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  1. Postmodern Plagiarisms
    Cultural Agenda and Aesthetic Strategies of Appropriation in US-American Literature (1970-2010)
    Author: Horn, Mirjam
    Published: [2015]; ©2015
    Publisher:  De Gruyter, Berlin ; Boston

    This monograph takes on the question of how literary plagiarism is defined, exposed, and sanctioned in Western culture and how appropriating language assigned to another author can be considered a radical subversive act in postmodern US-American... more

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    This monograph takes on the question of how literary plagiarism is defined, exposed, and sanctioned in Western culture and how appropriating language assigned to another author can be considered a radical subversive act in postmodern US-American literature. While various forms of art such as music, painting, or theater have come to institutionalize appropriation as a valid mode to ventilate what authorship, originality, and the anxiety of influence may mean, the literary sphere still has a hard time acknowledging the unmarked acquisition of words, ideas, and manuscripts. The author shows how postmodern plagiarism in particular serves as a literary strategy of appropriation at the interface between literary economics, law, and theoretical discourses of literature. She investigates the complex expectations surrounding the strong link between an individual author subject and its alienable text, a link that several postmodern writers powerfully question and violate. Identifying three distinct practices of postmodern plagiarism, the book examines their specific situatedness, precepts, and subversive potential as litmus tests for the literary market, and the ongoing dynamic notion of the concepts authorship, originality, and creativity

     
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    Content information
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9783110379105
    Other identifier:
    Series: Buchreihe der Anglia / Anglia Book Series ; 49
    Other subjects: Authorship; Autorschaft; Geistiges Eigentum; Intellectual Property; Literarischer Markt; Literary Market; Plagiarism; Plagiat; Postmodern Literature; Subversion; Plagiat; Postmoderne; Schriftsteller; Literatur; LITERARY CRITICISM / European / English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh
    Scope: 1 online resource (293 p.)
  2. Postmodern Plagiarisms
    Cultural Agenda and Aesthetic Strategies of Appropriation in US-American Literature (1970-2010)
    Author: Horn, Mirjam
    Published: [2015]; ©2015
    Publisher:  De Gruyter, Berlin ; Boston

    This monograph takes on the question of how literary plagiarism is defined, exposed, and sanctioned in Western culture and how appropriating language assigned to another author can be considered a radical subversive act in postmodern US-American... more

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    Hochschulbibliothek der Fachhochschule Aachen
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    This monograph takes on the question of how literary plagiarism is defined, exposed, and sanctioned in Western culture and how appropriating language assigned to another author can be considered a radical subversive act in postmodern US-American literature. While various forms of art such as music, painting, or theater have come to institutionalize appropriation as a valid mode to ventilate what authorship, originality, and the anxiety of influence may mean, the literary sphere still has a hard time acknowledging the unmarked acquisition of words, ideas, and manuscripts. The author shows how postmodern plagiarism in particular serves as a literary strategy of appropriation at the interface between literary economics, law, and theoretical discourses of literature. She investigates the complex expectations surrounding the strong link between an individual author subject and its alienable text, a link that several postmodern writers powerfully question and violate. Identifying three distinct practices of postmodern plagiarism, the book examines their specific situatedness, precepts, and subversive potential as litmus tests for the literary market, and the ongoing dynamic notion of the concepts authorship, originality, and creativity

     
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    Content information
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9783110379105
    Other identifier:
    Series: Buchreihe der Anglia / Anglia Book Series ; 49
    Subjects: Authorship; Autorschaft; Geistiges Eigentum; Intellectual Property; Literarischer Markt; Literary Market; Plagiarism; Plagiat; Postmodern Literature; Subversion; Postmoderne; Schriftsteller; Literatur; LITERARY CRITICISM / European / English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh
    Scope: 1 online resource (293 p.)
  3. Tactical Entanglements : AI Art, Creative Agency, and the Limits of Intellectual Property
    Author: Zeilinger, Martin
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  meson press

    How do artistic experiments with artificial intelligence problematize human-centered notions of creative agency, authorship, and ownership? Offering a wide-ranging discussion of contemporary digital art practices, philosophical and technical... more

     

    How do artistic experiments with artificial intelligence problematize human-centered notions of creative agency, authorship, and ownership? Offering a wide-ranging discussion of contemporary digital art practices, philosophical and technical considerations of AI, posthumanist thought, and emerging issues of intellectual property and the commons, this book is firmly positioned against the anthropomorphic spectacle of “creative AI.” It proposes instead the concept of the posthumanist agential assemblage, and invites readers to consider what new types of creative practice, what reconfigurations of the author function, and what critical interventions become possible when AI art provokes tactical entanglements between aesthetics, law, and capital.

     
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  4. Tactical entanglements
    AI art, creative agency, and the limits of intellectual property
    Author: Zeilinger, Martin
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  meson press, Lüneburg

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  5. Analysis of COVID-related patents for antibodies and vaccines
    Author: Santhanam, Kausalya
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva, Switzerland

    This paper provides an analysis of patents covering selected antibodies and vaccines used in the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. The aim of the report is to support national patent offices and interested parties in developing countries with... more

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    Max-Planck-Institut für Innovation und Wettbewerb / Max-Planck-Institut für Steuerrecht und Öffentliche Finanzen, Bibliothek
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    This paper provides an analysis of patents covering selected antibodies and vaccines used in the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. The aim of the report is to support national patent offices and interested parties in developing countries with information that can serve as guidance for the examination of the claims contained in relevant patents or patent applications. The antibody combination considered for the patent analysis in this paper are Casirivimab and Imdevimab. The vaccines considered for the patent analysis are mRNA-1273, Sputnik, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222). The analysis was completed in May 2022.

     
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    Volltext (kostenfrei)
    Volltext (kostenfrei)
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Research paper / South Centre ; 173 (7 February 2023)
    Other subjects: Access to Medicines; Antibodies; COVID-19; Global Health; Health; Intellectual Property; Pandemic; Patent; Patent Examination; Patent Law; Patent Offices; Patent Policy; Patent Protection; Public Health; Vaccines; Graue Literatur
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (15 Seiten)
  6. Finance, intangibles and the privatization of knowledge
    Author: Pagano, Ugo
    Published: [2018]
    Publisher:  [Università di Siena], [Siena]

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Quaderni del Dipartimento di economia politica e statistica ; n. 779 (aprile 2018)
    Subjects: Finance; Intangibles; Intellectual Property; Organizational Equuilibria
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Brazilian competition law and access to health in Brazil
    exploitative pricing in the pharmaceutical sector
    Author: Castro, Bruno Braz de
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva

    This paper aims to analyze the interfaces between Brazilian Competition Law and the issue of access to medicines, with a special focus on abuse of industrial property rights and related exclusionary and exploitative effects. The paper analyzes the... more

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    Max-Planck-Institut für Innovation und Wettbewerb / Max-Planck-Institut für Steuerrecht und Öffentliche Finanzen, Bibliothek
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    This paper aims to analyze the interfaces between Brazilian Competition Law and the issue of access to medicines, with a special focus on abuse of industrial property rights and related exclusionary and exploitative effects. The paper analyzes the case law of Brazilian Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) in the pharmaceutical sector and discusses abusive practices such as illegitimately imposing non-existent or invalid intellectual property rights with anticompetitive purposes. It then addresses abusive strategies in the exercise of industrial property rights which are, in essence, valid: i.e., exclusionary practices, aimed at artificially raising barriers to entry; and exploitative practices, directly translated as the exercise of market power to the detriment of the consumer. The latter ultimately result in exploitative excessive prices; contractual, quality or privacy degradation; and restrictions on supply, such as by hoarding/preventing the exploitation of industrial property rights. The paper concludes that the prohibition of exploitative pricing under the current competition law is legally valid and effective, with certain methodological concerns towards reducing the risk of wrongful convictions (for instance, by applying screening tests to determine the markets that are candidates for intervention). In view of such guidelines, the pharmaceutical industry appears to be an important candidate for antitrust attention, given the magnitude of the harm potentially derived from non-intervention against the practice. Remedies in this area, importantly, should focus on identifying and solving the sector's structural competitive problems. In the case of medicines subject to price regulation by the Drug Market Regulation Chamber (CMED), the technical expertise of the competition authority may be of great value in terms of competition advocacy, a fact that is demonstrated in light of recent discussions on extraordinary price adjustments because of competitive problems in certain markets.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Research paper / South Centre ; 143 (11 January 2022)
    Other subjects: Access to Healthcare; Access to Medicines; Antitrust; Brazil; Competition; Competition Law; Competition Policy; Competition Regulation; COVID-19; Health; Industrial Property; Industrial Property Rights; Intellectual Property; Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Pandemic; Pharmaceuticals; Graue Literatur
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (ca. 58 Seiten)
  8. Direito brasileiro da concorrência e acesso à saúde no Brasil
    preços exploratórios no setor de medicamentos
    Author: Castro, Bruno Braz de
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Genebra, Suíça

    This paper aims to analyze the interfaces between Brazilian Competition Law and the issue of access to medicines, with special focus on abuses of industrial property rights in their exclusionary and exploitative effects. The paper analyzes the case... more

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    Max-Planck-Institut für Innovation und Wettbewerb / Max-Planck-Institut für Steuerrecht und Öffentliche Finanzen, Bibliothek
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    No inter-library loan

     

    This paper aims to analyze the interfaces between Brazilian Competition Law and the issue of access to medicines, with special focus on abuses of industrial property rights in their exclusionary and exploitative effects. The paper analyzes the case law of the Brazilian Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) in the medicines sector and discusses the abuses aiming at the illegitimate imposition of non-existent or invalid intellectual property rights with anticompetitive purposes. It then addresses the abuses in the exercise of industrial property rights that are, in themselves, valid: exclusionary practices aimed at artificially raising barriers to entry, and exploitative practices, directly translated into the exercise of market power to the detriment of the consumer. The latter are turned into exploitative excessive prices, contractual degradations, quality or privacy degradations, as well as restrictions on supply such as hoarding/impediment to the exploitation of industrial property rights. The paper concludes that the prohibition of exploitative pricing under the current competition law is legally valid and effective, with certain methodological concerns in order to minimize the risk of wrongful convictions (such as the construction of "screening" tests of markets that are candidates for intervention). In view of such guidelines, the pharmaceutical industry appears to be an important candidate for antitrust attention, given the magnitude of the damages potentially derived from the non-intervention on the practice. Remedies in this area, importantly, should focus on identifying and solving the sector’s structural competitive problems. In the case of drugs subject to price regulation by the Drugs Market Regulation Chamber (CMED), the technical expertise of the competition authority may be of great value in competition advocacy, which is demonstrated in light of the recent discussions about extraordinary price adjustments due to competitive problems in a given market.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Research paper / South Centre ; 143 (11 de janeiro de 2022)
    Other subjects: Access to Healthcare; Access to Medicines; Antitrust; Brazil; Competition; Competition Law; Competition Policy; Competition Regulation; COVID-19; Health; Industrial Property; Industrial Property Rights; Intellectual Property; Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Pandemic; Pharmaceuticals; Graue Literatur
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (ca. 58 Seiten)
  9. Directives pour l'examen des demandes de brevet relatives aux produits pharmaceutiques
    Author: Correa, Carlos María
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Genève, Suisse

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: French
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Document de recherche / South Centre ; 171
    Other subjects: Arzneimittel / 1.1 x; Patent / 1.2 x; Patentrecht / 1.3 x; Theorie / 1.4 x; Access to Medicines; Intellectual Property; Patent; Pharmaceuticals; Public Health; Graue Literatur
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (74 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Tactical Entanglements
    AI Art, Creative Agency, and the Limits of Intellectual Property
    Author: Zeilinger, Martin
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  meson press, [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] ; OAPEN FOUNDATION, The Hague

    How do artistic experiments with artificial intelligence problematize human-centered notions of creative agency, authorship, and ownership? Offering a wide-ranging discussion of contemporary digital art practices, philosophical and technical... more

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    How do artistic experiments with artificial intelligence problematize human-centered notions of creative agency, authorship, and ownership? Offering a wide-ranging discussion of contemporary digital art practices, philosophical and technical considerations of AI, posthumanist thought, and emerging issues of intellectual property and the commons, this book is firmly positioned against the anthropomorphic spectacle of “creative AI.” It proposes instead the concept of the posthumanist agential assemblage, and invites readers to consider what new types of creative practice, what reconfigurations of the author function, and what critical interventions become possible when AI art provokes tactical entanglements between aesthetics, law, and capital.

     
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  11. The vaccine industry after the COVID-19 pandemic
    an international perspective
    Author: Lobo, Félix
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva, Switzerland

    The purpose of this report is to analyze the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on the vaccine industry from an international perspective. The objective is to learn from the experience and contribute to the design of better tools for future... more

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    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    DS 751
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    The purpose of this report is to analyze the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on the vaccine industry from an international perspective. The objective is to learn from the experience and contribute to the design of better tools for future vaccine development and manufacturing, as we must be prepared for future emerging infectious diseases with the potential for global expansion. This industry makes fundamental contributions to global social welfare, but from a business point of view it is complex and difficult to manage, and from an economic point of view it is an industry that does not fit the paradigm of competitive market efficiency with notorious market failures. We examine the impact of the pandemic on innovation and the scientific, technological and industrial development of vaccines and find that certain elements of the industry's structure have changed, while others have remained. We also summarize the lessons learned from the deployment of some public policies to boost supply and drive demand, paying particular attention to the inequity in the global distribution of vaccines and to the COVAX program. We conclude that some of the policies have been very effective, while others have not fully achieved their objectives. From the achievements and limitations, lessons can be drawn for the reformulation and expansion of global public policies that would stimulate R&D, manufacturing, distribution and access.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/301243
    Series: Research paper / South Centre ; 203 (11 July 2024)
    Subjects: Access to Medicines; Access to Vaccines; COVID-19; COVID-19 Technology Access Pool (C-TAP); COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX); Global Health; Health; Innovation; Intellectual Property; Pandemic; Pandemics; Public Health; Research and Development (R&D); Technology Transfer; TRIPS; TRIPS Agreement; TRIPS Waiver; Vaccine Equity; Vaccine Industry; Vaccine Inequity; Vaccine Nationalism; Vaccines
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Negotiating health and autonomy
    data exclusivity, healthcare policies and access to pharmaceutical innovations
    Author: Menezes, Henrique Zeferino de; Paranhos, Julia; Torres, Ricardo Lobato; Borges, Luciana Correira; Falcão, Daniela de Santana; Lima, Gustavo Soares Felix
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva, Switzerland

    This paper analyzes the debate over the international dissemination of data exclusivity as a form of protection for clinical trial data. This is a critical demand for pharmaceutical companies seeking larger market shares and longer periods of... more

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    This paper analyzes the debate over the international dissemination of data exclusivity as a form of protection for clinical trial data. This is a critical demand for pharmaceutical companies seeking larger market shares and longer periods of monopoly in order to recover investments in research and development and greater profitability. However, this is a sensitive issue with economic and social repercussions for developing countries that adopt this protection regime. This paper highlights critical issues for the political economy of innovation and presents a review of empirical studies that show that data exclusivity delays the entry of generic drugs into the market, increasing prices and reducing access. At the same time, its adoption has no benefits because there are no positive effects on internal technological innovation, nor reduction of the "International drug lag", nor the development of drugs for specific epidemiological demands.

     
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    hdl: 10419/301244
    Series: Research paper / South Centre ; 204 (24 July 2024)
    Subjects: Access to Medicines; Clinical Trials; Data Exclusivity; Generic Medicines; Health; Healthcare; Innovation; Intellectual Property; Pharmaceuticals; Research and Development (R&D); Test Data; Test Data Protection; TRIPS; TRIPS Agreement
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten)
  13. B2B (Business to Business) sale or exclusive licensing of a software-based Internet platform
    target driven, legally certain and compliant development of a tailored agreement
    Author: Grimm, Ulrich J.
    Published: 2024
    Publisher:  EIKV, European Institute for Knowledge and Value Management A.s.b.l., Wiltz, GD de Luxembourg

    The value of intangible properties for companies continues to increase. Intangible assets comprise, inter alia, patents, brand value, data, and software. Often, innova-tion activities resulted in in-house developed software-based internet platforms... more

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    The value of intangible properties for companies continues to increase. Intangible assets comprise, inter alia, patents, brand value, data, and software. Often, innova-tion activities resulted in in-house developed software-based internet platforms aimed at disrupting existing business models. A software-based internet platform consists of intellectual property in software (source code and object code, standard and individu-al, front-end and back-end), know-how, data and the trademark. Transferring usage rights on a software-based internet platform between businesses requires a license agreement once a decision on divestment of the in-house developed software-based internet platform has been made to allow for growth. By the means of a license, the intangible property rights can be exploited economically. A license agreement pro-vides plenty of flexibility. However, for a license many legal areas like the law of obli-gations, IP-rights, antitrust and competition laws, data protection laws, and other legal areas must be considered to legally authorize the usage of intangible assets, especial-ly in a B2B environment embedded in an international cross-border context. The challenge arises for maximizing the return on investment through efficient and com-pliant sale or exclusive licensing of the intellectual property while also targeting a prosperous future of the proficiently tailored software-based internet platform. A li-cense agreement has been developed based on a publicly available end-user license template. The license agreement defines in which form and to what extent (scope: exclusive, assignable, etc.) a licensor grants the licensee usage rights. Levers (com-mercial: license fee, success contribution, and investment) and options have been identified for the contract negotiation depending on the targets of the parties. The re-sult is a tailored license agreement for the transfer of a software-based internet plat-form in a cross-border B2B context that can be used as a template for companies facing a similar challenge. Following the described process, using tools in the form of an evaluation matrix, the executive summary or checklist, and most importantly the developed template license agreement the expectations of the parties will be met, the return on investment will be maximized, and excellent prospects for the in-house developed software-based internet platform will be provided.

     
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    Media type: Dissertation
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/300546
    Series: EIKV-Schriftenreihe zum Wissens- und Wertemanagement ; Band 54
    Subjects: License Agreement; Transfer Agreement; Software License; Intellectual Property; Intangible Assets; Internet Platform; B2B Contract Template; Scope of License; Targets and Process of Divestment; Levers for Negotiation; Evaluation Matrix; Executive Summary/Checklist
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 180 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Notes:

    Dissertation, DTMD University for Digital Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry,
  14. Régulation internationale des dessins et modèles industriels
    l'accord sur les ADPIC à l'aune du droit de l'Union européenne
    Author: Sicot, Adèle
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Genève, Suisse

    This paper analyzes the provisions of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) on designs, and the manner in which the narrow aspects dealt with by the Agreement have been addressed by European Union... more

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    This paper analyzes the provisions of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) on designs, and the manner in which the narrow aspects dealt with by the Agreement have been addressed by European Union (EU) legislation. The paper highlights the absence of a definition of protectable subject matter, and the considerable flexibility left to the member countries of the World Trade Organization to determine the framework of protection, notably on the basis of copyright. The paper also notes certain areas in which European legislation is more elaborate, and others which could be considered incompatible with the TRIPS Agreement.

     
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    Language: French
    Media type: Book
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    Series: Document de recherche / South Centre ; 212 (15 novembre 2024)
    Subjects: Copyright; European Union (EU); Industrial Designs; Intellectual Property; TRIPS; TRIPS Agreement; TRIPS Flexibilities; World Trade Organization (WTO)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten)
  15. Equity and pandemic preparedness
    navigating the 2024 Amendments to the International Health Regulations
    Author: Syam, Nirmalya
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva, Switzerland

    The amendments to the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR) agreed upon in May 2024 are important for strengthening global health emergency preparedness and response. The negotiations resulted in the IHR amendment now recognizing the... more

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    The amendments to the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR) agreed upon in May 2024 are important for strengthening global health emergency preparedness and response. The negotiations resulted in the IHR amendment now recognizing the importance of equity, including equitable access to health products, enhancing IHR core capacities, and mobilizing financing. The amendments note the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in facilitating timely access to necessary health products by removing barriers and supporting local production and distribution. However, the WHO authority to effectively act in those areas is limited. The IHR as amended will establish a Coordinating Financial Mechanism to provide predictable and sustainable financing for its implementation, particularly in developing countries. Despite some advancements, the amendments fall short of imposing concrete obligations on developed countries to facilitate timely access to health products and financial support and transfer of technology to developing countries. Overall, the amended IHR represent a significant step toward a more equitable global health framework, setting a precedent for future international health instruments, including the proposed pandemic treaty.

     
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  16. IP & external consumption effects
    generalizations from health care markets
    Author: Philipson, Tomas J.; Mechoulan, Stephanie; Jena, Anupam B.
    Published: 2006
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.

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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: NBER working paper series ; 11930
    Subjects: Forschung; Immaterialgüterrechte; Patentrecht; Externer Effekt; Gesundheitswesen; Pharmakologie; Ökonometrisches Modell; Drug Industry; Economic Competition; Externalities (Economics); Intellectual Property; Intellectual property; Models, Econometric; Patents as Topic; Pharmaceutical industry
    Scope: 40 S., graph. Darst.
    Notes:

    Internetausg.: papers.nber.org/papers/w11930.pdf - lizenzpflichtig

    Literaturverz. S. 32 - 34
  17. Trade secrets law
    Author: Franzoni, Luigi Alberto
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Department of Economics, Bologna, Italy

    The standardisation of trade secret protection was one of the goals of the TRIPs Agreement of 1998. Nevertheless, substantial differences in this protection remain across jurisdictions. When defining the optimal scope of trade secrets law, lawmakers... more

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    The standardisation of trade secret protection was one of the goals of the TRIPs Agreement of 1998. Nevertheless, substantial differences in this protection remain across jurisdictions. When defining the optimal scope of trade secrets law, lawmakers should be aware that strong trade secret protection is likely to promote inventiveness, but it is also likely to hinder the diffusion of knowledge and prevent competition.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/245906
    Series: Quaderni - working paper DSE / Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Department of Economics ; no 1150
    Subjects: Trade Secrets Law; Intellectual Property
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 10 Seiten)
  18. An examination of selected public health exceptions in Asian patent laws
    Author: Adachi, Kiyoshi
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva, Switzerland

    This study examines the variations within Asia of two exceptions to patent rights that are commonly justified under Article 30 of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPS... more

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    This study examines the variations within Asia of two exceptions to patent rights that are commonly justified under Article 30 of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPS Agreement), namely the research and experimentation exception and the regulatory review (or "Bolar") exception. Both these exceptions are important in the context of the 2001 Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health insofar as they are designed to provide flexibility to protect public health and support countries' overall scientific and technological aspirations. The study examines, from a comparative perspective, examples of these respective exceptions in patent legislation in South, Southeast and East Asia, and identifies peculiarities in the variations among countries in these sub-regions.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/262127
    Series: Research paper / South Centre ; 152 (21 April 2022)
    Subjects: Access to Medicines; Article 30 TRIPS; Asia; Bolar; Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health; East Asia; Experimentation Exception; Flexibilities; Health; Intellectual Property; Patent; Public Health; Research Exception; South Asia; South East Asia; TRIPS; TRIPS Agreement
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten)
  19. Patent analysis for medicines and biotherapeutics in trials to treat COVID-19
    Author: Ravi, Srividya
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva, Switzerland

    This report provides an analysis of patents covering medicines in trials to treat COVID-19. The aim of the report is to support national patent offices and interested parties in developing countries with information that can serve as guidance for the... more

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    This report provides an analysis of patents covering medicines in trials to treat COVID-19. The aim of the report is to support national patent offices and interested parties in developing countries with information that can serve as guidance for the examination of the claims contained in relevant patents or patent applications. The medicines considered for the patent analysis in this report are remdesivir, ruxolitinib, favipiravir, molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir, and the biotherapeutics tocilizumab, siltuximab and sarilumab.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/262128
    Series: Research paper / South Centre ; 153 (26 April 2022)
    Subjects: Access to Medicines; Affordable Medicines; Biotherapeutics; Coronavirus; COVID-19; Favipiravir; Global Health; Health; Intellectual Property; Molnupiravir; Nirmatrelvir; Pandemic; Patent; Patent Offices; Public Health; Remdesivir; Ruxolitinib; Sarilumab; Siltuximab; Tocilizumab
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. COVID-19 vaccines as global public goods
    between life and profit
    Author: King, Katiuska; Carranza Barona, César
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva, Switzerland

    In the context of a health emergency like the COVID-19 pandemic, the global availability of and access to vaccines are imperative. This research paper provides an analysis from the perspective of international political economy, of the financing of... more

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    In the context of a health emergency like the COVID-19 pandemic, the global availability of and access to vaccines are imperative. This research paper provides an analysis from the perspective of international political economy, of the financing of COVID-19 vaccines and of the market strategies adopted by some of the companies that developed them. It notes that the development of vaccines was supported by substantial public funding from countries that later received preferential access to those vaccines through advance purchases. Despite such public support, the vaccines were not deemed as public goods but remained under the control of their developers.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/262129
    Series: Research paper / South Centre ; 154 (9 May 2022)
    Subjects: Access to Vaccines; Advance Purchases; COVID-19; Global Common Goods; Global Health; Global Public Good; Global South; Health; Intellectual Property; Pandemic; Patent; Public Health; Vaccine Financing; Vaccines
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten)
  21. Brazilian competition law and access to health in Brazil
    exploitative pricing in the pharmaceutical sector
    Author: Castro, Bruno Braz de
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva

    This paper aims to analyze the interfaces between Brazilian Competition Law and the issue of access to medicines, with a special focus on abuse of industrial property rights and related exclusionary and exploitative effects. The paper analyzes the... more

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    This paper aims to analyze the interfaces between Brazilian Competition Law and the issue of access to medicines, with a special focus on abuse of industrial property rights and related exclusionary and exploitative effects. The paper analyzes the case law of Brazilian Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) in the pharmaceutical sector and discusses abusive practices such as illegitimately imposing non-existent or invalid intellectual property rights with anticompetitive purposes. It then addresses abusive strategies in the exercise of industrial property rights which are, in essence, valid: i.e., exclusionary practices, aimed at artificially raising barriers to entry; and exploitative practices, directly translated as the exercise of market power to the detriment of the consumer. The latter ultimately result in exploitative excessive prices; contractual, quality or privacy degradation; and restrictions on supply, such as by hoarding/preventing the exploitation of industrial property rights. The paper concludes that the prohibition of exploitative pricing under the current competition law is legally valid and effective, with certain methodological concerns towards reducing the risk of wrongful convictions (for instance, by applying screening tests to determine the markets that are candidates for intervention). In view of such guidelines, the pharmaceutical industry appears to be an important candidate for antitrust attention, given the magnitude of the harm potentially derived from non-intervention against the practice. Remedies in this area, importantly, should focus on identifying and solving the sector's structural competitive problems. In the case of medicines subject to price regulation by the Drug Market Regulation Chamber (CMED), the technical expertise of the competition authority may be of great value in terms of competition advocacy, a fact that is demonstrated in light of recent discussions on extraordinary price adjustments because of competitive problems in certain markets.

     
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    hdl: 10419/270388
    Series: Research paper / South Centre ; 143 (11 January 2022)
    Subjects: Access to Healthcare; Access to Medicines; Antitrust; Brazil; Competition; Competition Law; Competition Policy; Competition Regulation; COVID-19; Health; Industrial Property; Industrial Property Rights; Intellectual Property; Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Pandemic; Pharmaceuticals
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten)
  22. Platform liability and innovation
    Author: Jeon, Doh-Shin; Lefouili, Yassine; Madio, Leonardo
    Published: September 2022
    Publisher:  [Toulouse School of Economics], [Toulouse]

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    Edition: Current version: September 2022
    Series: Working papers / Toulouse School of Economics ; no 1361
    Subjects: Platform; Liability; Intellectual Property; Innovation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Reaping the fruits of research on microorganisms
    prospects and challenges for R&D and industry in Sri Lanka
    Author: Fernando, Ruwan
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva, Switzerland

    When the Intellectual Property Bill designed to secure compliance with the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ("TRIPS Agreement") was challenged in the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka, the Court determined that the... more

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    When the Intellectual Property Bill designed to secure compliance with the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ("TRIPS Agreement") was challenged in the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka, the Court determined that the patenting of naturally occurring microorganisms by right holders would result in the increase of the prices of diagnoses and cures. The Supreme Court found that in the absence in the Bill of mitigatory measures -as allowed by the TRIPS Agreement- and of a working definition of the term "microorganism", there was a violation of the right to equal protection under Article 12 (1) of the Constitution. In the circumstance, the patent protection for microorganisms was narrowed down to transgenic microorganisms. The policy makers do not appear to have disregarded the positive impact of the Supreme Court determination by making the necessary statutory provisions and policy changes to facilitate the patent applications on transgenic microorganisms, while ensuring that local researchers are not restrained from gaining access to naturally occurring microorganisms for research and development.

     
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    hdl: 10419/270384
    Series: Research paper / South Centre ; 159 (15 July 2022)
    Subjects: Budapest Treaty; Chakrabarty Test; Deposit Requirement; Disclosure; Health; Intellectual Property; Microorganisms; Patent; Patentability Criteria; Research and Development (R&D); Sri Lanka; TRIPS; TRIPS Agreement
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Manufacturing for export
    a TRIPS-consistent pro-competitive exception
    Author: Correa, Carlos María; Correa, Juan I.
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva, Switzerland

    The paper discusses the flexibilization of the sui generis system of supplementary protection certificates (SPCs) under European law recently introduced to allow for the manufacturing, stockpiling and export of covered products. Against this... more

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    The paper discusses the flexibilization of the sui generis system of supplementary protection certificates (SPCs) under European law recently introduced to allow for the manufacturing, stockpiling and export of covered products. Against this background, it examines the viability under the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPS Agreement) of an exception allowing for the manufacture and export of patent-protected products. It concludes that such an exception would promote competition and enhance access to medicines (including biologicals) for the general public while being consistent with Article 30 of the TRIPS Agreement if read in accordance with the principles of interpretation of customary international law.

     
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    hdl: 10419/270380
    Series: Research paper / South Centre ; 155 (27 May 2022)
    Subjects: Access to Medicines; Biologicals; Competition; Customary International Law; European Law; Exclusive Rights; Export; Health; Intellectual Property; Manufacture; Patent; Sui Generis System; Supplementary Protection Certificates (SPCs); TRIPS; TRIPS Agreement; World Trade Organization (WTO)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Twenty years after Doha
    an analysis of the use of the TRIPS Agreement's public health flexibilities in India
    Author: Abbas, Muhammad Zaheer
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva, Switzerland

    The World Trade Organization (WTO) linked intellectual property protection with trade. The WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), however, included a number of public health flexibilities in order to... more

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    The World Trade Organization (WTO) linked intellectual property protection with trade. The WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), however, included a number of public health flexibilities in order to provide latitude to the Member States to tailor their national patent laws to fit their individual needs. In 2001, the Doha Declaration further clarified and reaffirmed the existing TRIPS flexibilities. This paper argues that India has taken the lead role in enacting the TRIPS Agreement's substantive and procedural patent flexibilities by introducing unique legislative measures to deal with the problem of access to medicines. This article evaluates India's use of section 3(d) as a subject matter exclusivity provision. It examines constitutional validity and TRIPS compliance of section 3(d). It also evaluates India's use of the flexibility to define the term "inventive step". Moreover, this article evaluates India's use of compulsory licensing, the most notable exception to patent rights provided under the TRIPS Agreement. This empirical study is important in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has once again highlighted the same public health issues that the Doha Declaration sought to address twenty years ago.

     
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    hdl: 10419/270383
    Series: Research paper / South Centre ; 158 (15 June 2022)
    Subjects: Access to Medicines; Compulsory Licenses; COVID-19; Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health; Flexibilities; Health; India; Intellectual Property; Inventive Step; Pandemic; Patent; Patent Law; Public Health; Subject Matter Exclusions; TRIPS; TRIPS Agreement; TRIPS Flexibilities; World Trade Organization (WTO)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten)