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  1. <<The>> sociology of cartels
    Author: Haucap, Justus; Heldman, Christina
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE), Düsseldorf, Germany

    Traditional economic theory of collusion assumed that cartels are inherently unstable, and yet some manage to operate for years or even decades. While the literature has presented several determinants of cartel stability, the vast majority focuses on... more

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    Traditional economic theory of collusion assumed that cartels are inherently unstable, and yet some manage to operate for years or even decades. While the literature has presented several determinants of cartel stability, the vast majority focuses on firms as entities, even though cartels are typically formed between individuals who need to develop structures that allow them to establish trust and ensure cooperation. We analyze 15 German cartels, focusing on the individual participants, the communication and internal structures within the cartels as well as their breakup. Our results indicate that cartel members are highly homogeneous and often rely on existing networks within the industry. Most impressively, only two of the 156 individuals involved in these 15 cartels were female, suggesting that gender also plays a role for cartel formation. We further identify various forms of communication and divisions of responsibilities and show that leniency programs are a powerful tool in breaking up cartels. Based on these results we discuss implications for competition policy and further research

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 9783863043896
    Series: Discussion paper / Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE) ; no 390
    Subjects: Cartels; Collusion; Social Networks; Trust; Antitrust
    Scope: 31 Seiten, Diagramme
  2. Brazilian competition law and access to health in Brazil
    exploitative pricing in the pharmaceutical sector
    Author: Castro, Bruno Braz de
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva

    This paper aims to analyze the interfaces between Brazilian Competition Law and the issue of access to medicines, with a special focus on abuse of industrial property rights and related exclusionary and exploitative effects. The paper analyzes the... more

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    This paper aims to analyze the interfaces between Brazilian Competition Law and the issue of access to medicines, with a special focus on abuse of industrial property rights and related exclusionary and exploitative effects. The paper analyzes the case law of Brazilian Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) in the pharmaceutical sector and discusses abusive practices such as illegitimately imposing non-existent or invalid intellectual property rights with anticompetitive purposes. It then addresses abusive strategies in the exercise of industrial property rights which are, in essence, valid: i.e., exclusionary practices, aimed at artificially raising barriers to entry; and exploitative practices, directly translated as the exercise of market power to the detriment of the consumer. The latter ultimately result in exploitative excessive prices; contractual, quality or privacy degradation; and restrictions on supply, such as by hoarding/preventing the exploitation of industrial property rights. The paper concludes that the prohibition of exploitative pricing under the current competition law is legally valid and effective, with certain methodological concerns towards reducing the risk of wrongful convictions (for instance, by applying screening tests to determine the markets that are candidates for intervention). In view of such guidelines, the pharmaceutical industry appears to be an important candidate for antitrust attention, given the magnitude of the harm potentially derived from non-intervention against the practice. Remedies in this area, importantly, should focus on identifying and solving the sector's structural competitive problems. In the case of medicines subject to price regulation by the Drug Market Regulation Chamber (CMED), the technical expertise of the competition authority may be of great value in terms of competition advocacy, a fact that is demonstrated in light of recent discussions on extraordinary price adjustments because of competitive problems in certain markets.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Research paper / South Centre ; 143 (11 January 2022)
    Other subjects: Access to Healthcare; Access to Medicines; Antitrust; Brazil; Competition; Competition Law; Competition Policy; Competition Regulation; COVID-19; Health; Industrial Property; Industrial Property Rights; Intellectual Property; Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Pandemic; Pharmaceuticals; Graue Literatur
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (ca. 58 Seiten)
  3. Direito brasileiro da concorrência e acesso à saúde no Brasil
    preços exploratórios no setor de medicamentos
    Author: Castro, Bruno Braz de
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Genebra, Suíça

    This paper aims to analyze the interfaces between Brazilian Competition Law and the issue of access to medicines, with special focus on abuses of industrial property rights in their exclusionary and exploitative effects. The paper analyzes the case... more

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    This paper aims to analyze the interfaces between Brazilian Competition Law and the issue of access to medicines, with special focus on abuses of industrial property rights in their exclusionary and exploitative effects. The paper analyzes the case law of the Brazilian Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) in the medicines sector and discusses the abuses aiming at the illegitimate imposition of non-existent or invalid intellectual property rights with anticompetitive purposes. It then addresses the abuses in the exercise of industrial property rights that are, in themselves, valid: exclusionary practices aimed at artificially raising barriers to entry, and exploitative practices, directly translated into the exercise of market power to the detriment of the consumer. The latter are turned into exploitative excessive prices, contractual degradations, quality or privacy degradations, as well as restrictions on supply such as hoarding/impediment to the exploitation of industrial property rights. The paper concludes that the prohibition of exploitative pricing under the current competition law is legally valid and effective, with certain methodological concerns in order to minimize the risk of wrongful convictions (such as the construction of "screening" tests of markets that are candidates for intervention). In view of such guidelines, the pharmaceutical industry appears to be an important candidate for antitrust attention, given the magnitude of the damages potentially derived from the non-intervention on the practice. Remedies in this area, importantly, should focus on identifying and solving the sector’s structural competitive problems. In the case of drugs subject to price regulation by the Drugs Market Regulation Chamber (CMED), the technical expertise of the competition authority may be of great value in competition advocacy, which is demonstrated in light of the recent discussions about extraordinary price adjustments due to competitive problems in a given market.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Research paper / South Centre ; 143 (11 de janeiro de 2022)
    Other subjects: Access to Healthcare; Access to Medicines; Antitrust; Brazil; Competition; Competition Law; Competition Policy; Competition Regulation; COVID-19; Health; Industrial Property; Industrial Property Rights; Intellectual Property; Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Pandemic; Pharmaceuticals; Graue Literatur
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (ca. 58 Seiten)
  4. Challenges and pitfalls in cartel policy and fining
    Author: Boyer, Marcel; Faye, Anne Catherine; Kotchoni, Rachidi
    Published: November 2017
    Publisher:  CIRANO, Centre interuniversitaire de recherche en analyse des organisations, Montréal

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Scientific series / CIRANO, Centre interuniversitaire de recherche en analyse des organisations ; 2017s, 20
    Subjects: Competition Policy; Industrial Economics; Regulations; Cartels; Fines; Leniency; Antitrust; Dynamics
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Public policies in investment intensive industries
    Author: Immordino, Giovanni; Polo, Michele
    Published: [2013]
    Publisher:  IGIER, Università Bocconi, Milano, Italy

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Edition: This version: December, 2013
    Series: Working paper series / IGIER ; n. 507
    Subjects: Regulation; Antitrust; Legal Standards
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten)
  6. Die Ministererlaubnis als Element der deutschen Wettbewerbsordnung
    eine theoretische und empirische Analyse
    Author: Budzinski, Oliver; Stöhr, Annika
    Published: Juli 2018
    Publisher:  Technische Universität Ilmenau, Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Ilmenau ; Universitätsbibliothek

    Das Instrument der Ministererlaubnis ist ein vieldiskutierter Sonderfall in der deutschen Wettbewerbspolitik, bei welchem der Bundeswirtschaftsminister einen vom Bundeskartellamt (BKartA) untersagten Zusammenschluss bei Vorliegen besonderer Gründe im... more

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    Das Instrument der Ministererlaubnis ist ein vieldiskutierter Sonderfall in der deutschen Wettbewerbspolitik, bei welchem der Bundeswirtschaftsminister einen vom Bundeskartellamt (BKartA) untersagten Zusammenschluss bei Vorliegen besonderer Gründe im Nachhinein doch noch erlauben kann. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden sowohl die Ausgestaltung, als auch die Sinnhaftigkeit des Instrumentes an sich aus ökonomischer Sicht beleuchtet, indem zunächst die im Gesetz verankerten Gründe für eine Erlaubnis auf einen Konflikt mit dem Schutz des Wettbewerbs, als übergeordnete Aufgabe des BKartA, untersucht werden. Nach einer Analyse der bisherigen 22 Fälle, bezogen auf die jeweiligen Begründungen und Erfolge, werden abschließend fünf Möglichkeiten zur Novellierung des Instrumentes diskutiert. Dabei kommen die Autoren zu dem Schluss, dass eine Anpassung des Gesetzes, sowohl bezogen auf das entscheidende Gremium, als auch bezüglich der zulässigen Begründungen für eine Ministererlaubnis, notwendig wäre, um das Bestehen des Instrumentes wohlfahrtsökonomisch rechtfertigen zu können.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: German
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/181873
    RVK Categories: QC 000
    Series: Diskussionspapier / Technische Universität Ilmenau, Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre ; Nr. 114
    Subjects: Ministererlaubnis; Wettbewerbspolitik; Zusammenschlusskontrolle; Mergers & Acquisitions; Wettbewerbsökonomik; Antitrust; Recht & Ökonomik; Fusionskontrolle; Wettbewerbsordnung; Wirtschaftspolitik
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (59 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Competition enforcement and accounting for intangible capital
    Author: Kepler, John D.; McClure, Charles; Stewart, Christopher R.
    Published: [2024]
    Publisher:  [Stanford Graduate School of Business], [Stanford, CA]

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    Series: [Stanford University Graduate School of Business research paper ; no. 4861968]
    Subjects: Mergers and Acquisitions; Antitrust; Competition
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 86 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Vertical integration of multiproduct monopolists
    Author: Wang, Hao
    Published: 2021-07-07
    Publisher:  National School of Development, Peking University, [Beijing]

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    Series: Working paper series / China Center for Economic Research ; $lE 2021, 003
    Subjects: Antitrust; Multiproduct; Vertical integration
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 13 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. The effectiveness of leniency programs when firms choose the degree of collusion
    Author: Emons, Winand
    Published: 19 October 2018
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Discussion paper series / Centre for Economic Policy Research ; DP13262
    Subjects: Antitrust; cartels; deterrence; Leniency
    Scope: 17 Seiten
    Notes:

    Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe
  10. The sale of data
    learning synergies before M&As
    Author: Legros, Patrick; Dubus, Antoine
    Published: 23 June 2022
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Array ; DP17404
    Subjects: synergies; mergers; sale of data; incomplete information; Antitrust; privacy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten)
  11. Brazilian competition law and access to health in Brazil
    exploitative pricing in the pharmaceutical sector
    Author: Castro, Bruno Braz de
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva

    This paper aims to analyze the interfaces between Brazilian Competition Law and the issue of access to medicines, with a special focus on abuse of industrial property rights and related exclusionary and exploitative effects. The paper analyzes the... more

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    This paper aims to analyze the interfaces between Brazilian Competition Law and the issue of access to medicines, with a special focus on abuse of industrial property rights and related exclusionary and exploitative effects. The paper analyzes the case law of Brazilian Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) in the pharmaceutical sector and discusses abusive practices such as illegitimately imposing non-existent or invalid intellectual property rights with anticompetitive purposes. It then addresses abusive strategies in the exercise of industrial property rights which are, in essence, valid: i.e., exclusionary practices, aimed at artificially raising barriers to entry; and exploitative practices, directly translated as the exercise of market power to the detriment of the consumer. The latter ultimately result in exploitative excessive prices; contractual, quality or privacy degradation; and restrictions on supply, such as by hoarding/preventing the exploitation of industrial property rights. The paper concludes that the prohibition of exploitative pricing under the current competition law is legally valid and effective, with certain methodological concerns towards reducing the risk of wrongful convictions (for instance, by applying screening tests to determine the markets that are candidates for intervention). In view of such guidelines, the pharmaceutical industry appears to be an important candidate for antitrust attention, given the magnitude of the harm potentially derived from non-intervention against the practice. Remedies in this area, importantly, should focus on identifying and solving the sector's structural competitive problems. In the case of medicines subject to price regulation by the Drug Market Regulation Chamber (CMED), the technical expertise of the competition authority may be of great value in terms of competition advocacy, a fact that is demonstrated in light of recent discussions on extraordinary price adjustments because of competitive problems in certain markets.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/270388
    Series: Research paper / South Centre ; 143 (11 January 2022)
    Subjects: Access to Healthcare; Access to Medicines; Antitrust; Brazil; Competition; Competition Law; Competition Policy; Competition Regulation; COVID-19; Health; Industrial Property; Industrial Property Rights; Intellectual Property; Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Pandemic; Pharmaceuticals
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten)
  12. Simplifying the measure of concentration from common ownership
    a note
    Author: Estache, Antonio; Katté, Maxime; Kieffer, Christophe
    Published: June 2022
    Publisher:  ECARES, Brussels, Belgium

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/344277
    Series: ECARES working paper ; 2022, 19
    Subjects: Antitrust; Common Ownership; Institutional Investors; Market Power; Modified Herfindahl-Hirschman Index
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 15 Seiten)
  13. The sociology of cartels
    Author: Haucap, Justus; Heldman, Christina
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE), Düsseldorf, Germany

    Traditional economic theory of collusion assumed that cartels are inherently unstable, and yet some manage to operate for years or even decades. While the literature has presented several determinants of cartel stability, the vast majority focuses on... more

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    Traditional economic theory of collusion assumed that cartels are inherently unstable, and yet some manage to operate for years or even decades. While the literature has presented several determinants of cartel stability, the vast majority focuses on firms as entities, even though cartels are typically formed between individuals who need to develop structures that allow them to establish trust and ensure cooperation. We analyze 15 German cartels, focusing on the individual participants, the communication and internal structures within the cartels as well as their breakup. Our results indicate that cartel members are highly homogeneous and often rely on existing networks within the industry. Most impressively, only two of the 156 individuals involved in these 15 cartels were female, suggesting that gender also plays a role for cartel formation. We further identify various forms of communication and divisions of responsibilities and show that leniency programs are a powerful tool in breaking up cartels. Based on these results we discuss implications for competition policy and further research.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9783863043896
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263134
    Series: Discussion paper / Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE) ; no 390
    Subjects: Cartels; Collusion; Social Networks; Trust; Antitrust
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Competition in digital markets
    a review of expert reports
    Author: Lancieri, Filippo Maria; Sakowski, Patricia Morita
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Stigler Center for the Study of the Economy and the State, University of Chicago Booth School of Business, Chicago, IL

    Digital markets are at the forefront of competition policy. Over the past five years, antitrust regulators around the world have opened many investigations on digital platforms and issued and/or commissioned dozens of studies or expert reports that... more

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    Digital markets are at the forefront of competition policy. Over the past five years, antitrust regulators around the world have opened many investigations on digital platforms and issued and/or commissioned dozens of studies or expert reports that are focused on understanding the general competitive dynamics of markets such as online search, social media, e-commerce/marketplaces, and mobile operating systems. These studies and reports represent the forefront of our current understanding of how to adapt antitrust policy to the digital era. However, much of their wealth of knowledge is lost because these documents, which add up to thousands of pages of text, figures and tables, have been scattered around the websites of different competition agencies. This literature review consolidates the knowledge of twenty-two reports and studies on topics related to competition in digital markets issued by eighteen different authorities and expert panels around the world over the past five years. It addresses how these reports portray the general competitive dynamics of digital markets, the benefits generated by digitalization, the potential competitive shortcomings of digital markets in general and of well-defined relevant markets in particular, and the solutions that have been proposed to increase competition in the digital world. It also indicates areas where further academic research is needed. In doing so, it should serve as a guide to antitrust scholars, regulators, and practitioners, helping them understand the frontier of knowledge on the competitive dynamics of digital markets and the range of materials that are available for those who want to explore a certain topic more in-depth.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/262705
    Series: Working paper series / Chicago Booth, Stigler Center for the Study of the Economy and the State ; no. 303 (October 2020)
    Subjects: Antitrust; Competition Policy; Digital Markets; Regulation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 107 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Bank mergers in the financial crisis
    a competition policy perspective
    Author: Hellwig, Michael; Laser, Falk Hendrik
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, Mannheim, Germany

    We analyze a large merger in the Dutch banking market during the financial crisis using disaggregated data. Based on a merger simulation model, we evaluate merger-induced changes in the interest rates for savings accounts. We find that the merging... more

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    We analyze a large merger in the Dutch banking market during the financial crisis using disaggregated data. Based on a merger simulation model, we evaluate merger-induced changes in the interest rates for savings accounts. We find that the merging banks decreased interest rates by 3 to 5 percent and competitors by up to 1 percent. These anti-competitive effects translate into a loss of consumer welfare by roughly 69 million euros in 2010. We identify heterogeneous effects indicating that less educated consumers with lower savings are most affected. Our findings highlight the important role of competition policy during financial crisis mitigation.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
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    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/206418
    Series: Discussion paper / ZEW ; no. 19, 047 (11/2019)
    Subjects: Antitrust; competition policy; merger analysis; state aid; retail banking; random-coefficients logit models; differentiated products
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (51 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Merger policy in digital markets
    an ex-post assessment
    Author: Argentesi, Elena; Buccirossi, Paolo; Calvano, Emilio; Duso, Tomaso; Marrazzo, Alessia; Nava, Salvatore
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin

    This paper presents a broad retrospective evaluation of mergers and merger decisions in the digital sector. We first discuss the most crucial features of digital markets such as network effects, multi-sidedness, big data, and rapid innovation that... more

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    This paper presents a broad retrospective evaluation of mergers and merger decisions in the digital sector. We first discuss the most crucial features of digital markets such as network effects, multi-sidedness, big data, and rapid innovation that create important challenges for competition policy. We show that these features have been key determinants of the theories of harm in major merger cases in the past few years. We then analyse the characteristics of almost 300 acquisitions carried out by three major digital companies - Amazon, Facebook, and Google - between 2008 and 2018. We cluster target companies on their area of economic activity and show that they span a wide range of economic sectors. In most cases, their products and services appear to be complementary to those supplied by the acquirers. Moreover, target companies seem to be particularly young, being four-years-old or younger in nearly 60% of cases at the time of the acquisition. Finally, we examine two important merger cases, Facebook/Instagram and Google/Waze, providing a systematic assessment of the theories of harm considered by the UK competition authorities as well as evidence on the evolution of the market after the transactions were approved. We discuss whether the CAs performed complete and careful analyses to foresee the competitive consequences of the investigated mergers and whether a more effective merger control regime can be achieved within the current legal framework.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/213307
    Series: Discussion papers / Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung ; 1836
    Subjects: Electronic Commerce; Digitale Plattform; Übernahme; Fusion; Wettbewerbspolitik; Fusionskontrolle; Welt; Großbritannien; Digital Markets; Mergers; Network Effects; Big Data; Platforms; Ex-post; Antitrust
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Event studies in merger analysis
    review and an application using U.S. TNIC data
    Author: Klein, Timo
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    There is a growing concern that U.S. merger control may have been too lenient, but empirical evidence remains limited. Event studies have been used as one method to acquire empirical insights into the competitive effects of mergers. However, existing... more

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    There is a growing concern that U.S. merger control may have been too lenient, but empirical evidence remains limited. Event studies have been used as one method to acquire empirical insights into the competitive effects of mergers. However, existing work suffers from strong identifying assumptions, unreliable competitor identification or small samples. After reviewing the use and challenges of event studies in merger analysis, I use a novel application of Hoberg-Phillips (2010, 2016) Text-Based Network Industry Classification (TNIC) data to readily proxy a ranking of competitors to 1,751 of the largest U.S. mergers between 1997 and 2017. I document that following a merger announcement, the most likely competitors experience on average an abnormal return of around one percent. These abnormal returns are also associated with concerns of market power, which suggests that results are at least in part driven by an anticipation of anti-competitive effects, and hence insufficient merger control.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/220042
    Edition: Revision: March 2020
    Series: Array ; TI 2020, 005
    Subjects: Mergers; Antitrust; Event Studies; Text-Based Network Industry Classification
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Multisided markets and platform dominance
    Author: Alleman, James H.; Baranes, Edmond; Rappoport, Paul N.
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  International Telecommunications Society, Helsinki

    The internet giants - Facebook, Amazon, Netflix and Google, among others - have transformed society with both positive and negative effects. The negative effects have been stark. There have been huge disruptions caused by e-commerce. More recently,... more

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    The internet giants - Facebook, Amazon, Netflix and Google, among others - have transformed society with both positive and negative effects. The negative effects have been stark. There have been huge disruptions caused by e-commerce. More recently, subtler, but even more serious negative effects are only now being recognized: threats to democracy, violations of privacy, and monopolistic behavior. By traditional measures Facebook and Google are highly concentrated. Each has obtained de facto monopolistic or oligopolistic power with little concern on the part of government. Facebook and Google and other internet giants are multisided markets (MSM); their economic rents are "hidden" from the public. On the user-side of the market, prices are zero - "free." On the other side of the market, Facebook's and Google's revenues are derived from advertising which appears when the users click on advertiser's web sites. Facebook and Google can extract exorbitant prices for ads, since they are virtually the only source that can target ads directly to potential customers. This is where the economic rents are not so obvious. This paper addresses the monopolistic/monopsony aspect of the internet giants. In the singlesided market, monopoly pricing is well defined - as well as tests for predatory behavior; not so with multisided markets. Since the definition of markets is central to the legal enforcement of antitrust statutes, the paper examines non-transactional multisided markets for their potential for determining consumers' harm and welfare effects, as well as defining monopoly and predatory pricing in this context. Initial estimates of Google's and Facebook's social cost in terms of consumers' welfare loss are $54 and $33 billion, respectively and increasing cost to consumers at least $87 billion dollars. It demonstrates and quantifies that dominate internet platforms can create three major harms to consumers: - Increasing prices to consumers via added costs to the products being advertised, - Elimination (or non-emergence) of competition in markets to the products being advertised, - Increasing prices to consumers beyond the cost of advertising via the market power of the remaining firms in the market of the products being advertised The paper outlines potential remedies to ameliorate the problems.

     
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    hdl: 10419/205162
    Series: Towards a connected and automated society : 30th European Conference of the International Telecommunications Society, Helsinki Espoo - Finland, 16th - 19th June 2019
    Subjects: Advertising; Antitrust; Consumers' Surplus; Internet; Platform Economics; Regulation; Two-Sided/Multisided Markets
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 18 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Attention to online sales
    the role of brand image concerns
    Author: Dertwinkel-Kalt, Markus; Köster, Mats
    Published: April 2020
    Publisher:  Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE), Düsseldorf, Germany

    We provide a novel intuition for why manufacturers restrict their retailers' ability to resell brandproducts online. Our approach builds on models of limited attention according to which pricedisparities across distribution channels guide a... more

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    We provide a novel intuition for why manufacturers restrict their retailers' ability to resell brandproducts online. Our approach builds on models of limited attention according to which pricedisparities across distribution channels guide a consumer's attention toward prices and lower herappreciation for quality. Thus, absent vertical restraints, one out of two distortions - a quality ora participation distortion - can arise in equilibrium. We show that, by ruling out both distortions,vertical restraints can be socially desirable, but can also hurt consumers through higher retail prices.Thereby, we identify a novel trade-off between efficiency and consumer surplus.

     
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    Series: Discussion paper / Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE) ; no 335
    Subjects: Limited Attention; Online Sales; Antitrust; Vertical Restraints
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 86 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Big tech mergers
    Author: Motta, Massimo; Peitz, Martin
    Published: 26 January 2020
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Array ; DP14353
    Subjects: Acquisitions; Antitrust; Digital Markets; competition policy; platforms
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten)
  21. Vertical disintegration: the effect of refiner exit from gasoline retailing on retail gasoline pricing
    Author: Hosken, Daniel S.; Taylor, Christopher T.
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  Bureau of Economics, Federal Trade Commission, Washington, DC

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    Series: Working papers / Bureau of Economics, Federal Trade Commission ; no. 344 (July 2020)
    Subjects: Antitrust; Vertical Integration; Petroleum; Gasoline Retailing
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 76 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Digital platforms and antitrust
    Author: Parker, Geoffrey; Petropoulos, Georgios; Van Alstyne, Marshall
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  Bruegel, Brussels

    Digital platforms are at the heart of online economic activity, connecting multi-sided markets of producers and consumers of various goods and services. Their market power and their privileged ecosystem positions raise concerns that they may engage... more

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    Digital platforms are at the heart of online economic activity, connecting multi-sided markets of producers and consumers of various goods and services. Their market power and their privileged ecosystem positions raise concerns that they may engage in anti-competitive practices that reduce innovation and consumer welfare. This paper deals with the role of market competition and regulation in addressing these concerns. Traditional (ex-post) antitrust intervention will be less effective in markets driven by network effects unless it is combined with a proper (ex-ante) regulatory framework. Antitrust tools should focus on value creation and its distribution before focusing on competition. The scope of regulatory intervention should satisfy three criteria: i) value creation from operation of the platforms does not decrease due to the policy intervention; in particular, interventions should not reduce network effects; ii) allocative efficiency is based on distributing the value created in a fair way among market participants e.g. use of the Shapley Value. Fair and transparent rules must govern the platform ecosystem; iii) dynamic efficiency and competition ensure that incentives for market misconduct and anticompetitive strategies such as artificial entry barriers are eliminated. Market interventions that target a firm's market power should ideally retain value creation while also encouraging small firm entry and innovation. Data has a central role in online markets. Value creation is reinforced through a recursive a data capture and data deployment feedback loop which is enabled by machine learning technologies. A regulatory intervention that facilitates data sharing mechanisms, such that data will not only confer value to market leaders but also to their competitors to the benefit of consumers, is crucial for creating more competitive and innovative digital markets.

     
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    Series: Bruegel working paper ; 2020, issue 06 (23 November 2020)
    Subjects: Antitrust; regulation; digital platforms; data sharing
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Wettbewerb und Antitrust in Unterhaltungsmärkten
    Author: Budzinski, Oliver; Gänßle, Sophia; Lindstädt-Dreusicke, Nadine
    Published: Januar 2021
    Publisher:  Technische Universität Ilmenau, Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Ilmenau ; Universitätsbibliothek

    Dieser Beitrag fasst die ökonomischen Besonderheiten von Unterhaltungsmärkten zusammen und legt dabei einen besonderen Fokus auf Digitalisierungseffekte. Dabei werden die Aspekte Erfahrungsgüter und Qualität, Fixkostendegression & Güterheterogenität,... more

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    Dieser Beitrag fasst die ökonomischen Besonderheiten von Unterhaltungsmärkten zusammen und legt dabei einen besonderen Fokus auf Digitalisierungseffekte. Dabei werden die Aspekte Erfahrungsgüter und Qualität, Fixkostendegression & Güterheterogenität, Super-stareffekte, die Rolle (digitaler) Medien, sowie Preis- und Geschäftsmodelle diskutiert. Ein wesentliches Ergebnis der Betrachtung ist, dass Unterhaltungsmärkte im digitalen Zeitalter anfällig werden für typische Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen in digitalen Ökosystemen. Die Autoren unterstreichen diesen Befund mit einer Auswahl an relevanten und aktuellen Wettbewerbsproblemen und -fällen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass (i) die prowettbewerbliche Wirkung der Digitalisierung auf Medienmärkte fragil ist und des aktiven wettbewerbspolitischen Schutzes bedarf, (ii) nicht-horizontale Verflechtungen in digitalen Ökosystemen erhebliche Anreize zu behinderungswettbewerblichen Strategien wie Selbstbevorzugung, Monopolisierung und Raising Rivals Costs mit sich bringen und (iii) bisher funktionierende Abhilfemaßnahmen unter den Rahmenbedingungen digitalisierter Medien- und Unterhaltungsmärkte wohlfahrtssenkende Wirkungen entfalten können. Daher bedarf es einer Modernisierung der Wettbewerbsordnung für die Unterhaltungsindustrien.

     
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    Language: German
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    hdl: 10419/228751
    RVK Categories: QQ 000
    Series: Diskussionspapier / Technische Universität Ilmenau, Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre ; Nr. 147
    Subjects: Wettbewerb; Antitrust; Unterhaltungsindustrien; Entertainment; Wettbewerbsordnung; digitale Medienmärkte; Medienökonomik; Kulturökonomik; Streaming; Sport und Medien
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (46 Seiten)
  24. Vertical mergers with input substitution
    double marginalization, foreclosure and welfare
    Author: Moresi, Serge; Schwartz, Marius
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Georgetown University, Department of Economics, Washington, DC

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    Series: Working papers / Georgetown University, Department of Economics ; 21, 03
    Subjects: Vertical Mergers; Foreclosure; Input Substitution; Antitrust
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Notes:

    A shorter version of this paper is forthcoming in Economics Letters
  25. Discrupters and discontented incumbents: an antitrust story retold
    Author: Elbittar, Alexander; González, Patricio; Guerrero, Rubén; Mariscal, Elisa V.; Tsuru, Kiyoshi
    Published: noviembre 2019
    Publisher:  Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas A.C., Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad de México, México

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    hdl: 11651/3976
    Series: [Documentos de trabajo] / Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, División de Economía ; número 624
    Subjects: Net neutrality; OTTs; Convergence; Telecom; Antitrust; Technical change; Sham litigation; Copyright
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten)