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  1. Policies to address the challenges of existing and new forms of informality in Latin America
    Author: Abramo, Lais
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago

    The phenomenon of informality in Latin America is strongly conditioned by the main structural axes of the social inequality matrix. It is a heterogeneous and multifaceted phenomenon in which socioeconomic, territorial, gender, age and ethnic/racial... more

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    The phenomenon of informality in Latin America is strongly conditioned by the main structural axes of the social inequality matrix. It is a heterogeneous and multifaceted phenomenon in which socioeconomic, territorial, gender, age and ethnic/racial inequalities are manifested. Deeper analysis of the characteristics and nature of this phenomenon, taking into account that diversity and heterogeneity, is a still pending task that calls for the production of data and information systems able to encompass those various dimensions. This is also a central condition for the design and implementation of policies capable of tackling informality in a more appropriate, efficient and sustainable manner and of making progress in expanding the possibilities for better-quality and more protected productive and labour market insertion, as well as in closing gaps in access to decent work. This paper reviews the conceptual discussion on existing and new forms of informality in Latin America and analyses in depth the relationship between informality and the various axes of inequality that shape its labour markets, with an emphasis on the territorial and subnational dimension. Likewise, based on that diagnostic assessment, policy recommendations are proposed to advance towards the formalization of informality in its existing and new forms. Summary .-- Introduction .-- I. Existing and new forms of informality and new atypical forms of employment in Latin America .-- II. Informality and the social inequality matrix in Latin America: territory, gender, youth and ethnicity and race .-- III. Policies for formalizing informality in its existing and new forms:experiences and challenges.

     
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  2. The price of simplicity
    skewed and regressive taxation in Accra's informal sector
    Author: Anyidoho, Nana Akua; Gallien, Max; Rogan, Michael; Boogaard, Vanessa van den
    Published: June 2024
    Publisher:  The International Centre for Tax and Development at the Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, UK

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9781804702062
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    Series: ICTD working paper ; 195
    Subjects: informal sector; taxation; tax administration; regressivity; Ghana
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. From walking to driving
    economic impact of mountain roads
    Author: Tanaka, Kiyoyasu
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  Institute of Developing Economies (IDE), JETRO, Chiba, Japan

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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10.20561/0002001152
    Series: IDE discussion paper ; no. 949
    Subjects: Road; transport; firm; informal sector; gender
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Informal sector, remittances, and political stability
    a study of Granger-causality in four large geopolitical sets
    Author: Lah, Mamadou; Salameh, Hadi
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  [Paris School of Economics], [Paris]

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    Series: Working paper / Paris School of Economics ; no 2024, 40
    Subjects: informal sector; remittances; political stability; Granger causality; PVAR model; migration
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 138 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Teen fertility and labor market segmentation in Madagascar
    Author: Herrera, Catalina; Sahn, David E.; Villa, Kira M.
    Published: [2017]
    Publisher:  African Development Bank, Abidjan

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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: Working paper series / African Development Bank Group ; no. 279 (July 2017)
    Subjects: Fertility; informal sector; adolescence; female labor force participation; Madagascar
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Labor market outcomes during life transition
    Author: Sahn, David E.; Villa, Kira M.
    Published: [2017]
    Publisher:  African Development Bank, Abidjan

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
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    Format: Online
    Series: Working paper series / African Development Bank Group ; no. 280 (July 2017)
    Subjects: Personality; cognitive; noncognitive; returns to skills; informal sector; formal sector; labor market entry; shocks; Madagascar
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 74 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. An assessment of the impact of COVID-19 responses on MSMEs in the informal sector
    evidence from Commonwealth Countries in the Pacific
    Author: Saha, Amrita; Carreras, Marco; Quak, Evert-Jan
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Commonwealth Secretariat, London

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    Series: Trade competitiveness briefing paper ; 2020, 03
    Subjects: Commonwealth Pacific; COVID-19; informal sector; tourism; policy responses
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Policies to address the challenges of existing and new forms of informality in Latin America
    Author: Abramo, Lais
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago

    The phenomenon of informality in Latin America is strongly conditioned by the main structural axes of the social inequality matrix. It is a heterogeneous and multifaceted phenomenon in which socioeconomic, territorial, gender, age and ethnic/racial... more

    Access:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
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    The phenomenon of informality in Latin America is strongly conditioned by the main structural axes of the social inequality matrix. It is a heterogeneous and multifaceted phenomenon in which socioeconomic, territorial, gender, age and ethnic/racial inequalities are manifested. Deeper analysis of the characteristics and nature of this phenomenon, taking into account that diversity and heterogeneity, is a still pending task that calls for the production of data and information systems able to encompass those various dimensions. This is also a central condition for the design and implementation of policies capable of tackling informality in a more appropriate, efficient and sustainable manner and of making progress in expanding the possibilities for better-quality and more protected productive and labour market insertion, as well as in closing gaps in access to decent work. This paper reviews the conceptual discussion on existing and new forms of informality in Latin America and analyses in depth the relationship between informality and the various axes of inequality that shape its labour markets, with an emphasis on the territorial and subnational dimension. Likewise, based on that diagnostic assessment, policy recommendations are proposed to advance towards the formalization of informality in its existing and new forms. Summary .-- Introduction .-- I. Existing and new forms of informality and new atypical forms of employment in Latin America .-- II. Informality and the social inequality matrix in Latin America: territory, gender, youth and ethnicity and race .-- III. Policies for formalizing informality in its existing and new forms:experiences and challenges.

     
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  9. Incorporating informal workers into social insurance in Tanzania
    Author: Lambin, Roosa; Nyyssölä, Milla
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Expansion of social protection reach among workers in the large informal economy represents a persisting and thorny challenge in the development context. In Mainland Tanzania, several domestically led policy reforms have been introduced to... more

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    Expansion of social protection reach among workers in the large informal economy represents a persisting and thorny challenge in the development context. In Mainland Tanzania, several domestically led policy reforms have been introduced to increasingly expand social protection for informal workers. This paper examines the case of Tanzania by exploring the policy developments that have sought to facilitate access to social protection within the informal economy over the past 10-15 years, notably through the expansion of social insurance provision. The paper highlights the pioneering legislative reforms and innovative approaches to social insurance adopted in the country, while drawing attention to the emergence of 'competitive' informal social security arrangements that attract informal workers at the expense of formal social insurance uptake. As such, the paper underscores the need for policy makers to double efforts in awareness-raising and policy design accounting for the needs and contribution capacities of informal workers.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789292672157
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    hdl: 10419/267835
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2022, 84
    Subjects: informal sector; Tanzania; social policy; social insurance
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten)
  10. Labor market flexibility and jobs in selected African countries
    Author: Woldemichael, Andinet; Jodlowski, Margaret; Shimeles, Abebe
    Published: [2019]
    Publisher:  African Development Bank, Abidjan

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    Fachinformationsverbund Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
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    German Institute for Global and Area Studies, Bibliothek
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    Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Bibliothek
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: Working paper series / African Development Bank Group ; no 330 (November 2019)
    Subjects: Arbeitsmarkt; Strukturwandel; Arbeitsplatz; Schattenwirtschaft; Lohn; Wirtschaftswachstum; Labor market rigidity; structural transformation; unemployment; informal sector; labor market transition
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (59 Seiten), Diagramme
    Notes:

    Literaturverzeichnis, Literaturhinweise, Tabellen
  11. Microentrepreneurship in developing countries
    Author: Jayachandran, Seema
    Published: January 2020
    Publisher:  BREAD, the Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development, [Cambridge, Massachusetts]

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    Series: BREAD working paper ; no. 571
    Subjects: Kleinstunternehmen; Informelle Wirtschaft; Kredit; Finanzdienstleistung; Selbstständige; Unternehmerinnen; Entwicklungsländer; small businesses; female entrepreneurship; self-employment; informal sector
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten)
  12. Microentrepreneurship in developing countries
    Author: Jayachandran, Seema
    Published: January 2020
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This article reviews the recent literature in economics on small-scale entrepreneurship ("microentrepreneurship") in low-income countries. Major themes in the literature include the determinants and consequences of joining the formal sector; the... more

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    This article reviews the recent literature in economics on small-scale entrepreneurship ("microentrepreneurship") in low-income countries. Major themes in the literature include the determinants and consequences of joining the formal sector; the impacts of access to credit and other financial services; the impacts of business training; barriers to hiring; and the distinction between self-employment by necessity and self-employment as a calling. The article devotes special attention to unique issues that arise with female entrepreneurship.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/215339
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12943
    Subjects: KMU; Unternehmer; Frauen; Selbstständige; Informelle Wirtschaft; Entwicklungsländer; small businesses; female entrepreneurship; self-employment; informal sector
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten)
  13. Minimum wages for domestic workers
    impact evaluation of the Indian experience
    Author: Gudibande, Rohan Ravindra; Jacob, Arun
    Published: 2018
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Maastricht

    The paper explores the labor market effect of minimum wage legislations in the informal sector for a developing country. The paper conducts an impact evaluation of the minimum wage legislation for domestic workers introduced in four states in India... more

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    The paper explores the labor market effect of minimum wage legislations in the informal sector for a developing country. The paper conducts an impact evaluation of the minimum wage legislation for domestic workers introduced in four states in India over the period of 2004-2012. Combining matching procedures with difference-in-difference, the paper estimates both the short-run and the long-run impact of the legislation on real wages and employment opportunities. Results show a positive impact of the legislation on real wages in the short-run, with no significant impact in the long-run. Further, the legislation did not seem to have had any impact on the extensive margin in terms of employment opportunities or the probability of being employed as a domestic worker over the entire period. Available evidence, in line with theoretical predictions, point towards a weak enforcement of the legislation as the driving factor of observed results.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/190973
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 294
    Subjects: wages; minimum wages; domestic workers; unemployment; informal sector
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Finance, gender, and entrepreneurship
    India's informal sector firms
    Author: Gang, Ira N.; Raj, Rajesh S. N.; Sen, Kunal
    Published: November 2020
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    How does informal economic activity respond to increased financial inclusion? Does it become more entrepreneurial? Does access to new financing options change the gender configuration of informal economic activity and, if so, in what ways and what... more

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    How does informal economic activity respond to increased financial inclusion? Does it become more entrepreneurial? Does access to new financing options change the gender configuration of informal economic activity and, if so, in what ways and what directions? We take advantage of nationwide data collected in 2010/11 and 2015/16 by India's National Sample Survey Office on unorganized (informal) enterprises. This period was one of rapid expansion of banking availability aimed particularly at the unbanked, under-banked, and women. We find strong empirical evidence supporting the crucial role of financial access in promoting entrepreneurship among informal sector firms in India. Our results are robust to alternative specifications and alternative measures of financial constraints using an approach combining propensity score matching and difference-in-differences. However, we do not find conclusive evidence that increased financial inclusion leads to a higher likelihood of women becoming entrepreneurs than men in the informal sector.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789292569013
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    hdl: 10419/229368
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2020, 144
    Subjects: entrepreneurship; financial constraints; gender; informal sector; difference-indifferences; India
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten)
  15. Progress and stagnation in the livelihood of informal workers in an emerging economy
    long-term evidence from Indonesia
    Author: Rizky, Mayang; Suryadarma, Daniel; Suryahadi, Asep
    Published: November 2020
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    We use long-spanning individual longitudinal data to examine the long-term labour market outcomes of low-tier informal workers. We investigate their characteristics, calculate the extent of switching, and identify the characteristics of those who... more

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    We use long-spanning individual longitudinal data to examine the long-term labour market outcomes of low-tier informal workers. We investigate their characteristics, calculate the extent of switching, and identify the characteristics of those who have switched. Finally, we estimate the earnings premium of switching. We find that individuals are negatively selected into low-tier informal work. Almost half of individuals who started out as a low-tier informal worker remained as low-tier informal workers through the next 8-19 years. The other half switched on average three times. Most switches take place from low-tier informal to low-tier formal sector work. High-tier jobs are relatively closed off to those who started their career as low-tier informal workers. We find that the earnings premium that low-tier informal workers could gain by switching is large and statistically significant. An effective policy, therefore, is to support low-tier informal workers to improve their livelihoods by becoming low-tier formal workers.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    ISBN: 9789292569006
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    hdl: 10419/229367
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2020, 143
    Subjects: earnings premium; Indonesia; informal sector; long-term outcomes
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Finance, gender, and entrepreneurship
    India's informal sector firms
    Author: Gang, Ira N.; Raj, Rajesh S. N.; Sen, Kunal
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    How does informal economic activity respond to increased financial inclusion? Does it become more entrepreneurial? Does access to new financing options change the gender configuration of informal economic activity and, if so, in what ways and what... more

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    How does informal economic activity respond to increased financial inclusion? Does it become more entrepreneurial? Does access to new financing options change the gender configuration of informal economic activity and, if so, in what ways and what directions? We take advantage of nationwide data collected in 2010/11 and 2015/16 by India's National Sample Survey Office on unorganized (informal) enterprises. This period was one of rapid expansion of banking availability aimed particularly at the unbanked, under-banked, and women. We find strong empirical evidence supporting the crucial role of financial access in promoting entrepreneurship among informal sector firms in India. Our results are robust to alternative specifications and alternative measures of financial constraints using an approach combining propensity score matching and difference-in-differences. However, we do not find conclusive evidence that increased financial inclusion leads to a higher likelihood of women becoming entrepreneurs than men in the informal sector.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/225988
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 708
    Subjects: entrepreneurship; financial constraints; gender; informal sector; difference-in-differences; India
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten)
  17. Offshoring to a developing nation with a dual labor market
    Author: Bandyopadhyay, Subhayu; Basu, Arnab K.; Chau, Nancy H.; Mitra, Devashish
    Published: June 2020
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We present a model of offshoring of tasks to a developing nation, which is characterized by a minimum wage formal sector and a flexible wage informal sector. Some offshored tasks are outsourced by the formal sector to the lower wage informal sector.... more

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    We present a model of offshoring of tasks to a developing nation, which is characterized by a minimum wage formal sector and a flexible wage informal sector. Some offshored tasks are outsourced by the formal sector to the lower wage informal sector. An improvement in the productivity in performing offshored tasks in the developing country raises offshoring, but not necessarily formal-to-informal outsourcing, and, in response, the developed nation wage can fall. Productivity improvements in the informal sector expand both offshoring and outsourcing, and the developed nation wage must rise. When the minimum wage is reduced, the developed nation wage falls when most of the efficiency gains accrue to the informal sector.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    hdl: 10419/223862
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13420
    Subjects: offshoring; outsourcing; informal sector; dual labor markets
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Finance, gender, and entrepreneurship: India's informal sector firms
    Author: Gang, Ira N.; Raj, Rajesh S. N.; Sen, Kunal
    Published: November 2020
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    How does informal economic activity respond to increased financial inclusion? Does it become more entrepreneurial? Does access to new financing options change the gender configuration of informal economic activity and, if so, in what ways and what... more

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    How does informal economic activity respond to increased financial inclusion? Does it become more entrepreneurial? Does access to new financing options change the gender configuration of informal economic activity and, if so, in what ways and what directions? We take advantage of nationwide data collected in 2010/11 and 2015/16 by India's National Sample Survey Office on unorganized (informal) enterprises. This period was one of rapid expansion of banking availability aimed particularly at the unbanked, under-banked, and women. We find strong empirical evidence supporting the crucial role of financial access in promoting entrepreneurship among informal sector firms in India. Our results are robust to alternative specifications and alternative measures of financial constraints using an approach combining propensity score matching and difference-in-differences. However, we do not find conclusive evidence that increased financial inclusion leads to a higher likelihood of women becoming entrepreneurs than men in the informal sector.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/227381
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13854
    Subjects: entrepreneurship; financial constraints; gender; informal sector; difference-in-differences; India
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten)
  19. Transforming informal work and livelihoods in China
    Author: Lin, Carl Shu-Ming; Ye, Linxiang; Zhang, Wei
    Published: November 2020
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    The informal sector has long been viewed as a locus of the disadvantaged, unskilled, and inexperienced workers in under-developed and developing economies. Workers in the informal sector, however, can learn skills and gain experience that could help... more

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    The informal sector has long been viewed as a locus of the disadvantaged, unskilled, and inexperienced workers in under-developed and developing economies. Workers in the informal sector, however, can learn skills and gain experience that could help them switch to better-paying jobs in the formal sector. But evidence of this is limited. China constitutes an important case study because it is the most populous country and has the largest labour force, consisting of over 290 million rural-to-urban migrants whose employment is mostly informal. Using three waves of nationally representative household surveys from 2014 to 2018, we study how the livelihoods of Chinese workers change when transitioning to different work statuses within or between formal and informal sectors. Our results show that transitioning jobs from the informal to the formal sector and from the self-employed to the wage-employed increases earnings, which improves the livelihoods of Chinese workers.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292569075
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    hdl: 10419/229374
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2020, 150
    Subjects: China; informal sector; livelihoods; earnings
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Pay gaps and mobility for lower and upper tier informal sector employees
    an investigation of theTurkish labor market
    Author: Duman, Anil
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Many empirical studies found wage gaps between formal and informal sector workers even after controlling for a number of individual and firm level characteristics. While there is limited amount of research considering the same question in the Turkish... more

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    Many empirical studies found wage gaps between formal and informal sector workers even after controlling for a number of individual and firm level characteristics. While there is limited amount of research considering the same question in the Turkish labor market, wage gap between formal and informal employees generally do not take unobserved characteristics into account. In our paper, we carry this analysis for Turkey and estimate the wage gap between formal and informal sector workers utilizing panel data from Survey of Income and Living Conditions (SILC) for the period of 2014 and 2017. Mincer wage equations across quantiles are estimated considering observable and unobservable characteristics with a fixed effect model, and for sensitivity tests we regard the possibility of nonlinearity in covariate effects and estimate a variant of matching models. Our results show that informal wage penalty is persistent even after unobserved heterogeneity is taken into account, however, the penalty is not statistically significant at the upper end of the wage distribution. Moreover, we show that there are important differences between informal workers who have permanent contracts versus informal workers that have relatively more irregular work arrangements. Not only the latter is subject to earnings reductions, but they also have slightly lower probability of moving out of informal employment. We also demonstrate that the mobility of lower and upper tier informal workers is affected by different variables.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/223391
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 655
    Subjects: wage gap; quantile regression; informal sector; panel data; Turkey
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Structural change and formal sector employment growth in Indonesia
    Author: Pratomo, Devanto Shasta; Manning, Chris
    Published: July 2020
    Publisher:  Arndt-Corden Department of Economics, Crawford School of Public Policy, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, [Canberra]

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    Series: Working papers in trade and development ; no. 2020, 15
    Subjects: informal sector; job mobility; human capital; earnings differentials
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Informational shocks and street-food safety: a field study in urban India
    Author: Daniele, Gianmarco; Mookerjee, Sulagna; Tommasi, Denni
    Published: September 2020
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The street food market is a major source of food in developing countries, but is often characterized by unsafe food conditions. We investigate whether improvements in food safety can be achieved by providing information to vendors in the form of a... more

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    The street food market is a major source of food in developing countries, but is often characterized by unsafe food conditions. We investigate whether improvements in food safety can be achieved by providing information to vendors in the form of a training. Among randomly assigned groups of street-food vendors in Kolkata, India, we find large improvements in knowledge and awareness, but little change in their observed behavior. We provide two main explanations for these findings. First, information acquisition by itself does not make it significantly easier for vendors to provide customers with safer food options. Second, although consumers in this market have a positive willingness to pay for food that is perceived as more hygienic, they struggle to distinguish between safe and contaminated food. We conclude that information to vendors is not the key constraint in this context, and that policies mitigating supply-side constraints as well as improving food safety awareness among consumers are likely to have more impact.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/227204
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13677
    Subjects: food safety; public health; street-food; hawkers; trainings; RCT; informal sector
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 63 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Informal freelancers in the time of COVID-19
    insights from a digital matching platform in Mozambique
    Author: Jones, Sam; Manhique, Ivan
    Published: June 2021
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Despite the severe negative economic shock associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, evidence from many contexts points to a surge in sales on online platforms, as well as shifts in the composition of demand. This paper investigates how the pandemic has... more

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    Despite the severe negative economic shock associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, evidence from many contexts points to a surge in sales on online platforms, as well as shifts in the composition of demand. This paper investigates how the pandemic has affected both the supply of and demand for informal manual freelancers in Mozambique. Using data from the digital labour marketplace Biscate, we quantify dynamics along four main dimensions: responses to infection rates, official restrictions on activity, changes in workplace mobility, and employment conditions. Overall, we find both positive and negative effects of the pandemic on growth in the supply of workers, which add up to a zero net effect on average. However, on the demand side, the contact rate and task agreement rate increased by around 50 per cent versus the 'no shock' counterfactual. These findings underline how the informal sector plays a valuable shock-absorbing role and that digital labour marketplaces can facilitate adjustments to economic shocks.

     
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    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9789292670351
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/243421
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 95
    Subjects: COVID-19; Pandemie; Wirkung; Auswirkung; Schattenwirtschaft; Soziale Situation; Arbeitsbedingungen; freelancers; COVID-19; economics shocks; Mozambique; informal sector
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. The more the gloomier
    development of informal employment and its effect on wages in Turkey
    Author: Duman, Anil; Duman, Alper
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Various studies found wage gaps between formal and informal sector workers even after controlling for a number of individual and firm level characteristics. It has also been shown that earnings differentials across these sectors are quite stable over... more

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    Various studies found wage gaps between formal and informal sector workers even after controlling for a number of individual and firm level characteristics. It has also been shown that earnings differentials across these sectors are quite stable over the years. While there is limited amount of research considering the same issues focusing on Turkish labor market, the development of wage gap between formal and informal employment has not been examined. In our paper, we carry this analysis for Turkey and estimate the wage gap between formal and informal sector workers by utilizing the Household Labor Force Survey (LFS) for the period of 2005 and 2019. There are three main findings; first, decline in informal employment is not uniform and especially after 2012 there is a slight increase in the share of informal jobs at the lower end of wage distribution. Second, we demonstrate that returns to informality vary significantly across quantiles even after a matching technique through inverse probability treatment weights are considered. While at the upper end of the distribution, the penalty is extremely small and stable over the years, at the bottom end, the informal sector considerably reduces wages, and the effect becomes larger over time. The negative and increasing penalty is observable well before the refugee inflows. The last part of our analysis looks at the occupational composition within formal and informal sectors over time and points out that the rise of white collar low skilled service (WCLS) jobs among informal employment is mainly responsible for the increasing wage gap for the workers at the bottom end.

     
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    hdl: 10419/235035
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 870
    Subjects: wage gap; quantile regression; informal sector; compensation; skills; occupation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Maternity benefits mandate and women's choice of work in Viet Nam
    Author: Khoa Vu; Glewwe, Paul
    Published: August 2021
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Despite a sizeable literature on the labour market effects of maternity leave regulations on women in developed countries, how these policies affect women's work in developing countries with a large informal sector remains poorly understood. This... more

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    Despite a sizeable literature on the labour market effects of maternity leave regulations on women in developed countries, how these policies affect women's work in developing countries with a large informal sector remains poorly understood. This study examines how extending the maternity leave requirement affects women's decisions to work in the informal or formal sector in Viet Nam. We use a difference-in-differences approach to evaluate the 2012 Amendment to the Viet Nam Labour Law, which imposes a longer maternity leave requirement than before. We find that the law increases formal employment and decreases unpaid work among women in the female labour market. This is driven by women switching from agricultural household work to employment in the public sector. In contrast, we find no effects on formal employment in the private sector. These findings suggest that an increase in the required maternity leave encourages women to switch from informal, unpaid work to working in the formal sector.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292670733
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    hdl: 10419/248347
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 133
    Subjects: Frau; Arbeitsmarkt; Elternzeit; Wirkung; Auswirkung; Schattenwirtschaft; maternity leave regulations; female labour market; informal sector
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten), Illustrationen