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  1. Climate policy reform options in 2025
    Author: Bistline, John; Clausing, Kimberly A.; Mehrotra, Neil R.; Stock, James H.; Wolfram, Catherine
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Cambridge, MA, USA

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    Series: Working paper series / MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research ; 2024, 11 (July 2024)
    Subjects: Climate policy; Inflation Reduction Act; tax credits; carbon fee; decarbonization
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Climate policy reform options in 2025
    Author: Bistline, John; Clausing, Kimberly A.; Mehrotra, Neil R.; Stock, James H.; Wolfram, Catherine
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Cambridge, MA, USA

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    Series: Working paper series / MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research ; 2024, 11 (July 2024)
    Subjects: Climate policy; Inflation Reduction Act; tax credits; carbon fee; decarbonization
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. A scenario analysis of the potential effects of decarbonization on the profitability of the energy-intensive and natural-resource-based industries
    Author: Andersson, Fredrik N. G.
    Published: December 2021
    Publisher:  Department of Economics, School of Economics and Management, Lund University, Lund

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    Series: Working paper / Department of Economics, Lund University ; 2021, 18
    Subjects: decarbonization; energy-intensive; industry; profitability; investment
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. India's progress on its climate action plan
    an update in early 2022
    Author: Mukherjee, Mohua
    Published: March 2022
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    ISBN: 9781784671983
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    hdl: 10419/253285
    Series: Array ; 11
    Subjects: Climate Action; decarbonization; Efficiency; Energy Transition; India; Renewables
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Collaboration, decarbonization, and distributional effects
    Author: Mier, Mathias; Siala, Kais; Govorukha, Kristina; Mayer, Philip
    Published: April 2022
    Publisher:  ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    We conduct a hybrid scenario exercise to analyze decarbonization pathways of the European power market and related distributional effects across countries as well as between consumers and producers. Our CIB analysis reveals qualitative scenarios that... more

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    We conduct a hybrid scenario exercise to analyze decarbonization pathways of the European power market and related distributional effects across countries as well as between consumers and producers. Our CIB analysis reveals qualitative scenarios that differ in the level of political (stringency of climate policy) and physical collaboration (transmission grid expansion). We use a CGE model to quantify those scenarios for further usage in a power market model. Consumers generally experience considerably higher electricity prices, whereas producers observe higher rents. Electricity prices are lowest in the least collaborative future. Producer rents in turn are highest in the most collaborative one. Patterns hugely differ by country, making 13 countries to profiteers of the least collaborative future and 12 countries to profiteers of the most collaborative one. Only 3 countries profit from medium collaboration. Countries that profit from the most collaborative future experience substantially higher producer rents. Countries that profit from the least collaborative one in turn experience lowest electricity prices.

     
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    Series: Ifo working papers ; 368 (2022)
    Subjects: Hybrid scenario analysis; CIB method; CGE modeling; energy system modeling; power market modeling; collaboration; decarbonization; energy transition; distributional effects
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Cross-border cooperation on CO2 transport and sequestration
    the case of Germany and Norway
    Author: Dickel, Ralf; Fattouh, Bassam; Muslemani, Hasan
    Published: September 2022
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    If two different jurisdictions are involved in the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) chain, CO2 handling needs to be harmonized across borders and interface issues should be resolved (e.g. technical and operational standards, certification, transfer... more

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    If two different jurisdictions are involved in the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) chain, CO2 handling needs to be harmonized across borders and interface issues should be resolved (e.g. technical and operational standards, certification, transfer of ownership and risk, etc.). Similar to the imbalance which exists between the demand for fossil fuels between importing and exporting countries, suitable geological formations for CO2 storage may not exist in the highest-emitting countries, which calls for a need to export CO2 to countries with more suitable storage sites. It may also be in the interest of fossil fuel exporting countries to help their customers to dispose of CO2 stemming from imported hydrocarbons, as importing countries may have no other option due to the lack of sequestration potential (e.g. Japan). This will involve exporting and importing of CO2 across borders, relying on offshore transport by ships or via pipelines in most cases. Thus far, such examples include the transport of CO2 by onshore pipelines from the Boundary Dam project in Canada to the Weyburn project in the US, and the upcoming Longship project which envisages cross-border transport of CO2 via shipping from the UK and EU countries to Norway. All other projects so far have been within one jurisdiction. However, most recently (August 2022), Northern Lights signed a first-of-its-kind commercial agreement for cross-border CO2 capture and transport, where, from 2025, CO2 will be captured, compressed and liquified in the Netherlands, to be transported and stored in Norway. It is expected that other similar ventures will be established, making the publication of this study all the more timely. This paper appraises a specific case study of cross-border CO2 transport from Germany to Norway. It is argued that the opportunity offered by Norway to sequester large volumes of CO2 under its shelf in the North Sea is one that Germany should use to meet its ambitious net-zero goal for 2045. While the infrastructure needed on both sides requires vast investments, coordination and regulatory and legal efforts, endeavours of comparable scale have been achieved by cooperation between both countries in the past such as the successful development of the Troll gas export project and the infrastructure linked to it both offshore and onshore and the development of its market in less than 20 years. One important conclusion is the need to develop a joint vision on the necessary development in the short time (and the limited size of the CO2 budget) left, and to create procedures and institutions needed for cooperation and coordination.

     
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    ISBN: 9781784672041
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    hdl: 10419/270522
    Series: Array ; 15
    Subjects: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS); CCS Business Models; CCS Chain; CO2 transport; Cross-border CO2 transport; decarbonization; Germany; net-zero; Norway
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Endogenous technological change in power markets
    Author: Mier, Mathias; Adelowo, Jacqueline; Azarova, Valeriya
    Published: July 2022
    Publisher:  ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    Decarbonization requires the transformation of power markets towards renewable energies and investment costs are decisive for the deployed technologies. Exogenous cost assumptions cannot fully reflect the underlying dynamics of technological change.... more

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    Decarbonization requires the transformation of power markets towards renewable energies and investment costs are decisive for the deployed technologies. Exogenous cost assumptions cannot fully reflect the underlying dynamics of technological change. We implement divergent learning-by-doing specifications in a multi-region power market model by means of mixed-integer programming to approximate non-linear investment costs. We consider European learning, regional learning, and three different ways to depreciate experience stocks within the European learning metric: perfect recall, continuous forgetting, and lifetime forgetting. Learning generally yields earlier investments. European learning fosters the deployment of solar PV and wind onshore, whereas regional learning leads to more wind offshore deployment in regions with high wind offshore quality. Perfect recall fosters solar PV and wind onshore expansion, whereas lifetime forgetting fosters wind offshore usage. Results for continuous forgetting are in between those of perfect recall and lifetime forgetting. Generally, learning leads to the earlier deployment of learning technologies but regional patterns are different across learning specifications and also deviate significantly from this general pattern of preponing investments.

     
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    hdl: 10419/261403
    Series: Ifo working papers ; 373 (2022)
    Subjects: Endogenous technological change; learning-by-doing; forgetting; renewable energies; power market model; decarbonization
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. The landscape of co2 emissions across Africa
    a comparative perspective
    Author: Melo, Jaime; Solleder, Jean-Marc
    Published: 08 July 2022
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Series: Array ; DP17450
    Subjects: CO2; Africa; decarbonization; emission intensity
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. The economics of variable renewables and electricity storage
    Author: López Prol, Javier; Schill, Wolf-Peter
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Verein für Socialpolitik, [Köln]

    The transformation of the electricity sector is a main element of the transition to a decarbonized economy. Conventional generators powered by fossil fuels have to be replaced by variable renewable energy (VRE) sources in combination with electricity... more

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    The transformation of the electricity sector is a main element of the transition to a decarbonized economy. Conventional generators powered by fossil fuels have to be replaced by variable renewable energy (VRE) sources in combination with electricity storage and other options for providing temporal flexibility. We discuss the market dynamics of increasing VRE penetration and their integration in the electricity system. We describe the merit-order effect (decline of wholesale electricity prices as VRE penetration increases) and the cannibalization effect (decline of VRE value as their penetration increases). We further review the role of electricity storage and other flexibility options for integrating variable renewables, and how storage can contribute to mitigating the two mentioned effects. We also use a stylized open-source model to provide some graphical intuition on this. While relatively high shares of VRE are achievable with moderate amounts of electricity storage, the role of long-term storage increases as the VRE share approaches 100%.

     
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    hdl: 10419/242463
    Series: Jahrestagung 2021 / Verein für Socialpolitik ; 122
    Subjects: energy transition; decarbonization; variable renewable energysources; electricity storage; merit-order effect; cannibalization effect
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Taxation of carbon emissions with social and private discount rates
    Author: Mier, Mathias; Adelowo, Jacqueline
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    Energy system and power market models refrain from distinguishing between private and social discount rates. We devise a strategy to account for diverging private and social discount rates in intertemporal optimization frameworks, resulting in an... more

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    Energy system and power market models refrain from distinguishing between private and social discount rates. We devise a strategy to account for diverging private and social discount rates in intertemporal optimization frameworks, resulting in an optimal carbon tax above the marginal damage when private discount rates exceed the social one. We quantify results for the European power market until 2050. Not distinguishing between private and social discount rates yields carbon emissions of 0.83 Gt in 2050 with rising trend from 2020 onwards. Distinguishing between private and social discount rates achieves full decarbonization (–0.15 Gt in 2050) and avoids damages of 1,386 billion € until 2050. Results explain missing investments of firms and suggest that policymakers should announce high future carbon prices to incentivize sufficient investments into clean technologies.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263163
    Series: Ifo working papers ; 374 (2022, July 2022)
    Subjects: Carbon taxation; discounting; social cost; carbon emission; externality; intertemporal optimization; power market model; decarbonization
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Complementary taxation of carbon emissions and local air pollution
    Author: Mier, Mathias; Adelowo, Jacqueline; Weissbart, Christoph
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    Current decarbonization policies neglect damages from local air pollutants. We analyze the trade-off between complementary taxation of carbon emissions and local air pollution. We quantify results for the European power market until 2050. Taxing only... more

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    Current decarbonization policies neglect damages from local air pollutants. We analyze the trade-off between complementary taxation of carbon emissions and local air pollution. We quantify results for the European power market until 2050. Taxing only air pollution results in social cost of 5,890 billion € and fosters nuclear deployment. Taxing only carbon yields social cost of 716 billion € and promotes CCS deployment. Taxing both yields cost of 1,118 billion €. Moderate carbon taxation can be complementary to a primary policy of air pollution abatement. On the contrary, a primary policy of decarbonization stands in trade-off with air pollution abatement in the long-term.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263164
    Series: Ifo working papers ; 375 (2022, July 2022)
    Subjects: Taxation; social cost; air pollution; carbon emission; externality; energy system model; power market model; decarbonization
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Energy costs and competitiveness in Europe
    Author: Faiella, Ivan; Mistretta, Alessandro
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Banca d'Italia Eurosistema, [Rom]

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    Series: Temi di discussione / Banca d'Italia ; number 1259 (February 2020)
    Subjects: firms’ costs; energy; competitiveness; decarbonization; EMU
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Blue hydrogen as an enabler of green hydrogen
    the case of Germany
    Author: Dickel, Ralf
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    ISBN: 9781784671594
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    hdl: 10419/246558
    Series: Array ; 159
    Subjects: carbon sequestration; decarbonization; methane blending; Paris Agreement; public good; renewable electricity; steam reforming
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Costs and benefits of political and physical collaboration in the European Power Market
    Author: Mier, Mathias; Siala, Kais; Govorukha, Kristina; Mayer, Philip
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    We use the cross-impact balance analysis to develop narratives that differ in the level of political collaboration (in terms of the stringency of the EU climate policy) and physical collaboration (possible expansion of transmission capacity between... more

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    We use the cross-impact balance analysis to develop narratives that differ in the level of political collaboration (in terms of the stringency of the EU climate policy) and physical collaboration (possible expansion of transmission capacity between countries) in the European power market. Applying a CGE model and two power market models, we quantify the impact of the two dimensions on emission, abatement cost, and electricity prices until 2050. The most collaborative narrative leads to CO2 emissions of 90 to 139 Mt, abatement cost of 245 to 271 EUR/ton CO2, and prices of 56 to 67 EUR/MWh in 2050. The least collaborative one has emissions of 848 to 1013 Mt, cost of 378 to 559 EUR/ton, and prices of 47 to 57 EUR/MWh. In all narratives, countries at the periphery of the European market tend to experience lower prices and abate more, whereas prices are higher and abatement lower in central and Southeast Europe.

     
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    hdl: 10419/226807
    Series: Ifo working papers ; 343 (2020)
    Subjects: Collaboration; energy transition; decarbonization; European power market; transmission; renewable energy; energy system modeling
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Fossil natural gas exit
    a new narrative for European energy transformation towards decarbonization
    Author: Hirschhausen, Christian R. von; Kemfert, Claudia; Praeger, Fabian
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin

    This paper discusses the potential role of fossil natural gas (and other gases) in the process of the energy transformation in Europe on its way to complete decarbonization. Mainstream conventional wisdom has it that natural gas, perhaps in... more

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    This paper discusses the potential role of fossil natural gas (and other gases) in the process of the energy transformation in Europe on its way to complete decarbonization. Mainstream conventional wisdom has it that natural gas, perhaps in combination with other gases, should maintain an important role in the energy mix, first, as a "bridge fuel", and then through a gradual transition toward decarbonized gases. This is most comprehensively rolled out in three consecutive discussion papers by Jonathan Stern from the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies (2017b, 2017a, 2019). Based on an in- depth assessment of the ambitious climate targets of the EU and the subsequent need for far-reaching decarbonization, as well as on results from energy system modeling, a contrasting result emerges, where the disappearance of fossil natural gas and its corresponding infrastructure is the next logical step of the transformation process in Europe. The lack of an economic perspective for nuclear power and the absence of a plausible deployment of large-scale carbon-dioxide removal technologies (CDR) imply that natural gas has no "sweet spot" any longer in the decarbonization process. In other words: Fossil natural gas is no longer part of the solution to the challenge of climate change, but has become part of the problem. Over the last years, the phasing out of natural gas in Europe has already started, and will continue until its complete phase-out, most likely in the 2040s, i.e. only two decades from now. The decline of natural gas in Europe has implications for the short- and longer-term aggregate and sectoral energy mix, but also for the future of the lumpy infrastructure, that has been developed over the last decades for a growing market. Today, investments into natural gas infrastructure are likely to produce stranded assets, as we show in three concrete cases: The € 10 bn. investment into the North Stream 2 pipeline are not necessary to assure European supply security, nor to make a return on investment; projects of new LNG terminals on the shore of the German North Sea (Brunsbuettel, Stade, Wilhelmshaven) lack a business case; and new natural gas power plants are likely to be unprofitable. The paper proposes to replace the dominant narrative ("natural gas in decarbonizing European energy markets") with what we consider a more coherent narrative in the context of decarbonization: Fossil natural gas exit.

     
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    hdl: 10419/225021
    Series: Discussion papers / Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung ; 1892
    Subjects: Europe; decarbonization; fossil natural gas; energy gases
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Which industrial firms make decarbonization investments?
    Author: Faquet, Romain
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  Trésor Direction Générale, [Paris]

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    Series: Documents de travail de la DG Trésor ; no 2021, 3 (Août 2021)
    Subjects: environmental investments; decarbonization; firms; manufacturing; greenhouse gas emissions
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. An Amazon tipping point
    the economic and environmental fallout
    Author: Banerjee, Onil; Cicowiez, Martín; Macedo, Marcia; Malek, Žiga; Verburg, Peter; Goodwin, Sean; Vargas, Renato; Rattis, Ludmila; Brando, Paulo M.; Coe, Michael T.; Neill, Christopher; Marti, Octavio Damiani
    Published: July 2021
    Publisher:  Inter-American Development Bank, Department of Research and Chief Economist, [Washington, DC]

    The Amazon biome, despite its resilience, is being pushed by unsustainable economic drivers towards an ecological tipping point where restoration to its previous state may no longer possible. This is the result of self-reinforcing interactions... more

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    The Amazon biome, despite its resilience, is being pushed by unsustainable economic drivers towards an ecological tipping point where restoration to its previous state may no longer possible. This is the result of self-reinforcing interactions between deforestation, climate change and fire. In this paper, we develop scenarios that represent movement towards an Amazon tipping point and strategies to avert one. We assess the economic, natural capital and ecosystem services impacts of these scenarios using the Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform linked with high resolution spatial land use land cover change and ecosystem services modeling (IEEMESM). This papers main contributions are developing: (i) a framework for evaluating strategies to avert an Amazon tipping point based on their relative costs, benefits and trade-offs, and; (ii) a first approximation of the economic, natural capital and ecosystem services impacts of movement towards an Amazon tipping point, and evidence to build the economic case for strategies to avert it. We find that a conservative estimate of the cumulative regional cost through 2050 of an Amazon tipping point would be US$256.6 billion in Gross Domestic Product. Policies that would contribute to averting a tipping point, including strongly reducing deforestation, investing in climate-adapted agriculture, and improving fire management, would generate approximately US$339.3 billion in additional wealth. From a public investment perspective, the returns to implementing strategies for averting a tipping point would be US$29.5 billion. Quantifying the costs, benefits and trade-offs of policies to avert a tipping point in a transparent and replicable manner can pave the way for evidence-based approaches to support policy action focusing on the design of regional strategies for the Amazon biome and catalyze global cooperation and financing to enable their implementation.

     
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    hdl: 10419/237514
    Series: IDB working paper series ; no IDB-WP-01259
    Subjects: Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform; dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model; ecosystem services modeling; agriculture; climate change; decarbonization
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 106 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Decarbonization of Costa Rica's agriculture, forestry and other land uses sectors
    an application of the IEEM+ESM approach
    Author: Banerjee, Onil; Cicowiez, Martín; Vargas, Renato; Molina-Pérez, Edmundo; Malek, Žiga
    Published: March 2021
    Publisher:  Inter-American Development Bank, Environment, Rural Development and Disaster Risk Management Division, [Washington, DC]

    This paper evaluates the economic and environmental impacts of implementing Costa Ricas Decarbonization Plan, focusing specifically on the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) sectors. To do so, we apply the Integrated... more

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    This paper evaluates the economic and environmental impacts of implementing Costa Ricas Decarbonization Plan, focusing specifically on the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) sectors. To do so, we apply the Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) framework for Costa Rica, linked with high resolution spatial land use land cover and ecosystem services modeling (IEEMESM). This is the first economy-wide analysis of Costa Ricas Decarbonization Plan that integrates both economic and ecosystem services impacts. Such an integrated approach is critical for understanding cross-sectoral implications of decarbonization despite the sector-specific focus of AFOLU, while considering the impacts on future ecosystem services flows and wealth. Our results indicate that the positive cumulative wealth impacts of the full decarbonization of Costa Ricas AFOLU sectors are on the order of US$8,747 million by 2050 and generally enhances the future flow of ecosystem services. Decarbonization of AFOLU is pro-poor, lifting 4,530 out of poverty by 2050. From a public investment perspective, decarbonization generates economic returns of US$1,114 million when natural capital and environmental quality are considered. The IEEMESM Platform developed in this paper provides a strong foundation for future analysis and refinement of proposed decarbonization strategies for the country, while weighing the relative costs and benefits of the economic, environmental and social dimensions in an integrated way.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/237484
    Series: IDB working paper series ; no IDB-WP-01200
    Subjects: Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform; dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model; ecosystem services modeling; agriculture; climate change; decarbonization
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. The resilience of the Biden administration's climate policy
    on the danger of a climate policy u-turn under a second Trump presidency
    Author: Thielges, Sonja
    Published: [September 2024]
    Publisher:  SWP, Berlin

    The United States will play a crucial role in global climate protection in what has been called the "super election year" of 2024. After three-and-a-half years of having scored huge successes in climate protection, President Joe Biden could be... more

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    The United States will play a crucial role in global climate protection in what has been called the "super election year" of 2024. After three-and-a-half years of having scored huge successes in climate protection, President Joe Biden could be succeeded by Donald Trump in January 2025, according to opinion polls. Trump used his first Presi­dency (2017-2021) to largely reverse the climate protection measures of the previous administration; and he intends to take the same approach if he wins in November. Conservative think tanks have provided him with a detailed blueprint for doing so with the "Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise". Trump's return to the White House would deal a fatal blow to climate protection. Many of the Biden administration's climate policy measures could be scrapped by a second Trump administration. While the future of US climate policy depends largely on the results of the elections to the White House and Congress, an important factor will also be the progress that has been made in the individual US states.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/304324
    Series: SWP comment ; 2024, no. 41 (September 2024)
    Subjects: Umweltpolitik; Klimaschutz; Vergleich; Politisches Programm; Regierungsprogramm; Joe Biden; Donald Trump; Kamala Harris; US climate policy; Priority Climate Action Plan (PCAP); Conservative Climate Caucus; Paris Agreement; decarbonization; Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); carbon capture and storage (CCS); liquefied natural gas (LNG); fossil fuels; green technologies; renewables
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (8 Seiten)
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    "Updated English version of SWP-Aktuell 38/2024"

    Gesehen am 09.09.2024
  20. Hydrogen for the "low hanging fruits" of South America
    decarbonising hard-to-abate sectors in Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Chile
    Author: Gomes, Ieda; Patonia, Aliaksei; Gogorza, Agustín; Caratori, Luciano; Carlino, Hernan; Gama, Nathalia; Diazgranados, Luis; Hartmann, Nuria; Kulenkampff, Hans
    Published: May 2024
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    Hydrogen produced with minimal or no carbon emissions is often expected to become an important tool for meeting climate objectives and decarbonising national economies that currently mostly rely on fossil fuels. Despite initial expectations, it seems... more

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    Hydrogen produced with minimal or no carbon emissions is often expected to become an important tool for meeting climate objectives and decarbonising national economies that currently mostly rely on fossil fuels. Despite initial expectations, it seems unlikely that clean hydrogen will be used by all industries that require decarbonization. However, many researchers, policymakers, and energy practitioners anticipate that some hard-to-abate sectors, such as producers of oil and gas/petrochemicals, nitrogen fertilizers, steel, and electricity, and heavy-duty and long-distance land transport, will be among the first to adopt this substance, paving the way for others. Hence, they are often referred to as the ‘low hanging fruits’ since their transition to hydrogen is anticipated to be more feasible and often less complex compared with other industries. While considerable attention has been given to the role of clean hydrogen in the decarbonization efforts across Europe, Japan, South Korea, and the United States, the potential role of this substance in South America – a continent largely associated with significant potential for the cost-competitive production of decarbonised hydrogen – has not received substantial attention. Furthermore, besides favourable geographical and geological conditions that could enable the countries of the region to develop the manufacturing of clean hydrogen and its derivatives for export, South American nations also face challenges posed by hard-to-abate sectors that could potentially use hydrogen to decarbonise their operations. Therefore, this paper focuses on Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Chile – the four largest economies of the continent with ambitious plans to develop national hydrogen sectors – and analyzes the opportunities and challenges posed by clean, domestically sourced hydrogen for the decarbonization of their ‘low hanging fruits’. It then compares and contrasts the key findings and finally concludes by applying the main points to similar industries worldwide.

     
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    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9781784672379
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/296663
    Series: Array ; 33
    Subjects: Argentina; Brazil; Chile; Colombia; cost reduction; decarbonization; electrolyser; energy transfer capacity; energy transfer infrastructure; green hydrogen; Hydrogen; policy support; South America; sustainable energy transition; system considerations
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Can hydrogen and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) help decarbonize the coal power plants in Asia?
    Author: Habib, Ali
    Published: June 2024
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    As the power sector is the largest GHG emitter, it is important to investigate the fuels used in this sector. In 2023, coal was the primary source of electricity supply, accounting for 35.9%. Natural gas came in second, representing 23%. Asia has the... more

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    As the power sector is the largest GHG emitter, it is important to investigate the fuels used in this sector. In 2023, coal was the primary source of electricity supply, accounting for 35.9%. Natural gas came in second, representing 23%. Asia has the largest number of coal plants in operation, standing at a capacity of 1,667 GW, which is more than seven times the next region, North and Latin America. Eastern Asia is the largest subregion, with an installed coal plant capacity of 1,261 GW, representing 76% of the total capacity. China leads the pack with the highest installed capacity, accounting for a staggering 68.17% of the total capacity. India comes in second place, with a respectable 14.22% installed capacity. The coal plants mentioned above emit an estimated 7,610 million tons of CO2 annually. China and India are the top emitters, responsible for 67.45% and 14.57% of the total emissions, respectively. Between 2000 and 2023, 151 GW of coal plants were retired in Asia and around 1,553 GW of plants were cancelled from 2010 to 2023. Nonetheless, 80 GW of coal plant plans have been announced, 105 GW in the pre-permit phase, 171 GW have been permitted, and 193 GW are currently under construction. This paper aims to investigate the potential of hydrogen technology and synergies with the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology in mitigating carbon emissions from coal power plants in Asia. The paper first looks at the environmental footprint of coal fired power plants, then considers ammonia substitution as a means of reducing that impact, and finally discusses the potential of CCS as a pathway to decarbonization, including an introduction to the pairing of the nascent Oxy-fuel combustion technology with CCS, potentially combined with green hydrogen production, as a decarbonization pathway.

     
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    ISBN: 9781784672430
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/301909
    Series: Array ; 35
    Subjects: Asia; CCS; Co-firing; Coal; decarbonization; green ammonia; Hydrogen; Japan; Oxy-Fuel; Power Sector
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. The decarbonization of gas in the Southern Cone of South America
    Author: Gomes, Ieda; Caratori, Luciano; Carlino, Hernan; Delgado, Fernanda; Sousa, Luara
    Published: December 2021
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    South America is endowed with vast energy resources and natural gas plays an important role in the supply of energy to the region. A few countries in the Southern Cone area such as Argentina, Brazil and Chile, also meet part of their demand needs... more

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    South America is endowed with vast energy resources and natural gas plays an important role in the supply of energy to the region. A few countries in the Southern Cone area such as Argentina, Brazil and Chile, also meet part of their demand needs with imported liquefied natural gas (LNG) and/or pipeline gas. In line with the objectives of diversifying to indigenous sources, reduce GHG emissions and advance the Paris Agenda towards net-zero emissions, there has been a push to increase the use of renewable sources in those countries, mainly solar and wind. In 2019 the installed capacity of wind energy more than doubled in Argentina year-on-year (albeit from a small base) whilst solar grew 19.6 per cent and 23.9 per cent in Brazil and Chile respectively. For many years, South American countries have been looking for viable ways to develop decarbonized gas such as biomethane, biogas and, more recently, hydrogen. This paper analyzes the efforts by Argentina, Brazil and Chile to decarbonize gas to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, including some significant projects already being developed and in operation. The paper also assesses the initiatives, timing and challenges, and describe the bottlenecks – including costs, infrastructure, financing and regulatory issues – impacting on the development of projects and the more widespread use of biogas, biomethane and hydrogen in these economies. Finally, the possibility of creating a regional market for decarbonized gas is investigated. Looking at the region overall, there is significant potential for biogas and biomethane in Argentina and Brazil, but less so in Chile. In order to realise that potential, particularly for biomethane further incentives and regulations will be required. For hydrogen, while PV seems to be the most competitive source for green hydrogen, levelised costs of green hydrogen remain at least double the cost of hydrogen from natural gas without CCUS. Although the three countries are pursuing decarbonised gas projects, initial planning is still in progress and there is a lack of sufficient coordination between government and policy makers to drive the development. Particularly for hydrogen, large scale developments are likely to be beyond the current NDC horizon of 2030, but putting a clear transition pathway in place soon will increase the likelihood of achieving the significant potential for decarbonized gases in the three Southern Cone countries.

     
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    ISBN: 9781784671891
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    hdl: 10419/253277
    Series: Array ; 05
    Subjects: `blue’ hydrogen; Argentina; biogas; Biomethane; Brazil; Chile; decarbonization; green hydrogen; Hydrogen; Natural gas; Renewable Energy; Southern Cone
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Rationalizing policy support for zero emission vehicles in Canada
    Author: Wigle, Randall M.; Kery, Istvan
    Published: March 18, 2021
    Publisher:  LCERPA, Laurier Centre for Economic Research & Policy Analysis, [Waterloo, ON]

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    Series: LCERPA working paper ; no. 2021, 3 (March 2021)
    Subjects: Nachhaltige Mobilität; Straßenverkehr; Kanada; decarbonization
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 7 Seiten)
  24. From hierarchies to markets and partially back again in electricity: responding to deep decarbonization commitments and security of supply criteria
    Author: Joskow, Paul L.
    Published: June 2021
    Publisher:  MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Cambridge, MA, USA

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    Series: Working paper series / MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research ; 2021, 008
    Subjects: electricity; hybrid markets; security of supply; decarbonization; intermittency
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  25. Facilitating transmission expansion to support efficient decarbonization of the electricity sector
    Author: Joskow, Paul L.
    Published: June 2021
    Publisher:  MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Cambridge, MA, USA

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    Series: Working paper series / MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research ; 2021, 009
    Subjects: electricity; transmission; decarbonization; wind generation; solar generation; regulation
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