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  1. Supervisory and statistical granular data modelling at the Croatian National Bank
    Author: Bašić, Ines
    Published: [2017]
    Publisher:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    As the European Reporting Framework (ERF): Key facts and information1 report has recognised, some countries have already implemented integrated "statistical" and supervisory reporting requirements at a granular level. Croatia is one of these... more

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    As the European Reporting Framework (ERF): Key facts and information1 report has recognised, some countries have already implemented integrated "statistical" and supervisory reporting requirements at a granular level. Croatia is one of these countries. Moreover, Croatia has been able to produce a local "AnaCredit" system on a loan-by-loan basis for legal entities and non-residents (see the ECB MFI list2 or Annex 4 of the Banks' Integrated Reporting Dictionary of the Croatian National Bank3), and at an aggregate level for households, other non-residents and small businesses, using the same underlying data as for statistical and prudential reporting. A Croatian granular data system at a counterparty level for legal entities/non-residents on the list and at an aggregate level for households, other non-residents and small businesses was developed in 2007/2008 following a series of workshops held among colleagues from Supervision, Statistics and IT at the Croatian National Bank (CNB) and credit institutions. One of the most important deliverables of the project was the CNB Banks' Integrated Reporting Dictionary, a document in which all attributes collected by the system are listed, organised into categories, described and explained, and where examples and the methodologies used are provided. In Croatia, the CNB Banks' Integrated Reporting Dictionary is mandatory for all credit institutions, and it has been enforced on the financial market following a decision of the Croatian National Bank Governor. This article discusses granular data modelling for the purpose of statistical, supervisory and European Central Bank reporting and analysis.

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789289928403
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/194008
    Series: Statistics paper series / European Central Bank ; no 25 (November 2017)
    Subjects: central bank; monetary policy; data processing; financial institution; European Central Bank; Croatia; granular data; modelling; metadata; data warehouse; Croatian National Bank
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (69 Seiten), Tabellen
  2. Providing comparable information to asses global financial stability risks
    Author: Tissot, Bruno
    Published: 2018
    Publisher:  Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

    The Conference of European Statistics Stakeholders (CESS) brings together European stakeholders such as official statisticians, methodologists, private data producers/providers and data users. The conference, held biennially, gives participants an... more

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    The Conference of European Statistics Stakeholders (CESS) brings together European stakeholders such as official statisticians, methodologists, private data producers/providers and data users. The conference, held biennially, gives participants an opportunity to discuss user needs and exchange good practices in statistical production and outreach. It is also an opportunity to illustrate innovative ways of visualising and communicating statistics and promote new methodological ideas in data conception, collection and analysis. This Statistical Report contains the full-length version of the paper Providing comparable information to assess global financial stability risks, presented at CESS 2016 (Budapest 20-21 October 2016) by Bruno Tissot (Head of Statistics & Research Support at the Bank for International Settlements).

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789279778643
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    Edition: 2018 edition
    Series: Statistical reports / Eurostat
    Subjects: Statistische Daten; Erhebungstechnik; Informationsmanagement; Statistische Methode; Finanzmarkt; statistical method; statistics; data collection; data processing; economic recession; financial statistics; dissemination of information; report
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten)
  3. Analysis of the impact of the split payment mechanism as an alternative VAT collection method
    final report
    Published: December 2017
    Publisher:  Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

    This study designs and analyses a range of options for applying split payment mechanism as an alternative VAT collection method in both the current and definitive VAT regime. The options encompass different types of transactions (B2B, B2C and B2G) as... more

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    This study designs and analyses a range of options for applying split payment mechanism as an alternative VAT collection method in both the current and definitive VAT regime. The options encompass different types of transactions (B2B, B2C and B2G) as well as different types of payment (EFTs, credit cards, cash payments). The design of the policy options for applying split payment mechanism takes into account previous studies, ongoing VAT policy developments and examples of split payment or similar mechanisms implemented or considered for implementation within the EU and in third countries. The analysis is based on available literature and datasets, as well as data collected especially for the study from Member States, business and their representative organisations and other stakeholders (including banks and payment providers). Data gaps have been filled with a set of proxies and (expert-based) assumptions. The study found no strong evidence that the benefits of split payment would outweigh its costs. The main identified effects were that a wider scope of split payment would potentially provide a larger decrease of the VAT gap and hence have a positive impact on the Member States' budgets, but would also significantly increase the related administrative costs for businesses, especially when applied on broad scale.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789279770517
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    Deloitte LLP (VerfasserIn)
    Subjects: Umsatzsteuer; EU-Steuerrecht; Steuererhebungsverfahren; Steuereinnahmen; Szenariotechnik; EU-Staaten; VAT; payment; regulation of transactions; data collection; data processing; type of business; tax authorities; bank; qualitative analysis; quantitative analysis; report
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 370 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Assessing the impact of the UK's withdrawal from the EU on regions and cities in EU27
    Author: Levarlet, François; Seri, Paolo; Zingaretti, Chiara; Hrelja, Dea; Lorgeoux, Elodie
    Published: [2018]
    Publisher:  European Union, Brussels

    The objective of the study is to provide an analysis on the exposure of EU27 regions to the UK and the likely impact of the UK's withdrawal from the EU on regions and cities in EU27. The methodology used is mainly based on a literature review, a... more

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    The objective of the study is to provide an analysis on the exposure of EU27 regions to the UK and the likely impact of the UK's withdrawal from the EU on regions and cities in EU27. The methodology used is mainly based on a literature review, a statistical analysis using EU (Eurostat) and international databases, while also relying on more qualitative case studies and interviews with local stakeholders. - The exposure index covering the EU27 regions at two-digit sectoral level must be considered as the main delivery of the study; calculations are based on updated data on trade flows (exports) considering six key economic sectors in EU27 (i.e. Transport Vehicles, Machinery, Electronics, Textile and Furniture, Vegetables, Foodstuff and Wood, Chemical and Plastics). - Results must be interpreted with caution. The research was carried out in a moving context of information (with new studies recently published in the field and events being frequently organized at EU, national and regional levels), with limited access to disaggregated data at NUTS 3 level and with still high uncertainties on the future of negotiations and possible scenarios. - Based on the index calculations, we are able to identify, for each sector, some of the countries and regions that could be most impacted by Brexit. The main contribution of this approach is to indicate to LRAs the direct policy implications of Brexit on specific sectors and the related negotiations on which they should focus.

     
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  5. Country-level data and indicators of trade in raw materials for Australia, Chile, Indonesia and New Zealand
    Author: Nita, Viorel; Garbossa, E.; Godlewska, L.; Pennington, D.
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

    The current report contains four trade-related country fiches for Australia, Chile, Indonesia and New Zealand. Following the structure of Country section of the Raw Materials Information System's Economics and Trade module, these country fiches... more

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    The current report contains four trade-related country fiches for Australia, Chile, Indonesia and New Zealand. Following the structure of Country section of the Raw Materials Information System's Economics and Trade module, these country fiches include essential country-level data and indicators on trade in raw materials, being divided into five sections: i) Raw materials trade flows; ii) Trade measures - export restrictions and import tariffs; iii) Trade agreements; iv) Foreign direct investments; and v) Trade performance indicators. Each country profile starts with a Key messages section, which summarizes the main findings.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789279983610
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    Series: JRC technical reports
    Subjects: Rohstoffwirtschaft; Auslandsinvestition; Außenwirtschaftspolitik; Handelsabkommen; Außenhandelsstatistik; Australien; Chile; Indonesien; Neuseeland; raw material; data processing; trade agreement; economic indicator; information system; trade policy; Australia; Chile; Indonesia; New Zealand; research report
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 81 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Urbanization as a driver of changing food demand in Africa
    evidence from rural-urban migration in Tanzania
    Author: Cockx, Lara; Colen, Liesbeth; De Weerdt, Joachim; Gómez y Paloma, Sergio
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

    Ensuring food and nutrition security in Africa in a context of uncertain agricultural growth and a rapidly growing population remains an enormous challenge. While much of the attention has been focused on supply-side issues, the need for improved... more

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    Ensuring food and nutrition security in Africa in a context of uncertain agricultural growth and a rapidly growing population remains an enormous challenge. While much of the attention has been focused on supply-side issues, the need for improved understanding of the demand side has been largely ignored. Factors as income, urbanization, education and female labour participation have important implications on food and nutrition security outcomes, through their role in shaping the patterns of food demand.

     
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    Language: English
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    ISBN: 9789279731822
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    Series: JRC technical reports
    Subjects: Ernährungssicherung; Urbanisierung; Landflucht; Tansania; urbanisation; food consumption; human nutrition; income; education; data processing; urban area; population density; rural migration; Tanzania; research report
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 200 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Legal and regulatory implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
    the case of autonomous vehicles, m-health and data mining : a joint EIT-JRC project
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

    AI will have numerous positive impacts on various aspects of our daily life, but it also presents several challenges. To fully benefit from AI potential, an appropriate regulatory and enabling framework needs to be put in place. This report presents... more

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    AI will have numerous positive impacts on various aspects of our daily life, but it also presents several challenges. To fully benefit from AI potential, an appropriate regulatory and enabling framework needs to be put in place. This report presents the findings of a EIT/JRC joint project seeking to identify legal and regulatory challenges the usage of AI technology may bring for start-ups, in an attempt to raise awareness and knowledge about potential hurdles. The report contains the summary of the Workshop "Legal and regulatory implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI): the case" organised in this context, the three papers produced by the experts associated to the project and the project conclus ions. During the Workshop's plenary session, various speakers presented the EC policy landscape, gave concrete examples of EIT innovative projects, and examined the fundamental issue of liability for potential damages caused by AI systems. The experts' papers reviewed during the parallel session provide detailed insights on three specific sectors: notably autonomous vehicles, mobile-health and data mining. Thus the paper on autonomous vehicles tackles, among other issues, the implications of different licence's regimes for road testing, the lack of harmonised safety standards and the absence of a clear liability framework. From a more operational perspective, the expert's paper on m-health highlights concerns raised by the application of GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) and provides further details on other aspects, such us the tension between portability rights and intellectual property, the application of the regulation on medical devices to m-apps, and the disparities in liability rules. Finally, the legal framework for the use and access to data for AI is explored in the paper on text and data mining. As a conclusion, a number of gaps have been identified across the sectors that may require adjustments in regulation, often on sectorial basis. Finally, it was noted that, when addressing them, policymakers should work closely with industry in order to produce relevant, useful, and balanced legislation.

     
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  8. Foreign investment in the EU
    the FOWN dataset
    Author: Gregori, Wildmer; Nardo, Michela; Ndacyayisenga, Nathalie; Rancan, Michela
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

    This report describes the process to construct the foreign ownership dataset called FOWN. It includes three pieces of data: i) public and private firms located in Europe controlled by non-European investors, ii) Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) of... more

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    This report describes the process to construct the foreign ownership dataset called FOWN. It includes three pieces of data: i) public and private firms located in Europe controlled by non-European investors, ii) Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) of firms located in Europe done by non-European investors, and iii) greenfield investments aiming at setting-up an installation in Europe by non-European investors. This document details the raw data used, the assumptions necessary to construct the dataset and limitations of FOWN.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789276121206
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    Series: JRC technical report
    Subjects: Auslandsinvestition; Multinationales Unternehmen; Übernahme; Greenfield-Investition; Datenverarbeitung; Daten; EU-Staaten; foreign investment; data collection; data processing; private sector; public sector; business policy; European Union; merger; research report
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 67 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. European business cycle indicators
    1st quarter (2020)
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Publ. Off. of the Europ. Union, Luxembourg

    The Economic Sentiment Indicators (ESI) for the euro area (EA) and the EU began the first quarter of 2020 on an upbeat note, booking solid increases in January and February after some two years of broadly declining readings. The tentative recovery,... more

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    The Economic Sentiment Indicators (ESI) for the euro area (EA) and the EU began the first quarter of 2020 on an upbeat note, booking solid increases in January and February after some two years of broadly declining readings. The tentative recovery, however, came to an abrupt halt in March, when coronavirus struck and sentiment plummeted as much as never before in a single month (EA: −8.9, EU: −8.2 points). - Losing 6.4 (EA) and 6.2 (EU) points over the quarter, i.e. between December 2019 and March 2020 - the heftiest quarterly losses since the sovereign debt crisis - both indicators fell firmly below their long-term average of 100. The indicators' current levels of 94.5 (EA) and 94.8 (EU) points were last seen in 2013, during the recovery following the sovereign debt crisis. - The spread of coronavirus and its accompanying containment measures also determined the evolution of the new Employment Expectations Indicator (EEI), which posted the sharpest decline on record (EA: −10.9, EU: −9.7) after the first two months of the year had seen a continuation of the broad sideways movement already witnessed in 2019-Q4. - Confidence in services and retail trade dropped sharply and settled at levels well below long-term averages, reflecting the immediate impact of governments' confinement measures on businesses in those sectors. Also consumer morale took a sizeable hit, bringing the indicator back to its long-term average which it had exceeded since late 2014. By contrast, industry and construction confidence posted more contained losses, with the latter remaining at historically high levels, while industry confidence continued to undercut its long-term average. - Focussing on the six largest EU economies, by far the starkest quarterly losses were registered in Italy (−17.8), Poland (−7.2) and Germany (−7.1), while the slide in sentiment was less severe in Spain (−3.4), the Netherlands (−2.3) and France (−0.8). - While the decrease of the indicators in March is historically unprecedented in many cases, it is important to note that this is not yet reflecting the full impact of the crisis. Most responses to the March wave of the surveys were collected before significant containment measures were enacted in almost all EU countries.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Article (journal)
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789276146438
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    Parent title: European business cycle indicators - Show all bands
    Series: Array ; 039 (April 2020)
    Subjects: euro area; macroeconomics; economic cycle; economic forecasting; economic policy; economic indicator; economic analysis; economic survey; data processing; serial publication
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. AI watch
    AI standardisation landscape state of play and link to the EC proposal for an AI regulatory framework
    Author: Nativi, Stefano; De Nigris, Sarah
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

    The present study surveys the ongoing standardisation activities on AI carried out by ESOs (European Standards Organizations) and international Standards Development Organizations (SDOs). In the present study we investigate the alignment between AI... more

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    The present study surveys the ongoing standardisation activities on AI carried out by ESOs (European Standards Organizations) and international Standards Development Organizations (SDOs). In the present study we investigate the alignment between AI related standards published or in development and the requirements proposed in the proposal for Artificial Intelligence Act.. The aim is to identify possible gaps and underdeveloped areas in the current standardisation activities. The main goal is to provide a contribution to the definition of a European standardisation roadmap for implementing the Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) (European Commission, 2021). The document is organized as follows: Section 1 provides an overview of the different dimensions of standards and introduces the adopted landscaping methodology. Then, Sections 2 and 3 discuss the applied methodology to identify the standards relevant to the AIA and the considered standard population, respectively. Then, Section 4 delves into the proposed regulatory framework for AI (i.e. the AIA), introducing its scope and requirements. Section 5 provides a high-level analysis to map the identified standard populations onto the AIA requirements. Section 6 provides an in-depth analysis of the mapping, introducing an innovative methodology. Applying the proposed methodology, Section 7 discusses an executive version of the AIA requirements, according to a semi structured model. Section 8 discusses the obtained results of the in-depth analysis and provides initial reflections on the possible gaps. Finally, Section 9 summarizes findings, outline possible recommendations, and introduce potential future work.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789276403258
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    Series: EUR ; 30772
    Subjects: Künstliche Intelligenz; Standardisierung; EU-Staaten; artificial intelligence; regulation of telecommunications; standardisation; European standard; information technology; data processing; research report
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Study on mastering data for tourism by EU destinations
    main text
    Author: Galasso, Giovanna; Montino, Carlo; Sidoti, Alessio; Mureddu, Francesco; Pelaez Verdet, Antonio; Cerezo Medina, Alfonso; Collado, Antonio
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

    In recent decades, tourism has experienced a continuous and sustained growth, becoming one of the most significant and promising sectors to promote social and economic progress at global and local level. In the European Union, tourism represents one... more

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    In recent decades, tourism has experienced a continuous and sustained growth, becoming one of the most significant and promising sectors to promote social and economic progress at global and local level. In the European Union, tourism represents one of the main sectors for job and business creation, source of income, and territorial development. Moreover, tourism has social, cultural, and environmental implications, as it can greatly contribute to social cohesion, poverty eradication, and conservation and promotion of cultural and naturalistic heritage. At the same time, tourism can also generate adverse impacts on destinations and residents if its activities are not managed sustainably. Disparities in regional development, pressure on environmental ecosystems, deterioration of resident population quality of life are just a few of the most common drawbacks in connection with poorly managed tourism activities, which are sometimes worsened by the intrinsic characteristics of the sector, such as seasonality. For these reasons, it is of the utmost importance to ensure that tourism policies are geared toward an ever-stronger promotion of growth, while at the same time embracing the essential principles of sustainable development. In this context, the diffusion of technologies applied to tourism represent a pivotal element to support effective and efficient tourism management, as well as to unlock the benefits offered by the sector to communities and destinations. The present report - delivered in the context of the "Smart Tourism Destinations" project funded by the European Commission - aims at contributing to the knowledge base for European destinations wanting to become smarter in their development and management of tourism. In particular, it focuses on how European destinations are nowadays making use of data for tourism, outlining features and enabling conditions, challenges, good practices, trends, cases of cooperation, and proposing a preliminary set of recommendations for future action.

     
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  12. New business models for data-driven services
    Author: Ferro, Enrico; Pizzamiglio, Anna
    Published: 2023
    Publisher:  Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

    Over the last decade, data has risen to the top of national and global policy agendas, as nations seek to develop their economies, use data to address social challenges and respond to citizen concerns about the uses and abuses of data. Data has... more

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    Over the last decade, data has risen to the top of national and global policy agendas, as nations seek to develop their economies, use data to address social challenges and respond to citizen concerns about the uses and abuses of data. Data has become the infrastructure on which modern economies are built. The growing ubiquity and abundance of data make it vital in every sector, and businesses of every size increasingly depend on it. Against this backdrop, open data has the potential to create significant value for society and the economy when leveraged in partnership with the private sector. At the same time, the reuse of open data in Europe is still in its infancy and requires further research and implementation efforts to fully express its potential for public and private value creation. The content of this discussion paper goes in this direction and provides a review of the research conducted over the past two decades on how information generated by the public sector and released in an open data format may purposely be re-used by for-profit and not-for-profit private entities. The overarching intent is to identify relevant lessons learnt and principles that may be useful in promoting the flourishing of sustainable open data ecosystems across Europe. The analysis shows how open data reuse may be regarded as a multi-billion and multi-dimensional opportunity for European corporations, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and start-ups, with the potential to unlock value-generation processes impacting the top and bottom lines of companies' balance sheets and the well-being of society at large. Businesses making use of open data in their activities can benefit from favourable economics that may exert a positive impact on their profitability once a sufficient level of competitive advantage is generated. Sources of competitive advantage may vary depending on the type of barriers encountered during the processes of data acquisition and analysis, and can come from the combination of open data with company-specific assets (skills, data, relationships, etc.) or the adoption of innovative business models relying on emerging technologies. Artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain, in fact, represent useful technological evolutions in supporting the sharing, reuse and monetisation of open data, contributing to a smarter, more secure and automated data economy. The design of value propositions leveraging open data usually requires a resource-based approach where three strategic decisions need to be made in order to define a complete business model. Namely, the type of elaboration needed, the role of the knowledge generated in the final product or service and, finally, the pricing mechanism. The review of the literature conducted on business models for open data allowed us to identify 14 business models that may be clustered into five broad categories: freemium, premium, cost-saving, indirect benefit and razor-blade.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789278438296
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    Edition: Last update: 24 November 2023
    Series: Discussion paper ; 2023
    Subjects: documentary tool; data processing; access to EU information; on line data service; business model; open data; right to reuse information
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten)
  13. Study on learning mobility
    final report
    Contributor: Kirdulytė, Greta (HerausgeberIn); Abozeid, Omar (HerausgeberIn); Makauskė, Giedrė (HerausgeberIn); Del Cogliano, Debora (HerausgeberIn); Pupinis, Mantas (HerausgeberIn); Schouenborg, Jacob (HerausgeberIn); Fras, Max (HerausgeberIn); Ponchon, Carole (HerausgeberIn); Nicodemi, Susie (HerausgeberIn); Dumcius, Rimantas (HerausgeberIn)
    Published: July 2023
    Publisher:  Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

    European policies and programmes have been promoting and structuring learning mobility across the Union for decades. Despite the progress in creating learning mobility opportunities for a wider and more diverse group of participants, learners and... more

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    European policies and programmes have been promoting and structuring learning mobility across the Union for decades. Despite the progress in creating learning mobility opportunities for a wider and more diverse group of participants, learners and staff members face obstacles to learning mobility. The study identified lack of financial means, awareness about the existing opportunities, unified recognition policies and practices and even lack of interest as the main obstacles to learning mobility across different education and training sectors, youth and sport. In order to mitigate the existing obstacles to learning mobility, the study made recommendations to increase the budget allocations for national and European learning mobility programmes, increase awareness about learning mobility opportunities for different target groups, improve the recognition practices of qualifications and learning periods abroad, lower the administrative burden related to learning mobility applications, and enhance inclusiveness of learning mobility opportunities. In order to better assess the progress of learning mobility in Europe, data collection and monitoring practices should also be strengthened. Using a variety of research methods, this report strengthened the evidence base and supported the work in preparing a Commission proposal for a Council Recommendation on learning mobility to mitigate the existing barriers using various research methods.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Contributor: Kirdulytė, Greta (HerausgeberIn); Abozeid, Omar (HerausgeberIn); Makauskė, Giedrė (HerausgeberIn); Del Cogliano, Debora (HerausgeberIn); Pupinis, Mantas (HerausgeberIn); Schouenborg, Jacob (HerausgeberIn); Fras, Max (HerausgeberIn); Ponchon, Carole (HerausgeberIn); Nicodemi, Susie (HerausgeberIn); Dumcius, Rimantas (HerausgeberIn)
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789268090404
    Other identifier:
    Subjects: EU-Bildungspolitik; Bildungswesen; Mobilität; EU-Staaten; EU policy; education policy; student mobility; learning; vocational training; vocational education; statistical method; research method; data processing; cartography; young person; adult education; higher education; distance learning; budget policy; professional qualifications; digital literacy; report
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 391 Seiten)
  14. Satellites turn "concrete"
    tracking cement with satellite data and neural networks
    Author: D'Aspremont, Alexandre; Arous, Simon Ben; Bricongne, Jean-Charles; Lietti, Benjamin; Meunier, Baptiste
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    This paper exploits daily infrared images taken from satellites to track economic activity in advanced and emerging countries. We first develop a framework to read, clean, and exploit satellite images. Our algorithm uses the laws of physics (Planck's... more

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    This paper exploits daily infrared images taken from satellites to track economic activity in advanced and emerging countries. We first develop a framework to read, clean, and exploit satellite images. Our algorithm uses the laws of physics (Planck's law) and machine learning to detect the heat produced by cement plants in activity. This allows us to monitor in real-time whether a cement plant is working. Using this information on around 500 plants, we construct a satellite-based index tracking activity. We show that using this satellite index outperforms benchmark models and alternative indicators for nowcasting the production of the cement industry as well as the activity in the construction sector. Comparing across methods, we find neural networks yields significantly more accurate predictions as they allow to exploit the granularity of our daily and plant-level data. Overall, we show that combining satellite images and machine learning allows to track economic activity accurately.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789289963800
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/297340
    Series: Working paper series / European Central Bank ; no 2900
    Subjects: data science; construction; high-frequency data; Big data; machine learning; satellite; remote sensing; information technology; data collection; building; data processing
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Multilingualism and Translanguaging in Migration Studies: Some Methodological Reflections
    Author: Havlin, Tetiana
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  SSOAR, GESIS – Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften e.V., Mannheim

    Abstract: Research in the field of international migration engage a multilingual frame. Multilingualism raises a question of knowledge and meaning transferability in diverse linguistic and cultural contexts. Migration studies focusing on the... more

     

    Abstract: Research in the field of international migration engage a multilingual frame. Multilingualism raises a question of knowledge and meaning transferability in diverse linguistic and cultural contexts. Migration studies focusing on the transnational settings require a reflective use of languages while confronting methodological challenges at all research stages. This notion is especially valid in the case of qualitative research oriented to capturing meaning which can be lost in translation. As the first objective, in this article I reflect on language use in the research conduct in general and in migration studies in particular. I address a set of methodological challenges connected to multilingualism during data gathering, processing, and interpretation. The second objective is to approach translanguaging as one of the features of multilingual practices and as an epiphenomenon of immigration and transnationalism. I rely on a research project on immigrant agency of immigrants from the

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    DDC Categories: 300
    Other subjects: Datenauswertung; Datenerfassung; Interview; Mehrsprachigkeit; Migrationsstudien; Positionalität der Forschenden; Russian-speaking immigrants; Translanguaging; data processing; interpretation; interview method; linguistic biography; linguistische Biografie; migration studies; multilingualism; qualitative Forschung; qualitative research; researcher positionality; russischsprachige Migrant:innen; translanguaging
    Scope: Online-Ressource
    Notes:

    Veröffentlichungsversion

    begutachtet (peer reviewed)

    In: Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research ; 23 (2022) 1
  16. The Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey
    Methodological report for the first wave / Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Network
    Published: [2013]
    Publisher:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    This report summarises the methodologies used in the first wave of the Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, which provides household-level data collected in a harmonised way in 15 euro area countries for a sample of more than 62,000... more

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    This report summarises the methodologies used in the first wave of the Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, which provides household-level data collected in a harmonised way in 15 euro area countries for a sample of more than 62,000 households. The report presents the methodologies applied in areas such as data collection, sample design, weighting, imputation, and variance estimation. It also analyses issues like differential unit and item non-response and other issues that may have an effect on the comparability of the survey data across countries.

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/154636
    Parent title:
    Series: Statistics paper series / European Central Bank ; no 1 (April 2013)
    Subjects: microeconomics; household consumption; consumer survey; household; data collection; data processing; distribution of wealth; statistical method
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 114 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. The Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey
    Results from the first wave / Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Network
    Published: [2013]
    Publisher:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    This report summarises key stylised facts from the first wave of the Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, which provides household-level data collected in a harmonised way in 15 euro area countries for a sample of more than 62,000... more

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    This report summarises key stylised facts from the first wave of the Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, which provides household-level data collected in a harmonised way in 15 euro area countries for a sample of more than 62,000 households. The report presents results on household assets and liabilities, income, and indicators of consumption and credit constraints.

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/154637
    Parent title:
    Series: Statistics paper series / European Central Bank ; no 2 (April 2013)
    Subjects: microeconomics; household consumption; consumer survey; household; data collection; data processing; distribution of wealth; statistical method; euro area; debt; financial situation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 114 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Quality measures in non-random sampling
    MFI interest rate statistics
    Contributor: Bojaruniec, Piotr (MitwirkendeR); Huerga, Javier (MitwirkendeR); Pérez-Duarte, Sébastien (MitwirkendeR); Puigvert, Josep Maria (MitwirkendeR); Sandars, Patrick (MitwirkendeR); Wijas-Jensen, Justyna Anna (MitwirkendeR); Kofoed, Mandsberg, Rasmus (MitwirkendeR); Hofer, Christiane (MitwirkendeR); Reddig, Jörg (MitwirkendeR); Goggin, Jean (MitwirkendeR); Eleni, Starida (MitwirkendeR); Georgakopoulos, Vasilis (MitwirkendeR); Nega, Stamatina (MitwirkendeR); Casado, Antonio (MitwirkendeR); Montornes, Jérémi (MitwirkendeR); Buzzi, Maria Rosaria (MitwirkendeR); Stacchini, Massimiliano (MitwirkendeR); Švedas, Tomas (MitwirkendeR); Goes, Wim (MitwirkendeR); Bartmann, Martin (MitwirkendeR); Ciesla, Norbert (MitwirkendeR); Maitland-Smith, Fenella (MitwirkendeR); Anisha, Tibrewal (MitwirkendeR)
    Published: [2013]
    Publisher:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Traditional literature on sampling techniques focuses mainly on statistical samples and covers non-random (non-statistical) samples only marginally. Nevertheless, there has been a recent revival of interest in non-statistical samples, given their... more

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    Traditional literature on sampling techniques focuses mainly on statistical samples and covers non-random (non-statistical) samples only marginally. Nevertheless, there has been a recent revival of interest in non-statistical samples, given their widespread use in certain fields like government surveys and marketing research, or for audit purposes. This paper attempts to set up common rules for non-statistical samples in which only data on the largest institutions within each stratum are collected. This is done by focusing on the statistics compiled by the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) on the interest rates of monetary financial institutions (MFIs) in countries of the European Union. The paper concludes by proposing a way of establishing common rules for non-statistical samples based on a synthetic measurement of a mean of absolute errors.

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Contributor: Bojaruniec, Piotr (MitwirkendeR); Huerga, Javier (MitwirkendeR); Pérez-Duarte, Sébastien (MitwirkendeR); Puigvert, Josep Maria (MitwirkendeR); Sandars, Patrick (MitwirkendeR); Wijas-Jensen, Justyna Anna (MitwirkendeR); Kofoed, Mandsberg, Rasmus (MitwirkendeR); Hofer, Christiane (MitwirkendeR); Reddig, Jörg (MitwirkendeR); Goggin, Jean (MitwirkendeR); Eleni, Starida (MitwirkendeR); Georgakopoulos, Vasilis (MitwirkendeR); Nega, Stamatina (MitwirkendeR); Casado, Antonio (MitwirkendeR); Montornes, Jérémi (MitwirkendeR); Buzzi, Maria Rosaria (MitwirkendeR); Stacchini, Massimiliano (MitwirkendeR); Švedas, Tomas (MitwirkendeR); Goes, Wim (MitwirkendeR); Bartmann, Martin (MitwirkendeR); Ciesla, Norbert (MitwirkendeR); Maitland-Smith, Fenella (MitwirkendeR); Anisha, Tibrewal (MitwirkendeR)
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/154638
    Series: Statistics paper series / European Central Bank ; no 3 (September 2013)
    Subjects: data collection; data processing; financial institution; monetary cooperation; economic statistics; sampling; statistical method; interest; economic survey; macroeconomics
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Social media sentiment and consumer confidence
    Author: Daas, Piet J. H.; Puts, Marco
    Published: [2014]
    Publisher:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Changes in the sentiment of Dutch public social media messages were compared with changes in monthly consumer confidence over a period of three-and-a-half years, revealing that both were highly correlated (up to r = 0.9) and that both series... more

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    Changes in the sentiment of Dutch public social media messages were compared with changes in monthly consumer confidence over a period of three-and-a-half years, revealing that both were highly correlated (up to r = 0.9) and that both series cointegrated. This phenomenon is predominantly affected by changes in the sentiment of all Dutch public Facebook messages. The inclusion of various selections of public Twitter messages improved this association and the response to changes in sentiment. Granger causality studies revealed that it is more likely that changes in consumer confidence precede those in social media sentiment than vice-versa. A comparison of the development of various seven-day sentiment aggregates with the monthly consumer confidence series confirmed this finding and revealed that the social media sentiment lag is most likely in the order of seven days. This indicates that, because of the ease at which social media sentiment-based data are available and can be processed, they can be published before the official consumer confidence publication and certainly at a higher frequency. All research findings are consistent with the notion that changes in consumer confidence and social media sentiment are affected by an identical underlying phenomenon. An explanation for this phenomenon can be found in the Appraisal-Tendency Framework (Han et al. 2007), which is concerned with consumer decision-making. In this framework, it is claimed that a consumer decision is influenced by two kinds of emotions, namely the incidental and the integral. In this framework, the integral emotion is relevant for the decision at stake, whereas the incidental emotion is not. Based on this theory, consumer confidence is likely to be influenced mainly by the incidental emotion, as consumer confidence is also not measured in relation to an actual decision to buy something. This suggests that the sentiment in social media messages might reflect the incidental emotion in that part of the population that is active on social media. Because of the general nature of the latter, one could denote this the "mood" of the nation (Lansdall-Welfare et al., 2012) in the context of consumer decision-making. In the paper, the relationship between social media sentiment and consumer confidence is discussed in depth.

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789289914031
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/154640
    Series: Statistics paper series / European Central Bank ; no 5 (September 2014)
    Subjects: virtual community; database; statistical method; econometrics; research and development; consumer behaviour; data processing; Netherlands
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Nowcasting GDP with electronic payments data
    Author: Galbraith, John W.; Tkacz, Greg
    Published: [2015]
    Publisher:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    We assess the usefulness of a large set of electronic payments data comprising debit and credit card transactions, as well as cheques that clear through the banking system, as potential indicators of current GDP growth. These variables capture a... more

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    We assess the usefulness of a large set of electronic payments data comprising debit and credit card transactions, as well as cheques that clear through the banking system, as potential indicators of current GDP growth. These variables capture a broad range of spending activity and are available on a very timely basis, making them suitable current indicators. While every transaction made with these payment mechanisms is in principle observable, the data are aggregated for macroeconomic forecasting. Controlling for the release dates of each of a set of indicators, we generated nowcasts of GDP growth for a given quarter over a span of five months, which is the period over which interest in nowcasts would exist. We find that nowcast errors fall by about 65 per cent between the first and final nowcast. Evidence on the value of the additional payments variables suggests that there may be modest reductions in forecast loss, tending to appear in nowcasts produced at the beginning of a quarter. Among the payments variables considered, debit card transactions appear to produce the greatest improvements in forecast accuracy.

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789289919067
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/154645
    Series: Statistics paper series / European Central Bank ; no 10 (August 2015)
    Subjects: electronic money; banking system; short-term forecast; gross domestic product; data processing; economic cycle; macroeconomics; economic model
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. The Bank for the Accounts of Companies Harmonized (BACH) database
    Contributor: Tarta, Alina (MitwirkendeR); Almeida, Ana Margarida de (MitwirkendeR); De Socio, Antonio (MitwirkendeR); Gutiérrez del Olmo, Begoña (MitwirkendeR); Wtulich, Bozena (MitwirkendeR); Buydens, Cécile (MitwirkendeR); Lemmens-Dirix, Chantal (MitwirkendeR); Cahn, Christophe (MitwirkendeR); Sokolowska, Ewa (MitwirkendeR); Albuquerque, Fábio (MitwirkendeR); Balda, Fabrizio (MitwirkendeR); Lemaire, Franck (MitwirkendeR); Demarteau, Henri (MitwirkendeR); Cano, José Ramón (MitwirkendeR); Thiebot-Goget, Karelle (MitwirkendeR); Holstein, Lars (MitwirkendeR); Ángel Maza, Luis (MitwirkendeR); Brites, Margarida (MitwirkendeR); Bürker, Matthias (MitwirkendeR); Kalous, Miroslav (MitwirkendeR); Gonzalez, Patricia (MitwirkendeR); Menezes, Paula (MitwirkendeR); Konczer, Reinhard (MitwirkendeR); Pérez-Duarte, Sébastien (MitwirkendeR); Jørgensen, Stinne Skriver (MitwirkendeR); Eder, Tomáš (MitwirkendeR); Silveira, Vítor Lopes (MitwirkendeR)
    Published: [2015]
    Publisher:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    The Bank for the Accounts of Companies Harmonized (BACH) is a free-of-charge database containing the aggregated accounting data of non-financial incorporated enterprises for, so far, 11 European countries. While the individual accounts feeding the... more

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    The Bank for the Accounts of Companies Harmonized (BACH) is a free-of-charge database containing the aggregated accounting data of non-financial incorporated enterprises for, so far, 11 European countries. While the individual accounts feeding the database were originally prepared in line with national accounting standards consistent with European Accounting Directives, they have been harmonised with a view to preserving, to the greatest extent possible, the cross-country comparability of the resulting data. This article presents the methodology underpinning BACH, including the content of the database. It describes the characteristics of national samples and outlines the harmonisation process. BACH is a unique tool for analysing and comparing the financial structure and performance of firms across European countries. A simple case study is also presented in support.

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Contributor: Tarta, Alina (MitwirkendeR); Almeida, Ana Margarida de (MitwirkendeR); De Socio, Antonio (MitwirkendeR); Gutiérrez del Olmo, Begoña (MitwirkendeR); Wtulich, Bozena (MitwirkendeR); Buydens, Cécile (MitwirkendeR); Lemmens-Dirix, Chantal (MitwirkendeR); Cahn, Christophe (MitwirkendeR); Sokolowska, Ewa (MitwirkendeR); Albuquerque, Fábio (MitwirkendeR); Balda, Fabrizio (MitwirkendeR); Lemaire, Franck (MitwirkendeR); Demarteau, Henri (MitwirkendeR); Cano, José Ramón (MitwirkendeR); Thiebot-Goget, Karelle (MitwirkendeR); Holstein, Lars (MitwirkendeR); Ángel Maza, Luis (MitwirkendeR); Brites, Margarida (MitwirkendeR); Bürker, Matthias (MitwirkendeR); Kalous, Miroslav (MitwirkendeR); Gonzalez, Patricia (MitwirkendeR); Menezes, Paula (MitwirkendeR); Konczer, Reinhard (MitwirkendeR); Pérez-Duarte, Sébastien (MitwirkendeR); Jørgensen, Stinne Skriver (MitwirkendeR); Eder, Tomáš (MitwirkendeR); Silveira, Vítor Lopes (MitwirkendeR)
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789289919074
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/154646
    Corporations / Congresses:
    BACH Working Group (VerfasserIn)
    Series: Statistics paper series / European Central Bank ; no 11 (September 2015)
    Subjects: statistics; accounting; standardised accounting system; database; data processing; European company
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Notes:

    Members of the BACH WG: Alina Tarta, Ana Margarida de Almeida, Antonio De Socio, Begoña Gutiérrez del Olmo, Bozena Wtulich, Cécile Buydens, Chantal Lemmens-Dirix, Christophe Cahn, Ewa Sokolowska, Fábio Albuquerque, Fabrizio Balda, Franck Lemaire, Henri Demarteau, José Ramón Cano, Karelle Thiebot-Goget, Lars Holstein, Luis Ángel Maza, Margarida Brites, Matthias Bürker, Miroslav Kalous, Patricia Gonzalez, Paula Menezes, Reinhard Konczer, Sébastien Pérez-Duarte, Stinne Skriver Jørgensen, Tomáš Eder, Vítor Lopes Silveira - Seite 59
  22. Measuring non-response bias in a cross-country enterprise survey
    Author: Bańkowska, Katarzyna; Osiewicz, Małgorzata; Pérez-Duarte, Sébastien
    Published: [2015]
    Publisher:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Non-response is a common issue affecting the vast majority of surveys, and low nonresponse is usually associated with higher quality. However, efforts to convince unwilling respondents to participate in a survey might not necessarily result in a... more

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    Non-response is a common issue affecting the vast majority of surveys, and low nonresponse is usually associated with higher quality. However, efforts to convince unwilling respondents to participate in a survey might not necessarily result in a better picture of the target population. It can lead to higher, rather than lower, nonresponse bias, for example if incentives are effective only for particular groups, e.g. in a business survey, if the incentives tend to attract mainly larger companies or enterprises encountering financial difficulties. We investigate the impact of non-response in the European Commission and European Central Bank Survey on the Access to Finance of Enterprises (SAFE), which collects evidence on the financing conditions faced by European small and medium-sized enterprises compared with those of large firms. This survey, which has been conducted by telephone biannually since 2009 by the European Central Bank and the European Commission, provides a valuable means of searching for this kind of bias, given the high heterogeneity of response propensities across countries. The study relies on so-called "Representativity Indicators" developed within the Representativity Indicators of Survey Quality (RISQ) project, which measure the distance to a fully representative response. On this basis, we examine the quality of the SAFE at different stages of the fieldwork as well as across different survey waves and countries. The RISQ methodology relies on rich sampling frame information, although this is partially limited in the case of the SAFE. To enrich this frame information, we also assess the representativity of a SAFE subsample created by linking the survey responses with the companies' financial information as obtained from a business register. This subsampling is another potential source of bias which we also attempt to quantify. Finally, we suggest possible ways of improving the monitoring of the non-response bias in future rounds of the survey.

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789289919081
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/154647
    Series: Statistics paper series / European Central Bank ; no 12 (December 2015)
    Subjects: statistics; type of business; econometrics; data processing; microeconomics; economic survey
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Modelling metadata in central banks
    Author: Bholat, David
    Published: [2016]
    Publisher:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    This article discusses a small scale pilot to harmonise three Bank of England statistical and regulatory data forms. The primary purpose of the pilot was to assess opportunities for improved operational efficiency in regulatory reporting. The broader... more

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    This article discusses a small scale pilot to harmonise three Bank of England statistical and regulatory data forms. The primary purpose of the pilot was to assess opportunities for improved operational efficiency in regulatory reporting. The broader purpose was to demonstrate how common data standards can be created from heterogeneous data sets. In the course of discussing the pilot, the article explains the history of how data has been collected at the Bank of England; how that process is changing in light of the Bank's Strategic Plan; and why a common data standard is a critical financial market infrastructure fundamental to the success of global regulatory reform.

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789289923439
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/154648
    Series: Statistics paper series / European Central Bank ; no 13 (April 2016)
    Subjects: standard; bank; econometrics; data processing; central bank; economic statistics; financial statistics; microeconomics; financial market; public policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. The Household Finance and Consumption Survey
    methodological report for the second wave
    Published: [2016]
    Publisher:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    At the end of 2006, the ECB Governing Council set up the Household Finance and Consumption Network (HFCN). The network is composed of researchers, statisticians and survey specialists from the ECB, European national central banks (NCBs), some... more

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    At the end of 2006, the ECB Governing Council set up the Household Finance and Consumption Network (HFCN). The network is composed of researchers, statisticians and survey specialists from the ECB, European national central banks (NCBs), some national statistical institutes (NSIs), and a number of experts in the field of household finances who act as consultants. The mandate given to the HFCN is to develop and conduct the Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS), and act as a forum for research with the survey data. While participation in the HFCN is purely voluntary, all euro area NCBs contribute to the HFCN and conduct the survey in their respective countries. In addition, several non-euro area NCBs participate as observers and, starting in the second wave, conducted the survey.

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789289926430
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/154652
    Series: Statistics paper series / European Central Bank ; no 17 (December 2016)
    Subjects: microeconomics; household consumption; consumer survey; household; data collection; data processing; distribution of wealth; statistical method; euro area; debt; financial situation; report
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 112 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. The Household Finance and Consumption Survey
    results from the second wave
    Published: [2016]
    Publisher:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    This report summarises key stylised facts from the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS) about assets and liabilities, income, and indicators of consumption and credit constraints. The second wave of the HFCS provides individual household... more

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    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
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    This report summarises key stylised facts from the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS) about assets and liabilities, income, and indicators of consumption and credit constraints. The second wave of the HFCS provides individual household data collected in a harmonised way in 18 euro area countries (i.e. all the euro area countries except Lithuania), as well as in Hungary and Poland.1 The total sample size is composed of more than 84,000 households. Although the survey does not refer to the same time period in all countries, the most common reference period for the data is 2014. The most common reference period for the first wave was 2010.2 The survey provides unrivalled insight into the distribution of household net wealth and its components in the euro area. However, it does not offer a complete picture of household wealth: for example, it does not include the present value of all future expected pensions, which for many households constitute a sizeable fraction of their wealth.

     
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    Content information
    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789289926447
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/154653
    Series: Statistics paper series / European Central Bank ; no 18 (December 2016)
    Subjects: microeconomics; household consumption; consumer survey; household; data collection; data processing; distribution of wealth; statistical method; euro area; debt; financial situation; report
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 139 Seiten), Illustrationen