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  1. Mit Klimaschutz durch die Gaskrise
    Politikempfehlungen zu Gas, Wasserstoff und Klimaschutz für die Bundesregierung im Herbst 2022
    Author: Wehinger, Franziska; Purr, Katja; Fee, Eric; Barth, Gregor; Burger, Andreas; Futterlieb, Matthias; Pfeiffer, David; Plappert, Marie-Luise; Pischke, Frederik; Schuberth, Jens; Weiß, Jan; Werlein, Max
    Published: Oktober 2022
    Publisher:  Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau

    Folgende Politikempfehlungen für die Bundesregierung stellen die Gasversorgung für den Winter 2022 und darüber hinaus sicher, ohne dabei die Klimaschutzziele aus den Augen zu verlieren. Damit Flüssiggas eine Übergangslösung wird und die Gasversorgung... more

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    HafenCity Universität Hamburg, Bibliothek
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    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
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    Folgende Politikempfehlungen für die Bundesregierung stellen die Gasversorgung für den Winter 2022 und darüber hinaus sicher, ohne dabei die Klimaschutzziele aus den Augen zu verlieren. Damit Flüssiggas eine Übergangslösung wird und die Gasversorgung möglichst klimaschonend verläuft, sind zentrale Ergebnisse im zweiten Kapitel die Gasleitungsinfrastruktur in Europa optimaler zu nutzen, die Wasserstofffähigkeit der LNG-Terminals herzustellen und durch eine möglichst nachhaltige Suche neuer Lieferländer zu diversifizieren. Der schnelle Wasserstoffhochlauf in Stahl- und Chemieindustrie kann die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit Deutschlands sichern. Wie die Krise zu bewältigen ist durch Einsparungen von Gas- und Energieverbrauch, beispielsweise über verbindliche Sektor-Reduzierungsziele und eine zielsichere und passgenau Energiesparkampagne, wird im dritten Kapitel diskutiert. Durch wenige Handgriffe kann außerdem der Ausbau der Erneuerbaren Energien weiterhin beschleunigt werden und somit gleichzeitig die Krise mildern und die ambitionierten Klimaschutzziele erreicht werden. UBA stellt außerdem große Einsparpotenziale für die Industrie fest, wenn gasintensive Produkte kreislauffähiger gestaltet werden. Den Blick im vierten Kapitel auf die Lieferländer und Deutschlands Rolle im Geflecht der internationalen Energiekrise wendend, werden Vorschläge unterbreitet wie fossile lock-ins bei Industrie- und Entwicklungsländern vermieden werden können, bspw. durch Klimaklubs und globale Klimaneutralität durch Senken und negative Emissionen erreicht werden kann. The following policy recommendations for the Federal government of Germany ensure gas supply for the winter of 2022 and beyond without losing sight of climate protection targets. To ensure that liquefied natural gas becomes a transitional solution and that gas supply is as climate-friendly as possible, key findings in the second chapter are to make more optimal use of the gas pipeline infrastructure in Europe, to establish the hydrogen capability of LNG terminals, and to diversify by finding new supply countries as sustainably as possible. The rapid ramp-up of hydrogen in the steel and chemical industries can secure Germany's competitiveness. How the crisis can be overcome through savings in gas and energy consumption, for example via binding sector reduction targets and a targeted and tailored energy-saving campaign, is discussed in the third chapter. In addition, a few simple steps can further accelerate the expansion of renewable energies and thus simultaneously mitigate the crisis and achieve the ambitious climate protection targets. UBA also identifies major potential savings for industry if gas-intensive products are made more recyclable. Turning the focus in the fourth chapter to the supplier countries and Germany's role within the international energy crisis, proposals are made on how fossil lock-ins in industrialized and developing countries can be avoided, e.g. through climate clubs and global climate neutrality can be achieved through sinks and negative emissions.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: German
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: Texte / Umweltbundesamt ; 2022, 111
    Ukraine-Krise und Nachhaltigkeitspolitik
    Subjects: Ukraine; Energiekrise; Gaskrise; Klimaschutz; Wasserstoff; LNG; Flüssiggas
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (23 Seiten, 0,5 MB)
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    Abschlussdatum: September 2022

    Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 22-23
  2. The dilemma of gas importing and exporting countries
    Author: Gomes, Ieda
    Published: August 2020
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    ISBN: 9781784671624
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    hdl: 10419/246561
    Series: Array ; 161
    Subjects: Argentina; Exports; Gas; Imports; Indonesia; LNG; Malaysia; NG 161
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Scenarios for Asian long-term LNG contracts before and after COVID-19
    Author: Ason, Agnieszka
    Published: July 2020
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    ISBN: 9781784671617
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    hdl: 10419/246560
    Series: Array ; 160
    Subjects: arbitration; force majeure; gas price reviews; LNG; LNG contracts; LNG disputes; NG 160; Sale and purchase agreements
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. China and IMO 2020
    Author: Meidan, Michal
    Published: December 2019
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    ISBN: 9781784671549
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    hdl: 10419/246552
    Series: Array ; 1
    Subjects: bunker fuels; China; Emissions; Gas; LNG; Oil; refining; Shipping
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Mauritania - Senegal: an emerging New African gas province
    is it still possible?
    Author: Ouki, Mostefa A.
    Published: October 2020
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    ISBN: 9781784671655
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    hdl: 10419/246564
    Series: Array ; 163
    Subjects: LNG; Mauritania; Natural gas; NG 163; NG163; North Africa; Senegal; West Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten)
  6. Emerging Asia LNG demand
    Author: Fulwood, Mike; Henderson, James; Gomes, Ieda; Lambert, Martin; Sharples, Jack
    Published: September 2020
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    ISBN: 9781784671648
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    hdl: 10419/246563
    Series: Array ; 162
    Subjects: Asia; Bangladesh; Hong Kong; Indonesia; LNG; Malaysia; Myanmar; NG 162; Pakistan; Philippines; Singapore; Thailand; Vietnam; World Gas Model
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 151 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Developments in the "LNG to Power" market and the growing importance of floating facilities
    Author: Wyllie, Mike
    Published: July 2021
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    ISBN: 9781784671815
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    hdl: 10419/246578
    Series: Array ; 172
    Subjects: floating LNG; Floating Power Generation; FSRU; LNG; Power
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. A phantom menace: is Russian LNG a threat to Russia's pipeline gas in Europe?
    Author: Yermakov, Vitaly; Sharples, Jack
    Published: July 2021
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    ISBN: 9781784671822
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    hdl: 10419/246579
    Series: Array ; 171
    Subjects: Gazprom; LNG; Novatek; Pipeline; Russia
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Methane emissions from natural gas and LNG imports
    an increasingly urgent issue for the future of gas in Europe
    Author: Stern, Jonathan P.
    Published: November 2020
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    ISBN: 9781784671709
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    hdl: 10419/246568
    Series: Array ; 165
    Subjects: carbon-neutral; decarbonisation; Emissions; flaring; LNG; measurement; Methane; Natural gas; Reporting; super-emitter; venting; verification
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Will Argentina become a relevant gas exporter?
    Author: Carnicer, Roberto; Gomes, Ieda
    Published: May 2021
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    ISBN: 9781784671754
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    hdl: 10419/246572
    Series: Array ; 167
    Subjects: Argentina; LNG; Natural gas; natural gas pipelines; price regulation; regional exports; Shale gas; South America; Unconventional gas; Vaca Muerta
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Gazprom
    from rent distributor to tax collector?
    Author: Henderson, James; Moe, Arild
    Published: September 2024
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    The financial losses recorded by Gazprom in 2023 driven by collapsing gas export revenue point to a wider transition in the role of the company, which has been at the heart of Russia’s energy economy since the Soviet period. In the pre-crisis period,... more

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    The financial losses recorded by Gazprom in 2023 driven by collapsing gas export revenue point to a wider transition in the role of the company, which has been at the heart of Russia’s energy economy since the Soviet period. In the pre-crisis period, Gazprom was able to subsidize gas supply to domestic consumers thanks to its monopoly on lucrative Russian gas exports. But the 2023 results point to a new set of trends, with liquids making up the bulk of revenue and the strategic importance of gas fading as the company works to establish new eastern markets to replace its lost European buyers. Furthermore, higher domestic gas prices are serving to feed additional revenue to the state budget in the form of tax, reducing the company’s capital budget and squeezing its cost base. With Gazprom now becoming more of a de facto government revenue collector than a rent distributor, and with the company’s much weaker financial position, highlighted by the deterioration in its balance sheet as well as its profit and loss account, this report asks what the outlook for the company is in terms of both internal financial reform or a potential breaking up of its business model in favour of domestic competitors like Rosneft and Novatek.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    ISBN: 9781784672522
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    hdl: 10419/306607
    Series: Array ; 193
    Subjects: Capital; China; Exports; Gas; Gazprom; LNG; MET; Novatek; Profit; revenue; Rosneft; Russia; Subsidy; tax
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Measurement, reporting, and verification of methane emissions from natural gas and LNG trade: creating transparent and credible frameworks
    Author: Stern, Jonathan P.
    Published: January 2022
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    The Global Methane Pledge to reduce emissions by at least 30 per cent by 2030, was signed by more than 100 countries at the COP26 Conference in November 2021. Reducing methane emissions from fossil fuel sources by up to 75 per cent by 2030 has been... more

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    The Global Methane Pledge to reduce emissions by at least 30 per cent by 2030, was signed by more than 100 countries at the COP26 Conference in November 2021. Reducing methane emissions from fossil fuel sources by up to 75 per cent by 2030 has been identified as an essential contribution to reducing the rate of global temperature increase. The EU Methane Strategy proposed the establishment of a methane intensity standard for domestically produced and imported fossil fuels, with an initial focus on emissions from natural gas and LNG imports, however no such standard is included in the 2021 legislative proposals. Of the six major pipeline gas and LNG suppliers to Europe, Norway has progressed MRV and reduced emissions to a much greater extent than other major exporters to Europe. The complexity of the US LNG export supply chain, with huge numbers of production locations and multiple pipelines and processing plants contrasts with the relative simplicity of the Qatari supply chain. In the case of Russia, the focus is on Gazprom’s long transmission pipelines, while Algerian and Nigerian companies are only just beginning to address these issues. European buyers will need to establish supply chain emission values with exporting companies, and possibly also with governments. Asian importers will need to agree similar values with their LNG suppliers. The SGE and GIIGNL methodologies, published in late 2021, combined with the study of Cheniere’s 2018 cargos and its commitment to provide individual cargo emission tags from 2022, are important milestones in the creation of frameworks for establishing LNG supply chain emission values. By contrast, `carbon-neutral’ LNG cargos lack MRV ransparency and therefore environmental credibility. Transparent MRV of emissions has become a non-negotiable requirement for the international gas community. A lack of this information undermines claims that natural gas can play a significant ongoing role in the low carbon energy transition. The longer it takes to establish such documentation, the more likely it is that countries will adopt alternative energy options.

     
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    ISBN: 9781784671914
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/253278
    Series: Array ; 06
    Subjects: carbon-neutral; Emissions; flaring; fugitive; GWP; IMEO; LNG; measurement; Methane; Natural gas; Reporting; venting; verification
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. The emerging hydrogen economy and its impact on LNG
    Author: Al-Kuwari, Omran; Schönfisch, Max
    Published: August 2021
    Publisher:  Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne (EWI), Köln, Germany

    Hydrogen is gaining prominence as a critical tool for countries to meet decarbonisation targets. The main production pathways are based on natural gas or renewable electricity. LNG represents an increasingly important component of the global natural... more

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    Hydrogen is gaining prominence as a critical tool for countries to meet decarbonisation targets. The main production pathways are based on natural gas or renewable electricity. LNG represents an increasingly important component of the global natural gas market. This paper examines synergies and linkages between the hydrogen and LNG values chains and quantifies the impact of increased low-carbon hydrogen production on global LNG flows. The analysis is conducted through interviews with LNG industry stakeholders, a review of secondary literature and a scenario-based assessment of the potential development of global low-carbon hydrogen production and LNG trade until 2050 using a novel, integrated natural gas and hydrogen market model. The model-based analysis shows that low-carbon hydrogen production could become a significant user of natural gas and thus stabilise global LNG demand. Furthermore, commercial and operational synergies could assist the LNG industry in developing a value chain around natural gas-based low-carbon hydrogen.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/244340
    Series: EWI working paper ; no 21, 06 (March 2021)
    Subjects: Hydrogen; LNG; natural gas
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Voluntary markets for carbon offsets: evolution and lessons for the LNG market
    Author: Bose, A.; Cohen, Jeff; Fattouh, Bassam; Johnson, O.; Spilker, G.
    Published: October 2021
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    ISBN: 9781784671846
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    hdl: 10419/246581
    Series: Array ; 03
    Subjects: Carbon Neutral LNG; Carbon offsets; Climate Change; Energy Transition; LNG; Net Zero Emissions; Voluntary Carbon Markets
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. International gas contracts
    Author: Ason, Agnieszka
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    This paper offers an overview and explanation of international gas contracts, of which there are several types along the value chain. The key objective of this paper is to focus on two specific categories of long-term agreements for gas and liquefied... more

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    This paper offers an overview and explanation of international gas contracts, of which there are several types along the value chain. The key objective of this paper is to focus on two specific categories of long-term agreements for gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG) sales, namely Gas Supply Agreements for pipeline gas (GSAs) and Sale and Purchase Agreements for LNG (LNG SPAs). These two types of long-term supply contracts play a central role in the international gas industry, where natural gas is transported by cross-border pipelines or shipped over long distances in the form of LNG. GSAs and LNG SPAs have a long history. They have underpinned early gas and LNG export projects dating back to the mid-1900s and later drove the development of international gas and LNG trade. Despite the emergence, and growing role, of spot and shorter-term alternatives, long-term GSAs and LNG SPAs have remained the key contractual instruments for international gas and LNG sales. GSAs and LNG SPAs have evolved over time. The early contracts were inflexible arrangements concluded between buyers and sellers for periods often exceeding 20 years, delivering gas and LNG in a rigid (mainly point-to-point) trading model. These contracts offered limited options to modify the rights and obligations of the parties during the lifetime of the contract. At the time parties accepted the rigid contract structures as buyers were seeking security of gas supply and sellers security of offtake. In response to various structural changes in gas markets (including principally market liberalization in North America and Europe), and changing supply and demand fundamentals, gas supply contracts have become increasingly flexible. The general trend towards more flexibility has been reflected in changes to both price and non-price terms in GSAs and LNG SPAs. A greater diversity of pricing mechanisms (including oil-, hub-, spot-indexed and other, price formulas applied on a stand-alone or hybrid basis), volume adjustments for operational purposes, and diversions of LNG cargoes, are some examples of flexible terms that are commonly found in the newer contracts. Notably, the historical principle of risk allocation, where the seller assumes the price risk, and the buyer assumes the volume risk, has remained relevant in long-term contract negotiations. There are no universally accepted general terms for pipeline gas and LNG supply contracts. GSAs and LNG SPAs are negotiated on a case-specific basis. They are typically strictly confidential and combine (1) the commercial choices of the parties and (2) their shared long-term outlook for market changes. In practice, long-term gas and LNG contracts commonly include price review clauses, but, they rarely provide a practicable renegotiation basis for more comprehensive changes to contract terms. The issue of contract reopener mechanisms became particularly relevant during the Covid-19 pandemic, where market circumstances significantly affected performance under gas and LNG contracts and triggered the need for various operational adjustments. More recently, the ability of the parties to renegotiate contract terms has become even more urgent amidst the global search for additional gas and LNG supplies in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and related disruptions (executed and anticipated) to Russian gas and LNG exports. The ongoing assessment of the impact of the war in Ukraine arguably presents itself as the most critical and immediate challenge for long-term gas and LNG supply contracts. The continued pursuit of innovation in GSAs and LNG SPAs, along with the emerging contractual responses to decarbonisation requirements, are other examples of the key factors that will shape the outlook for international gas contracts in the future

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    ISBN: 9781784672096
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    hdl: 10419/270527
    Series: Array ; 175
    Subjects: decarbonization; Gas Contract Renegotiation; Gas Markets; Gas Supply Agreements (GSA); International Gas Contracts; LNG; Russia Ukraine war; Sale and Purchase Agreements (SPA)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten)
  16. Energy security in the Baltic Sea Region
    transition within geopolitical constraints
    Author: Slakaityte, Veronika; Surwillo, Izabela; Berling, Trine Villumsen
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  DIIS - Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen, Denmark

    The Russian attack on Ukraine in February 2022 shook continental geopolitics and led to a major shift in EU energy policy. The necessary speed of the combined diversification away from the Russian energy sources, fossil fuel phase-out and mass... more

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    The Russian attack on Ukraine in February 2022 shook continental geopolitics and led to a major shift in EU energy policy. The necessary speed of the combined diversification away from the Russian energy sources, fossil fuel phase-out and mass scale-up of low-carbon energy and technologies are having a tremendous impact on European national economies and societies. The Baltic Sea Region is no exception. Baltic Sea energy politics currently paints a complicated picture of competing pipeline projects, sprouting new LNG terminals, plans to build nuclear power infrastructure, a race to develop new energy technologies and to increase the interconnectedness, and digitalisation of the electricity grids. These developments will transform the regional energy landscape for decades to come and have important security implications. This DIIS Report provides a comprehensive overview of the energy security situation in the Baltic Sea Region, zooming in on eight country cases (Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Germany). By locating the national energy policies in a historical context that shaped choices of energy infrastructure and technology, the analysis investigates how the energy policy and energy mix of each country was affected by cutting the energy ties with the Kremlin following the outbreak of war in 2022.

     
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    ISBN: 9788772360959
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    hdl: 10419/272807
    Series: DIIS report ; 2022, 08
    Subjects: energy crisis; infrastructure; power; energy; gas; nuclear; wind; hydro; carbon; pipelines; geopolitics; fossil fuel; low carbon energy; energy sector; technology; LNG; Nord Stream; Denmark; Sweden; Finland; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Poland; Germany; Russia; Ukraine; EU
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. EU Commission proposal for joint gas purchasing, price caps and collective allocation of gas
    an assessment
    Author: Barnes, Alex
    Published: December 2022
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781784672119
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/270528
    Series: Array ; 176
    Subjects: EU; Gas; Gas Crisis; Joint Purchasing of Gas; LNG; price cap; TTF; Wholesale Gas Market
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Financing a world scale hydrogen export project
    Author: Craen, Stephen
    Published: January 2023
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    It is anticipated that green hydrogen will require government support for the next 15-20 years and that green hydrogen export projects will have to compete, largely on delivered price, to supply the demand created by the importing government... more

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    It is anticipated that green hydrogen will require government support for the next 15-20 years and that green hydrogen export projects will have to compete, largely on delivered price, to supply the demand created by the importing government programmes. Efficient project financing, both debt and equity, can play an important part in minimising the cost. This paper considers a 1GW archetype project, using solar power to export green hydrogen in the form of green ammonia, and considers the key issues that will impact its ability to attract low-cost debt. Lenders will look at precedents and, while ostensibly green ammonia has much in common with LNG, economically the better analogue is offshore wind given: the requirement for government support, the expectation that future projects will offer a lower levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) and contract prices are more likely to be fixed than indexed to fossil fuels. The key features the project will need to demonstrate to attract capital are: (i) robust and durable legislation behind the importing government support, preferably backed up by an investment treaty; (ii) a highly creditworthy buyer and (iii) an offtake/sales and purchase agreement (SPA) that does not expose lenders or investors to market volume or price risk. Lenders and investors are incentivised to invest in green hydrogen projects and, to the extent that the project can demonstrate the key features above, there should be a strong appetite for the debt and equity (absent disruption in the financial markets).

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781784672140
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/270530
    Series: Array ; 21
    Subjects: Finance; green ammonia; green hydrogen; hydrogen export; LNG; Offshore wind; offtake agreement; project finance; sale and purchase agreement (SPA)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. South East Europe gas markets
    reconfiguring supply flows and replacing Russian gas
    Author: Bowden, Julian
    Published: December 2022
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    For many years Russian domination of SE Europe’s gas imports meant it was regarded as “Russia’s market”. In the last 3 years, however, much new infrastructure has been commissioned, which has enabled the region to diversify its import mix and... more

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    For many years Russian domination of SE Europe’s gas imports meant it was regarded as “Russia’s market”. In the last 3 years, however, much new infrastructure has been commissioned, which has enabled the region to diversify its import mix and significantly change its gas flow patterns. TAP brings in Azeri pipeline gas, start-up of Croatia LNG and higher utilisation of Greece’s Revithoussa has brought more LNG to the region, and opening of the Greece-Bulgaria interconnector has improved onward gas distribution. Turk Stream start-up has also opened potential opportunity for the now empty Trans Balkan pipeline system to be utilised for different gas flows. The purpose of this paper is to describe these infrastructure developments and consequent changes to gas supply flow patterns, and to assess what further change there might be as other planned infrastructure projects are completed over the next 5 years. There is also the Black Sea upstream, with Romania’s Neptun deep awaiting FID and Turkey’s Sakarya field about to produce its first gas in 2023, both of which can add new gas to the supply picture. The central question is whether, as a result of these investments, the region can have a non-Russian gas supply future. The conclusion is that sufficient capacity is almost in place to import and distribute enough alternative volume to replace the Russian imports – assuming of course that this other supply is available and at an acceptable price. There are other emerging possibilities also: there will be pricing and hub evolution implications from the greater interconnectivity and supply diversity; Greece can emerge as the LNG gateway for the region; a stronger sense of region should position it better for the net zero campaign, where the first priority must be the removal of lignite from SE Europe’s energy mix.

     
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    Language: English
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    ISBN: 9781784672126
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/270529
    Series: Array ; 177
    Subjects: Croatia LNG; Greece LNG; Greece-Bulgaria (ICGB) interconnector; LNG; Romania upstream; Russia; SE Europe gas supply; TAP; Turk Stream; Turkey upstream
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. EU solidarity at a time of gas crisis
    even with a will the way still looks difficult
    Author: Yafimava, Katja
    Published: February 2023
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    Helped by anomalously warm winter temperatures, the EU appears increasingly likely to get through the current winter relatively unscathed. But next winter could be significantly more challenging if Russian gas supplies were to decrease further or... more

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    Helped by anomalously warm winter temperatures, the EU appears increasingly likely to get through the current winter relatively unscathed. But next winter could be significantly more challenging if Russian gas supplies were to decrease further or stop altogether, especially if accompanied by rising China LNG demand, interruptions of other supplies, and cold winter temperatures. In this case, sharing of limited gas supplies across the EU could become a necessity. This paper analyses various solidarity (sharing) measures stipulated by the EU acquis and their impact on central and east Europe (Germany, Austria, Czechia, Slovakia, and Hungary), potentially the most affected sub-region. Specifically, it examines the SOS Regulation’s solidarity obligation, which stipulates reduction of gas supply to all customers other than solidarity-protected customers in one Member State to enable another Member State, which declared an emergency and requested solidarity, to supply its solidarity-protected customers. This obligation has been amended by the Enhancing Solidarity Regulation and has been extended to supplies of critical gas volumes for electricity security of supply. The paper also examines a 15 per cent gas demand reduction requirement, introduced by the Gas Demand Reduction Regulation, which becomes mandatory in the event of a Union alert being triggered by the Council. This measure aims at spreading demand reduction more evenly across the EU.The paper argues that the EU solidarity measures would likely have only a limited impact on the gas supply situation in the central and east European sub-region, as infrastructure constraints would limit the volume of ‘freed up’ gas that could flow there from the other Member States. Nonetheless, the impact, particularly that of implementation of the SOS/Enhancing Solidarity Regulation solidarity obligation by central and east European Member States themselves (especially Germany, as a “gate keeper” for LNG and Norwegian pipeline gas) as well as by the other Member States, would not be negligible. It would provide the safeguard of consumption by solidarity protected customers as well as volumes critical for electricity security of supply. Development of additional LNG import terminals would help but in the short-term (possibly until 2025) even with maximum assistance from the other Member States, Germany and other central and east European countries could find it difficult to cope with the consequences of any further significant reduction in Russian flows. Therefore, unless a recession triggers an even more significant gas demand reduction than is currently observed in Europe, there is a significant risk that rationing will be needed in winter 2023-24. Fortunately, there is time for the EU to prepare by adding more LNG import capacity, concluding additional solidarity agreements, and strengthening preventive action and emergency plans ahead of next winter.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781784672171
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/270534
    Series: Array ; 179
    Subjects: alert; emergency; emergency plans; gas demand reduction; LNG; preventive action plans; Security of supply; solidarity; solidarity agreements; solidarity obligation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten)
  21. Gas sector reforms in India
    how will it change the market outlook?
    Author: Zamre, Nitin
    Published: January 2023
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    The Indian gas sector is expected to be one of the world’s fastest-growing markets over the next two decades. Yet there is a wide divergence of views around India’s future gas demand and the potential for gas to reach this share. The affordability of... more

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    The Indian gas sector is expected to be one of the world’s fastest-growing markets over the next two decades. Yet there is a wide divergence of views around India’s future gas demand and the potential for gas to reach this share. The affordability of gas remains central to this ambition. The future of India’s domestic industrial structure and pricing policies are key factors in determining the outlook for gas in the country’s energy mix. This paper first looks at the background of gas prices in India and the evolution of market-based mechanisms, before going on to consider how these have impacted upstream production and the implications for demand.

     
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    ISBN: 9781784672164
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    hdl: 10419/270532
    Series: Array ; 178
    Subjects: Demand; Gas; India; LNG; price reform; Upstream
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. A brave new world?
    LNG contracts in the context of market turbulence and an uncertain future
    Author: Sharples, Jack
    Published: December 2023
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    In 2022, the global LNG market faced exceptional levels of turbulence, as European gas buyers sought to offset the loss of Russian pipeline supply with an unprecedented increase in LNG imports. The ability of European buyers to access those LNG... more

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    In 2022, the global LNG market faced exceptional levels of turbulence, as European gas buyers sought to offset the loss of Russian pipeline supply with an unprecedented increase in LNG imports. The ability of European buyers to access those LNG supplies was facilitated by the flexibility embedded in the global LNG market, including the ability to purchase spot cargoes from aggregators and traders. This paper argues that the LNG demand seen in Europe in 2022-23 is not temporary, but is now structural, and set to remain for the rest of the decade and likely beyond. In this context, European LNG buyers must reconcile the need to secure gas supply in the short-term with the long-term imperatives of decarbonisation, while LNG export project developers will only continue adding supply to the global market on the basis of firm offtake commitments, under binding long-term contracts. The key question is: how to reconcile the short and long-term needs of buyers and project developers, to ensure that the market remains sufficiently well supplied to manage an orderly energy transition? In addressing this question, the standout conclusions of this paper are: While the global LNG market is set to remain tight until 2025, the second half of the decade will see a substantial wave of new supply based on projects that have already taken FID. However, the supply-side outlook beyond 2030 is highly uncertain. If global LNG demand continues to grow, the market will need additional supply from projects that need to take FID in the mid-2020s, in order to launch around 2030, or else face the shift from over-supply to under-supply akin to that seen in Europe between 2019/20 and 2021/22. This uncertainty raises the possibility of several possible scenarios. In a ‘structural imbalance’ scenario, the market could be under-supplied if insufficient supply-side FIDs are taken in the mid-2020s, or over-supplied if supply continues grow faster than demand beyond 2030. A more benign, ‘structural balance’ scenario could see new liquefaction capacity taking FID in the mid-2020s on the basis of offtake agreements mostly with aggregators (portfolio players), who assume volume risk in return for earning a premium on re-selling to Europe and Asia, and end users who will only be willing to commit to contracts with destination and re-sale flexibility. Aggregators will play a vital role in reconciling the short and long-term needs of LNG producers and consumers. Their willingness to sign new, binding offtake agreements over the next several years, their confidence in their ability to re-sell those volumes, and the ability of LNG project developers to leverage those offtake agreements and raise finance sufficient to take FID, will be indicative of both the state of the LNG industry in the mid-2020s, and how it views its own future post-2030.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9781784672256
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/296646
    Series: Array ; 187
    Subjects: Europe; Gas; LNG; LNG contracts; Qatar; United States
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. The European energy crisis and the consequences for the global natural gas market
    Author: Emiliozzi, Simone; Ferriani, Fabrizio; Gazzani, Andrea
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Banca d'Italia, [Rom]

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    Series: Questioni di economia e finanza / Banca d'Italia ; number 824 (December 2023)
    Subjects: natural gas; energy crisis; LNG; fragmentation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. LNG shipping chokepoints
    the impact of red sea and panama canal disruption
    Author: Sharples, Jack
    Published: February 2024
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    With droughts restricting shipping via the Panama Canal since mid-2023, the attacks on vessels in the Red Sea have caused a complete cession in LNG shipping between Europe and Asia via the Suez Canal. This disruption primarily affects LNG supply from... more

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    With droughts restricting shipping via the Panama Canal since mid-2023, the attacks on vessels in the Red Sea have caused a complete cession in LNG shipping between Europe and Asia via the Suez Canal. This disruption primarily affects LNG supply from the United States, Qatar, Russia, and North Africa. While some cargoes are being diverted to alternative markets, other cargoes are being re-routed via the Cape of Good Hope. The longer round-trips are effectively curtailing LNG shipping capacity, but even if the disruption continues for the whole of 2024, the impact will be a year-on-year reduction in global LNG supply of 1.35 per cent, which explains the lack of reaction from European and Asian LNG benchmark prices. Looking ahead, the cumulative impact of longer shipping times will grow, but will be offset in the second half of 2024 by new LNG supply from West Africa and the re-opening of the Panama Canal after the rainy season.

     
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    ISBN: 9781784672317
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/296652
    Series: Array ; 188
    Subjects: Asia; Europe; LNG; Panama Canal; Qatar; Red Sea; Russia; United States
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. OIES paper
    22 / The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, SP
    Published: January 2024
    Publisher:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    This year’s key themes outlook focuses heavily on the resilience of hydrocarbon markets in the face of disruptions of many kinds; how sustainability and energy transition are becoming a strategic political objective that reaches well beyond the... more

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    This year’s key themes outlook focuses heavily on the resilience of hydrocarbon markets in the face of disruptions of many kinds; how sustainability and energy transition are becoming a strategic political objective that reaches well beyond the energy economy; and the technology elements of that transition where we see significant movement in the next 12 months. In an ever more uncertain world, energy policy increasingly finds itself on the front line of election politics – significant in one of the densest election cycles for years. There is an abundance of moving parts in global energy economy and this report discusses those key elements – as seen through the lens of the energy trilemma, or even dilemma which we argue is evolving in 2024.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9781784672270
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/296648
    Parent title: OIES paper - Show all bands
    Series: Key themes for the global energy economy in ... ; 2024
    Subjects: Carbon; CCS; CDR; China; COP28; elections; Energy Transition; European gas demand; European gas supply; Flexibility; Geopolitics; Hydrogen; LNG; Offshore wind; Oil Demand; OPEC
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen