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  1. Europe through the crisis
    discretionary policy changes and automatic stabilisers
    Author: Paulus, Alari; Tasseva, Iva Valentinova
    Published: October 2018
    Publisher:  Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK

    Tax-benefit policies affect household incomes through two main channels: discretionary policy changes and automatic stabilisers. Although a large body of literature has studied the impact of tax-benefit policy changes on incomes, little is known... more

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    Tax-benefit policies affect household incomes through two main channels: discretionary policy changes and automatic stabilisers. Although a large body of literature has studied the impact of tax-benefit policy changes on incomes, little is known about the link between automatic stabilisers and the income distribution. We contribute to the literature by studying in detail the contribution of automatic stabilisers and discretionary policy changes to income changes in the EU countries between 2007 and 2014. Our results show that, discretionary policy changes and the automatic stabilisation response of policies more often worked to reduce inequality of net incomes, and so helped offset the inequality-increasing impact of a growing disparity in gross (pre-tax) market incomes. Inequality reduction was achieved mainly through policy changes to benefits and benefits acting as automatic stabilisers. On the other hand, policy changes to and the automatic stabilisation response of taxes and social insurance contributions raised inequality in some countries and lowered it in others.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/197583
    Series: EUROMOD working paper series ; EM 18, 16
    Subjects: automatic stabilisers; discretionary policy changes; income distribution; decomposition
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. The transmission of uncertainty shocks on income inequality
    state-level evidence from the United States
    Author: Fischer, Manfred M.; Huber, Florian; Pfarrhofer, Michael
    Published: 2018
    Publisher:  WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna

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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Working papers in regional science ; 2018, 06
    Subjects: income distribution; inequality; uncertainty shocks; US states; global vector autoregressive model
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Bail-in and legacy assets
    harmonized rules for targeted partial compensation to strengthen the bail-in regime
    Author: Poyntner, Philipp; Reininger, Thomas
    Published: 2018
    Publisher:  OeNB, Oesterreichische Nationalbank, Vienna, Austria

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    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/264816
    Series: Working paper / OeNB, Oesterreichische Nationalbank ; 224
    Subjects: banking regulation; bail-in; retail holders; consumer protection; income distribution; HFCS
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Explaining intra- and intersectoral wage differentials in simple general equilibrium trade models
    Author: Spatz, Julius
    Published: 2001
    Publisher:  Inst. für Weltwirtschaft, Kiel

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  5. Constructing a social accounting matrix with a distributional focus
    the case of Bolivia
    Author: Thiele, Rainer; Piazolo, Daniel
    Published: 2002
    Publisher:  Inst. of World Economics, Kiel

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  6. Constructing a social accounting matrix with a distributional focus : the case of Bolivia
    Author: Thiele, Rainer; Piazolo, Daniel
    Published: 2002
    Publisher:  Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW), Kiel

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  7. Explaining Intra- and Intersectoral Wage Differentials in Simple General Equilibrium Trade Models
    Author: Spatz, Julius
    Published: 2001
    Publisher:  Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW), Kiel

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  8. Macroprudential policy and income inequality
    Author: Frost, Jon; Stralen, René de Sousa van
    Published: [2018]
    Publisher:  De Nederlandsche Bank NV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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    Series: Working paper / De Nederlandsche Bank NV ; no. 598 (May 2018)
    Subjects: macroprudential policy; financial regulation; inequality; income distribution
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Globalization effects on the distribution of income
    Author: Kleinert, Jörn
    Published: March 2018
    Publisher:  Department of Economics, Department of Public Economics, University of Graz, [Graz]

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    Series: Graz economics papers ; GEP 2018, 07
    Subjects: international trade; firm heterogeneity; income distribution
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. The trouble with human capital theory
    Author: Fix, Blair
    Published: August 2018
    Publisher:  [Forum on Capital as Power], [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]

    Human capital theory is the dominant approach for understanding personal income distribution. According to this theory, individual income is the result of "human capital". The idea is that human capital makes people more productive, which leads to... more

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    Human capital theory is the dominant approach for understanding personal income distribution. According to this theory, individual income is the result of "human capital". The idea is that human capital makes people more productive, which leads to higher income. But is this really the case? This paper takes a critical look at human capital theory and its explanation of personal income distribution. I find that human capital theory's claims are dubious at best. In most cases, the theory is either not supported by evidence, is so vague that it is untestable, or is based on circular reasoning. In short, human capital theory is a barrier to the scientific study of income distribution.

     
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    hdl: 10419/181668
    Series: Working papers on capital as power ; no. 2018, 07
    Subjects: human capital theory; income distribution; critique; hierarchy; productivity; power
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. The curious incident of luxury imports during the top-income surge
    Author: Houle, Stephanie; Pujolas, Pau S.; Veall, Michael R.
    Published: [2018]
    Publisher:  Department of Economics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario

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    Series: Department of Economics working paper series / McMaster University, Department of Economics ; 2018, 12
    Subjects: income distribution; taxfiler data; luxury goods
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 11 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. The effect of top incomes on inequality in South Africa
    Author: Hundenborn, Janina; Woolard, Ingrid; Jellema, Jon
    Published: August 2018
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    South Africa exhibits extreme levels of income inequality and is ranked as one of the most unequal countries in the world. In order to measure these severe levels of inequality, it matters how we account for the different parts of the income... more

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    South Africa exhibits extreme levels of income inequality and is ranked as one of the most unequal countries in the world. In order to measure these severe levels of inequality, it matters how we account for the different parts of the income distribution. Although the approach has gained international attention, there has not been any attempt at combining tax administration data with household survey data in order to account for incomes at all parts of the distribution and especially from the top of the income distribution in South Africa. This paper uses a novel technique to identify the optimal method of combining tax administration with household survey data. Our results show the dramatic effects of accounting for reporting bias in household surveys by using tax administration data. When combining the two datasets, we find a significant decrease in overall inequality of taxable income in South Africa between 2011 and 2014, the two years under observation. Nonetheless, income inequality in South Africa remains high. For our analysis, we use two waves of the National Income Dynamics Study, a national representative household survey, and compare the information to a sample of almost 1.2 million records on personal income tax for the 2011 tax year and about one million records for the 2014 tax year.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789292565329
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/190139
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2018, 90
    Subjects: income distribution; inequality; personal income tax; South Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Economics from the top down
    does hierarchy unify economic theory?
    Author: Fix, Blair
    Published: [2018]

    What is the unit of analysis in economics? The prevailing orthodoxy in mainstream economic theory is that the individual is the "ultimate" unit of analysis. The implicit goal of mainstream economics is to root macro-level social structure in the... more

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    What is the unit of analysis in economics? The prevailing orthodoxy in mainstream economic theory is that the individual is the "ultimate" unit of analysis. The implicit goal of mainstream economics is to root macro-level social structure in the micro-level actions of individuals. But there is a simple problem with this approach: our knowledge of human behavior is hopelessly inadequate for the task at hand. Faced with real-world complexities, economists are forced to make bold (and seldom tested) assumptions about human behavior in order to make models tractable. The result is theory that has little to do with the real world. This dissertation investigates an alternative approach to economics that I call "economics from the top down". This approach begins with the following question: what happens when we take the analytical focus off individuals and put it into social hierarchy? The effect of this analytical shift is that we are forced to deal with the realities of concentrated power. The focus on hierarchy leads to some surprising discoveries. First, I find evidence that hierarchical organization has a biophysical basis. I show that institution size (firms and governments) is strongly correlated with rates of energy consumption, and that the growth of institutions can be interpreted as the growth of social hierarchy. Second, I find that hierarchy plays an important role in shaping income and income distribution. I find that income scales strongly with hierarchical power (defined as the number of subordinates under one's control), and that hierarchical power affects income more strongly than any other factor measured. Lastly, using an empirically informed model of the hierarchical structure of US firms, I find that hierarchy plays a dominant role in shaping the income distribution tail. These results hint that hierarchy can be used to unify the study of economic growth (understood in biophysical terms) and income distribution. I conclude by making the first prediction of how the concentration of hierarchical power should relate to the growth of energy consumption. This prediction sheds new light on the origin of inequality. While this "top down" approach to economics is in its infancy, the results are encouraging. Focusing on hierarchy gives fresh insight into many of the important questions facing society-insight that cannot be obtained by focusing on individuals.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Dissertation
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/180922
    Subjects: energy; income distribution; power; social hierarchy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 344 Seiten), Illustrationen
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    Dissertation, York University, Toronto, Ontario, 2018
  14. Perpetual growth, distribution, and robots
    Author: Nomaler, Önder; Verspagen, Bart
    Published: 2018
    Publisher:  Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, The Netherlands

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    Format: Online
    Series: Working paper series / United Nations University, UNU-MERIT ; #2018, 023
    Subjects: perpetual economic growth; economic effects of robots; income distribution
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Can capitalists afford recovery?
    a 2018 update and a closer look
    Author: Bikler, Šimšōn; Nitzan, Jonathan
    Published: [2018]
    Publisher:  ZBW, [Kiel

    This research note starts by showing that, for much of the postwar period, U.S. unemployment to has been a highly reliable leading indicator for the capitalist share of domestic income three years later, and then assesses whether this relationship... more

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    This research note starts by showing that, for much of the postwar period, U.S. unemployment to has been a highly reliable leading indicator for the capitalist share of domestic income three years later, and then assesses whether this relationship still holds.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/184689
    Series: Research note
    Subjects: crisis; income distribution; power; sabotage; unemployment
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 5 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. The economics of human cloning
    Author: Saint-Paul, Gilles
    Published: 2000
    Publisher:  IZA, Bonn

    In this paper, we analyze the extent to which market forces create an incentive for cloning human beings. We show that a market for cloning arises if a large enough fraction of the clone?s income can be appropriated by its model. Only people with the... more

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    In this paper, we analyze the extent to which market forces create an incentive for cloning human beings. We show that a market for cloning arises if a large enough fraction of the clone?s income can be appropriated by its model. Only people with the highest ability are cloned, while people at the bottom of the distribution of income specialize in surrogacy. In the short run, cloning reduces inequality. In the long run, it creates a perfectly egalitarian society where all workers have a top ability if fertility is uncorrelated with ability and if the distribution of ability among sexually produced children is the same as among their parents. In such a society, cloning has disappeared. If the distribution of genes, rather than abilities, is preserved by sexual reproduction, then cloning eliminates ability-reducing genes but does not necessarily eliminate inequality; nor does it disappear in the long run. Finally, if fertility is negatively correlated with ability, in the long run a reproductive caste of bottom ability people coexist with a cloned, worker caste of top ability agents, while intermediate ability types have disappeared.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/21078
    Series: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 231
    Subjects: Human capital; income distribution; human cloning; overlapping generations; intergenerational mobility
    Scope: Online Ressource, 447 KB, text
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    Record-last-verified: 06-02-01
  17. Análise do efeito distributivo da precificação de carbono no Brasil
    Author: Pereira Júnior, Amaro Olimpio; Maia, Rodrigo; Mendonça, Mário Jorge; Casaca, Paulo Roberto Santos
    Published: junho de 2024
    Publisher:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    This study aims to analyze the distributional effects of carbon pricing in Brazil. The subject has gained importance with initiatives such as the PMR Brazil Project and RenovaBio, but discussions have been limited to the possible loss of... more

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    This study aims to analyze the distributional effects of carbon pricing in Brazil. The subject has gained importance with initiatives such as the PMR Brazil Project and RenovaBio, but discussions have been limited to the possible loss of competitiveness of national products. Thus, scenarios built from a computable general equilibrium model were analyzed to assess the impacts of different forms of taxation. The results showed that mechanisms considering taxes without distinction between more or less emitter sectors have little impact on income distribution. In any case, compensation measures are needed to further mitigate the effects on the lower income classes.

     
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    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/300316
    Series: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 3008
    Subjects: income distribution; computable general equilibrium models; carbon pricing
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. The effect of export market access on labor market power
    firm-level evidence from Vietnam
    Author: Hoang, Trang; Mitra, Devashish; Pham, Hoang
    Published: August 2024
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper examines the impact of an export market expansion created by the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) on competition among manufacturing firms in Vietnam's local labor markets. Using a nonparametric production function approach, we... more

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    This paper examines the impact of an export market expansion created by the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) on competition among manufacturing firms in Vietnam's local labor markets. Using a nonparametric production function approach, we measure distortionary wedges between equilibrium marginal revenue products of labor (MRPL) and wages. We find that the median manufacturing firm pays workers 59% of their MRPL. Following the BTA, which significantly reduced US import tariffs for Vietnamese products, firms in industries exposed more to the tariff reductions saw faster employment growth and faster declines in their MRPL-wage wedge. We find that the BTA permanently decreases labor market distortion in manufacturing by 3.4%, and the effect concentrates on domestic private firms with a magnitude of 4.9%. We exploit information on the gender composition to estimate the MRPL-wage wedges separately for men and women. We find that the median distortion is 26% higher for women relative to men, and the decline in distortion for women, amounting to more than 12%, is the driver of the overall reduction in labor market distortion attributable to the BTA. Our theory and empirics suggest that the entry of FDI firms combined with differential aggregate labor supply elasticities explains these results.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/305638
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 17196
    Subjects: international trade; export market access; labor market distortion; misallocation; income distribution; labor share; gender inequality; monopsony; oligopsony
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Redefining tax progressivity in developing countries
    the Progressive Vertical Index
    Author: Fernandez, Ricardo Guerrero
    Published: November 2024
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Recent evidence from developing countries shows that the bottom of the income distribution pays more taxes relative to their income than the top 1%, highlighting a lack of tax progressivity in these societies. Current measures of tax progressivity... more

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    Recent evidence from developing countries shows that the bottom of the income distribution pays more taxes relative to their income than the top 1%, highlighting a lack of tax progressivity in these societies. Current measures of tax progressivity fail to indicate which part of the income distribution explains this. Following the Palma Ratio intuition, this paper introduces the concept of vertical progressivity and a new index, the Progressive Vertical Index (PVI), which assesses the relationship between the tax burdens of the top 1% and the bottom 50% of the population. Using a novel dataset on tax rates in 10 Latin American countries from 2000 to 2020, the paper tests the PVI by comparing the results with the Kakwani index. The PVI is shown to offer an intuitive and transparent instrument for measuring the comparative tax burdens of the richest and poorest groups, thereby indicating that the problem of achieving tax progressivity in developing countries lies in correctly assessing the relationship between the effective tax rates paid by the rich and poor.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292675288
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    hdl: 10419/306815
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2024, 65
    Subjects: income distribution; tax progressivity; effective tax rates; income inequality; Latin America
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. How business income measures affect income inequality and the tax burden
    Author: Aaberge, Rolf; Francesconi, Marco; Modalsli, Jørgen; Vestad, Ola Lotherington
    Published: November 2024
    Publisher:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    This paper presents estimates of income concentration and inequality for Norway using a new comprehensive measure of income, which identifies business income as it is earned by companies rather than when it is paid out as dividends to owners. We... more

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    This paper presents estimates of income concentration and inequality for Norway using a new comprehensive measure of income, which identifies business income as it is earned by companies rather than when it is paid out as dividends to owners. We assemble several sources of high quality register data that allow us to account for multiple layers of business ownership across all companies between 2001 and 2018. Compared to official statistics, the new measure implies that the share of income attributable to the top 1% of the distribution more than doubles and the Gini coefficient estimates increase by about 40%. Our new measure identifies substantial tax regressivity for individuals in the top percentile, a feature that cannot be detected by standard income measures. For instance, while the share of gross income paid in taxes by individuals at the 99th percentile is about 36% in 2016, the corresponding share paid by individuals in the top 1% is 19%.

     
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    Series: CESifo working papers ; 11496 (2024)
    Subjects: income distribution; top income shares; Gini coefficient; dividends; retained earnings; tax burden
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. How business income measures affect income inequality and the tax burden
    Author: Aaberge, Rolf; Modalsli, Jørgen; Francesconi, Marco; Vestad, Ola Lotherington
    Published: November 2024
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper presents estimates of income concentration and inequality for Norway using a new comprehensive measure of income, which identifies business income as it is earned by companies rather than when it is paid out as dividends to owners. We... more

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    This paper presents estimates of income concentration and inequality for Norway using a new comprehensive measure of income, which identifies business income as it is earned by companies rather than when it is paid out as dividends to owners. We assemble several sources of high quality register data that allow us to account for multiple layers of business ownership across all companies between 2001 and 2018. Compared to official statistics, the new measure implies that the share of income attributable to the top 1% of the distribution more than doubles and the Gini coefficient estimates increase by about 40%. Our new measure identifies substantial tax regressivity for individuals in the top percentile, a feature that cannot be detected by standard income measures. For instance, while the share of gross income paid in taxes by individuals at the 99th percentile is about 36% in 2016, the corresponding share paid by individuals in the top 1% is 19%.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 17458
    Subjects: income distribution; top income shares; Gini coefficient; dividends; retained earnings; tax burden
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. A more equal world?
    an analysis of the global inequality trends in the period 2000-2020
    Author: Guerriero, Arthur Zito
    Published: 2024
    Publisher:  RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Essen, Germany

    This paper analyzes the evolution of global interpersonal income inequality in the last decades. While some authors emphasize that global inequality fell significantly between 2000 and 2020 (Milanovic, 2024), others argue that global inequality has... more

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    This paper analyzes the evolution of global interpersonal income inequality in the last decades. While some authors emphasize that global inequality fell significantly between 2000 and 2020 (Milanovic, 2024), others argue that global inequality has remained constant (Chancel & Pikey, 2021) or even increased (Hickel, 2017). This paper contributes to the interpretation of this period by showing that while global inequality did fall between 2000 and 2020, this trend was not the result of a truly global convergence process involving all countries, as it was mainly driven by high growth rates in Asia. Combining data from the World Income Inequality Database (WIID) with population forecasts from the United Nations, an upward trend in global income inequality is projected, even if the economic shocks of COVID-19 and the invasion of Ukraine are not taken into account. The present study shows that a significant share of the Chinese population has reached such high-income levels that further increases in these incomes will contribute to a rise in inequality. Moreover, a further reduction in global inequality will require faster income growth in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, whereas sustained high growth rates in East Asia will contribute to higher inequality. In diesem Beitrag wird die Entwicklung der globalen interpersonellen Einkommensungleichheit in den letzten Jahrzehnten analysiert. Während einige Autoren betonen, dass die globale Ungleichheit zwischen 2000 und 2020 deutlich gesunken ist (Milanovic, 2024), argumentieren andere, dass die globale Ungleichheit konstant geblieben ist (Chancel & Pikey, 2021) oder sogar zugenommen hat (Hickel, 2017). Das vorliegende Papier trägt zur Interpretation dieses Zeitraums bei, indem es zeigt, dass die globale Ungleichheit zwischen 2000 und 2020 zwar gesunken ist, dieser Trend aber nicht das Ergebnis eines wirklich globalen Konvergenzprozesses war, der alle Länder einbezog, da er hauptsächlich durch hohe Wachstumsraten in Asien angetrieben wurde. Kombiniert man die Daten der World Income Inequality Database (WIID) mit den Bevölkerungsprognosen der Vereinten Nationen, so wird ein Aufwärtstrend der globalen Einkommensungleichheit prognostiziert, selbst wenn die wirtschaftlichen Schocks von COVID-19 und die Invasion in der Ukraine nicht berücksichtigt werden. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, dass ein erheblicher Teil der chinesischen Bevölkerung ein so hohes Einkommensniveau erreicht hat, dass ein weiterer Anstieg dieser Einkommen zu einem Anstieg der Ungleichheit beitragen wird. Darüber hinaus erfordert eine weitere Verringerung der globalen Ungleichheit ein schnelleres Einkommenswachstum in Afrika südlich der Sahara und in Südasien, während anhaltend hohe Wachstumsraten in Ostasien zu einer höheren Ungleichheit beitragen werden.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9783969732762
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/306825
    Series: Ruhr economic papers ; #1098
    Subjects: Global inequality; income distribution; China; convergence; projection
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. The impact of massive protests on individual attitudes
    Author: Nupia, Oskar; Álvarez, Andrés
    Published: agosto de 2024
    Publisher:  Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 1992/75118
    Series: Documento CEDE ; 2024, 34
    Subjects: Social protest; political attitudes; political behavior; ideology; humanrights; income distribution; clientelism
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Nowcasting distributional national accounts for the United States
    a machine learning approach
    Author: Cornwall, Gary; Gindelsky, Marina
    Published: September 2024
    Publisher:  U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington, DC

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: BEA working paper series ; WP2024, 6
    Subjects: Inequality; income distribution; national accounts; nowcasting; machine learning
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Age-income gaps
    Author: Guaitoli, Gabriele; Pancrazi, Roberto
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  University of Warwick, Department of Economics, Coventry, United Kingdom

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    Series: Warwick economics research papers ; no: 1504 (July 2024)
    Subjects: Age group income; growth decomposition; income distribution; cross-country comparison
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen