy areas have received scant attention... more

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    Comparative welfare state research has mostly examined the outcomes of active labour market policies and work-family reconciliation policies separately. As a result, potential complementarities between these policy areas have received scant attention empirically. Using macro-level data, this study answers the question to what extent, and in which way, governments' efforts in active labour market policies (ALMP) and in early childhood education and care (ECEC) services are correlated with women's employment rates, women's unemployment and inactivity rates in 30 OECD countries from 1985 to 2018. The article theorizes about how the various policies that constitute a welfare state relate to each other, distinguishing between pluralism, complementarity and substitutability. I interpret the empirical findings as being consistent with welfare pluralism, in the sense that ALMP and ECEC policies work together in improving women's employment rates in slightly different ways: ALMP is associated with low female unemployment rates, whereas ECEC also is associated with lower inactivity rates for women. There was, however, more support for the notion of substitution rather than complementarity: the marginal benefits associated with an increase in either ALMP or ECEC were smaller in the context of large investments in the other policy. In other words, the highest rates of women's employment, and the lowest rates of unemployment and inactivity, are found in countries with large investments in both ALMP and ECEC, but such higher investments are associated with diminishing returns.

     
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    hdl: 10419/265155
    Series: Working paper / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy ; 2022, 4
    Subjects: ALMP; ECEC; women's employment; substitution; complementarity; pluralism
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. The effect of low-skill immigration restrictions on US firms and workers
    evidence from a randomized lottery
    Author: Clemens, Michael A.; Lewis, Ethan
    Published: October 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The U.S. limits work visas for low-skill jobs outside of agriculture, with a binding quota that firms access via a randomized lottery. We evaluate the marginal impact of the quota on firms entering the 2021 H-2B visa lottery using a novel survey and... more

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    The U.S. limits work visas for low-skill jobs outside of agriculture, with a binding quota that firms access via a randomized lottery. We evaluate the marginal impact of the quota on firms entering the 2021 H-2B visa lottery using a novel survey and pre-analysis plan. Firms exogenously authorized to employ more immigrants significantly increase production (elasticity +0.16) with no decrease or an increase in U.S. employment (elasticity +0.10, statistically imprecise) across several pre-registered subsamples. The results imply very low substitutability of native for foreign labor in the policy-relevant occupations. Forensic analysis suggests similarly low substitutability of black-market labor.

     
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    hdl: 10419/267404
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15667
    Subjects: immigration; immigrant; foreign; labor; mobility; skill; manual; high school; college; firms; elasticity; substitution; productivity; rural; urban
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 91 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. The effect of monetary policy on inflation heterogeneity along the income distribution
    Author: Ampudia, Miguel; Ehrmann, Michael; Strasser, Georg
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    This paper studies the effect of monetary policy on inflation along the income distribution in several euro area countries. It shows that monetary policy has differential effects and identifies two channels which point in opposite directions. On the... more

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    This paper studies the effect of monetary policy on inflation along the income distribution in several euro area countries. It shows that monetary policy has differential effects and identifies two channels which point in opposite directions. On the one hand, different consumption shares imply that inflation by high-income households responds less to monetary policy. On the other hand, the paper provides novel evidence that there are substantial differences in shopping behaviour and its reaction to monetary policy, which imply that inflation by high-income households responds more to monetary policy.

     
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    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9789289962230
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    hdl: 10419/297298
    Series: Working paper series / European Central Bank ; no 2858
    Subjects: distributional effects; shopping behaviour; substitution; inflation; monetary policy; distribution of income; euro area
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Inflation heterogeneity across households
    Author: Kiss, Regina; Strasser, Georg
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    This paper studies the nature, evolution, and sources of inflation heterogeneity across households in France and Germany. Inflation differences are large and persistent. The two main sources of inflation heterogeneity are spatial differences in the... more

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    This paper studies the nature, evolution, and sources of inflation heterogeneity across households in France and Germany. Inflation differences are large and persistent. The two main sources of inflation heterogeneity are spatial differences in the prices paid for the same product and differences in the household-specific variety choice within a category. Income heterogeneity by itself is not a relevant determinant of inflation heterogeneity, but due to its correlation with household behaviour, a significant and time-varying inflation difference between income groups emerges. Substitution is strongly behaviour-driven and largely detached from the relative price. The dispersion of the household-level elasticity of substitution does not fully account for the heterogeneity of substitution behaviour. Substitution does not reduce the dispersion of inflation, confirming the central role of preference heterogeneity in inflation measurement.

     
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    ISBN: 9789289963787
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    hdl: 10419/297338
    Series: Working paper series / European Central Bank ; no 2898
    Subjects: household heterogeneity; shopping behaviour; substitution; inequality; inflation; income; monetary policy; household; household consumption; Germany; France
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 74 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Economic warfare in twentieth century history and strategy
    Author: Harrison, Mark
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  University of Warwick, Department of Economics, Coventry, United Kingdom

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    Series: Warwick economics research papers ; no: 1263 (April 2020)
    Subjects: blockade; economic sanctions; economic warfare; strategy; substitution; war of attrition; World War I; World War II
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Economic warfare in twentieth-century history and strategy
    Author: Harrison, Mark
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  The University of Warwick, Centre for Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy, Department of Economics, Coventry, United Kingdom

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    Series: Working paper series / Centre for Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy ; no. 468 (April 2020)
    Subjects: blockade; economic sanctions; economic warfare; strategy; substitution; war of attrition; World War I; World War II
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Economic warfare in twentieth-century history and strategy
    Author: Harrison, Mark
    Published: 22 April 2020
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Series: Array ; DP14649
    Subjects: Blockade; economic sanctions; economic warfare; Strategy; substitution; War of Attrition; World War I; World War II
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Substitution across profit-shifting methods and the impact on thin capitalization rules
    Author: Eggert, Wolfgang; Goerdt, Gideon
    Published: January 2020
    Publisher:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    Thin capitalization rules limit firmsf ability to deduct internal interest payments from taxable income, thereby restricting debt shifting activities of multinational firms. Since multinational firms can limit their tax liability in several ways,... more

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    Thin capitalization rules limit firmsf ability to deduct internal interest payments from taxable income, thereby restricting debt shifting activities of multinational firms. Since multinational firms can limit their tax liability in several ways, regulation of debt shifting may have an impact on other profit shifting methods. We therefore provide a model under which a multinational firm can shift profits out of a host country by issuing internal debt from an entity located in a tax haven and by manipulating transfer prices on internal goods and services. The focus of this paper is the analysis of regulatory incentives, (....) if a multinational firm treats debt shifting and transfer pricing as substitutes or (........) if the methods are not directly connected. The results provide an explanation for why hybrid thin capitalization rules are used. These insights can add to the existing literature since the results explain why hybrid rules can result in improvements in welfare if multinational firms treat methods of profit shifting as substitutes.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/215048
    Edition: This version 10.01.2020
    Series: CESifo working paper ; no. 8046 (2020)
    Subjects: thin capitalization rules; profit shifting methods; substitution
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten)
  22. The impact of credit substitution between banks on investment
    Author: Bripi, Francesco
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Banca d'Italia Eurosistema, [Rom]

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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: Temi di discussione / Banca d'Italia ; number 1408 (March 2023)
    Subjects: banks; credit; substitution; investments
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. The effect of monetary policy on inflation heterogeneity along the income distribution
    Author: Ampudia, Miguel; Ehrmann, Michael; Strasser, Georg
    Published: 13 September 2023
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Array ; DP18460
    Subjects: inflation; distributional effects; monetary policy; shopping behaviour; substitution
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. The effect of monetary policy on inflation heterogeneity along the income distribution
    Author: Ampudia, Miguel; Ehrmann, Michael; Strasser, Georg
    Published: September 11, 2023
    Publisher:  Bank for International Settlements, Monetary and Economic Department, [Basel]

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: BIS working papers ; no 1124
    Subjects: inflation; distributional effects; monetary policy; shopping behaviour; substitution
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. La révolution mexicaine sous la plume de Carlos Fuentes
    Comment mieux avancer à reculons: démarche dilettante d'une nation en gestation
    Author: N'dri, N'guessan Anatole
    Published: 2016
    Publisher:  Presses Académiques Francophones, Saarbrücken

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: French
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9783838175263; 3838175263
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    9783838175263
    Edition: 1. Auflage, neue Ausgabe
    Other subjects: (Produktform)Electronic book text; conscience; diffraction; Émancipation; Emancipation; imaginaire; Mentalité; Régression; révolution; substitution; (VLB-WN)1560: Sprachwissenschaft, Literaturwissenschaft
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