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  1. Religious terrorism, forced migration, and women's empowerment
    evidence from the Boko Haram insurgency
    Author: Elice, Paola; Martínez Flores, Fernanda; Reichert, Arndt R
    Published: 2023
    Publisher:  RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Essen, Germany

    We examine the link between violent attacks of the Islamic extremist group Boko Haram, forced migration, and the empowerment of women in host communities. We find positive effects of distant attacks on the economic well-being of women, their use of... more

     

    We examine the link between violent attacks of the Islamic extremist group Boko Haram, forced migration, and the empowerment of women in host communities. We find positive effects of distant attacks on the economic well-being of women, their use of modern contraceptive methods, and rejection of traditional gender views. At the same time, however, the findings show an increase in the risk that women experience domestic violence. We then examine forced displacement as a channel and its importance relative to other possible channels for the spatial effect dispersion. The results are different for Fulani pastoralist-farmer clashes over natural resources

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 9783969732137
    Series: Ruhr economic papers ; #1044
    Subjects: Boko Haram; Fulani; conflict; forced displacement; female labor force participation; employment; fertility; social norms; gender norms
    Scope: 68, VI Seiten
  2. Europes Population
    Author: Hall, Ray; White, Paul
    Published: 1995
    Publisher:  Taylor & Francis

    First published in 1995. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. more

  3. The effect of abortion legalization on fertility, marriage and long-term outcomes for women
    Author: González, Libertad; Jiménez-Martín, Sergi; Nollenberger, Natalia; Vall Castelló, Judit
    Published: April 2018
    Publisher:  GSE, Graduate School of Economics, Barcelona

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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Edition: Preliminary draft
    Series: Barcelona GSE working paper series ; no 1035
    Subjects: Abortion; fertility; education and labor market outcomes; satisfaction
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Do labor market institutions matter for fertility?
    Author: Camilli, Andrea; Lagerborg, Andresa
    Published: [2017]
    Publisher:  European University Institute, Badia Fiesolana, Italy

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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
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    Series: EUI working papers ; ECO 2017, 07
    Subjects: fertility; labor market institutions; female labor force participation; income volatility; DSGE
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Sheela-na-gigs
    Author: Freitag, Barbara
    Published: 2004
    Publisher:  Taylor & Francis, [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] ; OAPEN FOUNDATION, The Hague

    Here Barbara Freitag examines all the literature on the subject since their discovery 160 years ago, highlighting the inconsistencies of the various interpretations in regard to origin, function and name. By considering the Sheela-na-gigs in their... more

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    Bibliothek der Hochschule Darmstadt, Zentralbibliothek
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    TU Darmstadt, Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek - Stadtmitte
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    Bibliothek der Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences
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    Universitätsbibliothek J. C. Senckenberg, Zentralbibliothek (ZB)
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    Hochschul- und Landesbibliothek Fulda, Standort Heinrich-von-Bibra-Platz
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    Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Hochschulbibliothek Gießen
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    Universitätsbibliothek Gießen
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    Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, Landesbibliothek und Murhardsche Bibliothek der Stadt Kassel
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    Here Barbara Freitag examines all the literature on the subject since their discovery 160 years ago, highlighting the inconsistencies of the various interpretations in regard to origin, function and name. By considering the Sheela-na-gigs in their medieval social context, she suggests that they were folk deities with particular responsibility for assistance in childbirth. This fascinating survey sheds new light on a controversial phenomenon, and also contains a complete catalogue of all known Sheela-na-gigs, including hitherto unrecorded or unpublished figures.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9780203567067; 9780415345521
    Subjects: Plastik; Frau <Motiv>; Archaeology; Society & culture: general
    Other subjects: patrick's; day; patricks; celebrations; stone; carving; fertility; figures; british; isles
  6. On the quantity and quality of girls
    fertility, parental investments, and mortality
    Author: Anukriti, S; Bhalotra, Sonia; Tam, Hiu
    Published: January 2018
    Publisher:  Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA

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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Boston College working papers in economics ; 950
    Subjects: abortion; child mortality; fertility; gender; health; India; missing girls; parental investments; prenatal sex detection; sex-selection; ultrasound
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. If not now, when?
    the timing of childbirth and labour market outcomes
    Author: Picchio, Matteo; Pigini, Claudia; Staffolani, Stefano; Verashchagina, Alina
    Published: February 2018
    Publisher:  Università Politecnica delle Marche, Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Sociali, [Ancona]

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    Format: Online
    Series: Quaderni di ricerca / Università Politecnica delle Marche, Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Sociali ; n. 425
    Subjects: Female labour supply; fertility; discrete choice models; dynamic treatment effect; factor analytic model
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Globalization, gender, and the family
    Author: Keller, Wolfgang; Utar, Hâle
    Published: November 2018
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 25247
    Subjects: Globalisierung; Internationaler Wettbewerb; Fertilität; Familienstruktur; Familie-Beruf; Ehe; Scheidung; Lohnstruktur; Dänemark; fertility; earnings inequality; marriage; divorce; import competition; gender gap
    Scope: 96 Seiten, Illustrationen
    Notes:

    Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe
  9. Tweet sixteen and pregnant
    missing links in the causal chain from reality TV to fertility
    Author: Jaeger, David A.; Joyce, Theodore J.; Kaestner, Robert
    Published: January 2019
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Contributor: Kearney, Melissa Schettini (VerfasserIn des Bezugswerks); Levine, Phillip B. (VerfasserIn des Bezugswerks)
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 25446
    Subjects: Social Web; Fernsehprogramm; Schwangerschaft; Jugendliche; Mädchen; Familienplanung; Schwangerschaftsabbruch; USA; social media; fertility; birth control; abortion; 16 and Pregnant; event study; replication study
    Scope: 14 Seiten, 6 ungezählte Seiten, Illustrationen
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    Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe
  10. The effect of superstition on health
    evidence from the Taiwanese Ghost month
    Author: Halla, Martin; Liu, Chia-lun; Liu, Jin-tan
    Published: January 2019
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Series: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 25474
    Subjects: Volksglaube; Verhalten; Gesundheit; Fertilität; Sterblichkeit; Taiwan; Superstition; false beliefs; health; risky activities; health-care utilization; mortality; fertility; birth outcomes
    Scope: 39, 5 Seiten, Illustrationen
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    Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe
  11. Temporary employment and first births
    a path analysis of the underlying mechanisms using Australian and German panel data
    Author: Laß, Inga; Mooi-Reci, Irma; Bujard, Martin; Wooden, Mark
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research, The University of Melbourne, [Melbourne,] Victoria, Australia

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    Series: Working paper series / Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research ; no. 24, 05 (May 2024)
    Subjects: contingent employment; fertility; employment uncertainty; fixed-term contracts; casual work
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Fallout and fertility
    Chernobyl's legacy and the role of compliance with public protection measures
    Author: Giaccherini, Matilde; Kopinska, Joanna
    Published: July 2024
    Publisher:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    This paper examines the impact of early-life radiation exposure on adult fertility using a dynamic difference-in-differences approach. Analyzing 18 cohorts of women born between 1976 and 1993 in Italian municipalities, we utilize a radiation exposure... more

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    This paper examines the impact of early-life radiation exposure on adult fertility using a dynamic difference-in-differences approach. Analyzing 18 cohorts of women born between 1976 and 1993 in Italian municipalities, we utilize a radiation exposure indicator and administrative datasets on hospitalizations (2004-2016) and birth certificates (2002-2019). Findings show increased rates of thyroid complications and cancer among women exposed in utero or up to five years old, along with higher incidences of spontaneous abortions and stillbirths. Finally, municipalities with high agricultural employment experienced more severe fallout effects, while political beliefs did not significantly influence adherence to protective measures.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/302745
    Series: CESifo working papers ; 11260 (2024)
    Subjects: fertility; radiation exposure; public health; health behaviors
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Understanding the relationship between women's education and fertility decline: evidence from Colombia
    Author: Jaramillo-Echeverri, Juliana
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  Banco de la República Colombia, Centro de Estudios Económicos Regionales (CEER), Cartagena

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
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    Series: Cuadernos de historia económica ; no. 63 (agosto, 2024)
    Subjects: fertility; education; Colombia; census data
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Beyond the degree
    fertility outcomes of "first in family" graduates
    Author: Adamecz, Anna; Lovász, Anna; Vujić, Sunčica
    Published: August 2024
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper looks at the relationship between higher education and fertility, focusing on how intergenerational educational mobility shapes this dynamic. Using the 1970 British Cohort Study, we estimate gaps in completed fertility, distinguishing... more

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    This paper looks at the relationship between higher education and fertility, focusing on how intergenerational educational mobility shapes this dynamic. Using the 1970 British Cohort Study, we estimate gaps in completed fertility, distinguishing between those who are the first in their family to graduate from a university (FiF), graduates with a graduate parent, and non-graduates. Our findings reveal that while on average, graduate women have fewer children than non-graduates, this difference is driven by FiF graduates. FiF women tend to have fewer children than both non-FiF graduates and non-graduates, who exhibit similar fertility rates. The fertility gap between FiF and non-FiF graduates emerges after age 35, mainly on the extensive margin: FiF women are more likely to remain childless, but those who become mothers have an equal average number of children. Similar patterns are observed among men, although the gaps are smaller and not statistically significant. We identify child-related preferences, self-esteem, and maternal employment in childhood as potential explanations behind the FiF fertility gap, while labour market outcomes, financial constraints, partnerships, and health do not appear to play a role. These findings underscore important considerations for supporting inter-generational mobility and fertility.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/305658
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 17216
    Subjects: first in family graduates; fertility; childlessness; inter-generational educational mobility; gender economics
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Income and fertility of female college graduates in the United States
    Author: Cai, Zhengyu; Winters, John V.
    Published: October 2024
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Fertility rates have fallen below replacement levels in many economies. We examine the relationship between female incomes and fertility for college graduates in the United States. Female income is likely endogenous to fertility, and candidate... more

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    Fertility rates have fallen below replacement levels in many economies. We examine the relationship between female incomes and fertility for college graduates in the United States. Female income is likely endogenous to fertility, and candidate instrumental variables are likely imperfect. We use the Nevo and Rosen (2012) imperfect instrumental variable procedure to estimate two-sided bounds for the effect of female income on fertility. The effect of female income on fertility is unambiguously negative and non-trivial, but the magnitude is relatively small. Our results suggest that the recent fertility slowdown in the U.S. is not primarily due to higher female incomes.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/307243
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 17419
    Subjects: fertility; children; motherhood; female income
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Family planning and ethnic heritage
    evidence from sub-Saharan Africa
    Author: Bertocchi, Graziella; Dimico, Arcangelo; Falco, Chiara
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  EIEF, Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance, [Rom]

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    Language: English
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    Series: EIEF working paper ; 24, 11 (October 2024)
    Subjects: Family planning; postpartum abstinence; postpartum sex taboos; contraception; fertility; birth spacing; child health; tuber suitability; folklore; female empowerment; rituals; sub-Saharan Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Birth dearth and local population decline
    Author: Asquith, Brian J.; Mast, Evan
    Published: 10-9-2024
    Publisher:  W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Kalamazoo, MI

    Local population decline has spread rapidly since 1970, with half of counties losing population between 2010 and 2020. The workhorse economic models point to net out-migration, likely driven by changing local economies and amenities, as the cause of... more

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    Local population decline has spread rapidly since 1970, with half of counties losing population between 2010 and 2020. The workhorse economic models point to net out-migration, likely driven by changing local economies and amenities, as the cause of this trend. However, we show that the share of counties with high net out-migration has not increased. Instead, falling fertility has caused migration rates that used to generate growth to instead result in decline. When we simulate county populations from 1970 to the present holding fertility at its initial level, only 10 percent of counties decline during the 2010s.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: Upjohn Institute working paper ; 24, 406
    Subjects: fertility; population decline; migration; counties; simulations
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Baby bumps and abortion drop
    unpacking fertility trends during COVID-19 in Germany
    Author: Bujard, Martin; Huebener, Mathias
    Published: November 2024
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Although abortion trends can be highly informative for understanding fertility reactions amid COVID-19 pandemic, this perspective is rarely taken yet. In contrast to many other countries, Germany has reached above-average fertility rates in the first... more

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    Although abortion trends can be highly informative for understanding fertility reactions amid COVID-19 pandemic, this perspective is rarely taken yet. In contrast to many other countries, Germany has reached above-average fertility rates in the first years of the pandemic. However, in-depth subgroup analyses of these trends are lacking. This paper aims at an in-depth investigation of changes in births and abortions in Germany from the start of the COVID-19 pandemic up to the end of 2021, with a specific focus on the context of public containment measures over time and relevant subgroups. Using augmented interrupted time series models, we analyze official birth and abortion statistics across different socio-demographic groups and regions. We first document two significant "baby bumps", the first arising from conceptions after the first lockdown, the second during the second lockdown. Abortions remained at similar levels during the first year of the pandemic but declined significantly in later periods during the first three quarters of 2021 when the healthcare system was under strain. The magnitude of the drop in abortions corresponds to 43% of the increase in births of the second baby bump. Subgroup analyses show that our findings apply to various socio-demographic groups and are most pronounced among individuals aged 25 to 39 years. The fertility patterns contrast with trends in many high-income countries. We argue that Germany's robust social policies were likely to have stabilized total fertility rates during the crisis; however, the drop in abortions could also have contributed to this. Our study draws a nuanced picture of how the COVID-19 health crisis affected reproductive health outcomes. Analyses of fertility patterns during crises should pay attention to changes in abortions.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 17471
    Subjects: abortions; fertility; births; health crisis; COVID-19; economic uncertainty; social policies
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Universal child benefit and child poverty
    the role of fertility adjustments
    Author: Gromadzki, Jan
    Published: November 2024
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    I study fertility adjustments after the introduction of a large universal child benefit in Poland. The program caused a six percent increase in the number of births. Patterns of selection into parenthood changed significantly and persistently, with a... more

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    I study fertility adjustments after the introduction of a large universal child benefit in Poland. The program caused a six percent increase in the number of births. Patterns of selection into parenthood changed significantly and persistently, with a weakening of positive selection based on education and a strengthening of negative selection based on income. The share of births in the bottom half of the income distribution increased from 51 percent to 58 percent. Using a microsimulation approach, I combine changes in the births structure with existing estimates of the transfer's effect on labor supply to study the impact of these adjustments on poverty reduction. These impacts are very small due to the exceptional generosity of the transfer, but they become more pronounced in the middle of the income distribution.

     
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    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 17456
    Subjects: fertility; child benefit; unconditional cash transfer; poverty
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Fertility, pregnancy, and parenthood discrimination in the labour market
    a systematic review
    Author: El Haj, Morien; Baert, Stijn; Van Ootegem, Luc; Verhofstadt, Elsy; Lippens, Louis
    Published: November 2024
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Disparities in labour market outcomes between parents and non-parents arise partly from discriminatory practices. Understanding these unfair practices is essential for fostering workplace equity. Our systematic review of the literature summarises... more

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    Disparities in labour market outcomes between parents and non-parents arise partly from discriminatory practices. Understanding these unfair practices is essential for fostering workplace equity. Our systematic review of the literature summarises employer discrimination based on various manifestations of parenthood in multiple labour market outcomes. Unlike previous studies, our review encompasses not only motherhood but also fatherhood and the stages preceding parenthood, namely fertility and pregnancy. In terms of labour market outcomes, we consider discrimination in hiring, remuneration, promotion, and dismissal. We also focus exclusively on experimental research, enabling causal conclusions about discrimination and its underlying mechanisms. Our synthesis suggests that employers consistently penalise women in the labour market when they have children, during pregnancy, and during their fertile years. In contrast, men often experience no adverse effects or even a premium when they have children. Researchers frequently find evidence of statistical discrimination as the primary explanation for their findings. Employers appear to rely predominantly on information based on norms and stereotypes to make decisions about parents in the labour market. We offer a roadmap for academics, policymakers, and employers to map and mitigate this phenomenon in the long term. In particular, we highlight fruitful directions for future research, including (i) more broadly assessing the effects of fertility, (ii) more effectively manipulating parenthood in experiments, (iii) more frequently investigating dismissal as a labour market outcome, and (iv) more profoundly examining the mechanisms of parenthood discrimination.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 17435
    Subjects: parenthood; pregnancy; fertility; discrimination; labour market outcomes; systematic review
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Birth timing and spacing
    implications for parental leave dynamics and child penalties
    Author: Adams, Abi; Jensen, Mathias Fjællegaard; Petrongolo, Barbara
    Published: November 2024
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We develop new facts on relationships between the timing and spacing of births, parental leave take-up, and labor market outcomes using Danish administrative data. We document substantial heterogeneity in age at first birth across maternal skill... more

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    We develop new facts on relationships between the timing and spacing of births, parental leave take-up, and labor market outcomes using Danish administrative data. We document substantial heterogeneity in age at first birth across maternal skill levels. Average spacing of pregnancies is also tighter for highly skilled mothers, resulting in higher fertility levels and time on parental leave soon after first birth. We estimate event studies by skill level and find that much of child penalties in earnings and participation after first birth can be explained by incapacitation effects from parental leave around subsequent births, especially for the highly educated.

     
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    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 17438
    Subjects: fertility; child penalty; skill
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Baby bonus, fertility, and missing women
    Author: Kim, Wookun
    Published: July 2024
    Publisher:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    This paper presents novel causal evidence on the effects of pro-natalist cash transfers on fertility, sex ratio at birth, and infant health. In the context of South Korea, I exploit rich spatial and temporal variation in cash transfers provided to... more

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    This paper presents novel causal evidence on the effects of pro-natalist cash transfers on fertility, sex ratio at birth, and infant health. In the context of South Korea, I exploit rich spatial and temporal variation in cash transfers provided to families with newborn babies and the universe of birth-, death-, and migrant-registry records. I find that the total fertility rate in 2015 would have been 4.7% lower without the cash transfers. Surprisingly, the cash transfers had an unintended consequence of correcting the unnaturally male-skewed sex ratio at birth. The cash transfers led to reductions in gestational age and birth weight, but no change in early-life mortality. A rich heterogeneity analysis suggests that negative selection into childbearing may explain the health effects and that cash transfers may increase birth weight for low-income families.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/301341
    Series: CESifo working papers ; 11215 (2024)
    Subjects: pro-natalist policies; cash transfer; fertility; infant health; sex ratio at birth; son preference
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. The fertility impacts of development programs
    Author: Donald, Aletheia; Goldstein, Markus P.; Koroknay-Palicz, Tricia; Sage, Mathilde
    Published: December 2024
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper examines how women's fertility responds to increases in their earnings and household wealth using six experiments conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa. Contrary to predictions that an increase in female earnings raises the opportunity cost of... more

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    This paper examines how women's fertility responds to increases in their earnings and household wealth using six experiments conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa. Contrary to predictions that an increase in female earnings raises the opportunity cost of childbearing and that this will lower fertility, we find that an increase in the profits of female business-owners in Ethiopia and Togo results in them having more children. We also observe a positive fertility response to increases in the value of household assets induced by land formalization programs in Benin and Ghana. These results are driven by women who are in most need of sons for support in old age or in the event of widowhood. Our findings suggest that women's lack of long-term economic security is an important driver of fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 17500
    Subjects: fertility; households; Sub-Saharan Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten)
  24. The impact of COVID-19 on abortions in Spain
    Author: Trommlerová, Sofia; González, Libertad
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  BSE, Barcelona School of Economics, [Barcelona]

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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: BSE working paper ; 1448 (May 2024)
    Subjects: abortion; COVID-19; lockdown; social interactions; abortion services; fertility
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. The impact of COVID-19 on abortions in Spain
    Author: Trommlerová, Sofia; González, Libertad
    Published: May 2024
    Publisher:  Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Department of Economics and Business, Barcelona

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Economics working paper series ; no. 1889
    Subjects: abortion; COVID-19; lockdown; social interactions; abortion services; fertility
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen