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  1. Canon/archive
    large-scale dynamics in the literary field
    Autor*in: Algee-Hewitt, Mark; Allison, Sarah; Gemma, Marissa; Heuser, Ryan; Moretti, Franco; Walser, Hannah
    Verlag:  Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main

    Of the novelties introduced by digitization in the study of literature, the size of the archive is probably the most dramatic: we used to work on a couple of hundred nineteenth-century novels, and now we can analyze thousands of them, tens of... mehr

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    https://hds.hebis.de/ubffm/Record/HEB434665258

     

    Of the novelties introduced by digitization in the study of literature, the size of the archive is probably the most dramatic: we used to work on a couple of hundred nineteenth-century novels, and now we can analyze thousands of them, tens of thousands, tomorrow hundreds of thousands. It's a moment of euphoria, for quantitative literary history: like having a telescope that makes you see entirely new galaxies. And it's a moment of truth: so, have the digital skies revealed anything that changes our knowledge of literature? This is not a rhetorical question. In the famous 1958 essay in which he hailed "the advent of a quantitative history" that would "break with the traditional form of nineteenth-century history", Fernand Braudel mentioned as its typical materials "demographic progressions, the movement of wages, the variations in interest rates [...] productivity [...] money supply and demand." These were all quantifiable entities, clearly enough; but they were also completely new objects compared to the study of legislation, military campaigns, political cabinets, diplomacy, and so on. It was this double shift that changed the practice of history; not quantification alone. In our case, though, there is no shift in materials: we may end up studying 200,000 novels instead of 200; but, they're all still novels. Where exactly is the novelty?

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Englische, altenglische Literaturen (820)
    Schriftenreihe: Pamphlets of the Stanford literyry lab ; 11
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (13 Seiten), Diagramme
  2. On paragraphs. scale, themes, and narrative form
    Autor*in: Algee-Hewitt, Mark; Heuser, Ryan; Moretti, Franco
    Verlag:  Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main

    Different scales, different features. It’s the main difference between the thesis we have presented here, and the one that has so far dominated the study of the paragraph. By defining it as "a sentence writ large", or, symmetrically, as "a short... mehr

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    Different scales, different features. It’s the main difference between the thesis we have presented here, and the one that has so far dominated the study of the paragraph. By defining it as "a sentence writ large", or, symmetrically, as "a short discourse", previous research was implicitly asserting the irrelevance of scale: sentence, paragraph, and discourse were all equally involved in the "development of one topic". We have found the exact opposite: 'scale is directly correlated to the differentiation of textual functions'. By this, we don't simply mean that the scale of sentences or paragraphs allows us to "see" style or themes more clearly. This is true, but secondary. Paragraphs allows us to "see" themes, because themes fully "exist" only at the scale of the paragraph. Ours is not just an epistemological claim, but an ontological one: if style and themes and episodes exist in the form they do, it's because writers work at different scales – and do different things according to the level at which they are operating.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Literatur und Rhetorik (800)
    Schriftenreihe: Pamphlets of the Stanford literary lab ; 10
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (22 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Bankspeak
    the language of World Bank reports, 1946–2012
    Autor*in: Moretti, Franco; Pestre, Dominique
    Verlag:  Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main

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    DDC Klassifikation: Wirtschaft (330)
    Schriftenreihe: Pamphlets of teh Stanford literary lab ; pamphlet 9
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (23 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. "Operationalizing": or, the function of measurement in modern literary theory
    Autor*in: Moretti, Franco
    Erschienen: December 2013
    Verlag:  [Verlag nicht ermittelbar], [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] ; Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main

    The concept of length, the concept is synonymous, the concept is nothing more than, the proper definition of a concept ... Forget programs and visions; the operational approach refers specifically to concepts, and in a very specific way: it describes... mehr

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    The concept of length, the concept is synonymous, the concept is nothing more than, the proper definition of a concept ... Forget programs and visions; the operational approach refers specifically to concepts, and in a very specific way: it describes the process whereby concepts are transformed into a series of operations—which, in their turn, allow to measure all sorts of objects. Operationalizing means building a bridge from concepts to measurement, and then to the world. In our case: from the concepts of literary theory, through some form of quantification, to literary texts.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Englische, altenglische Literaturen (820)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (13 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Style at the scale of the sentence
    Autor*in: Allison, Sarah; Gemma, Marissa; Heuser, Ryan; Moretti, Franco; Tevel, Amir; Yamboliev, Irena
    Verlag:  Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main

    We would study not style as such, but style 'at the scale of the sentence': the lowest level, it seemed, at which style as a distinct phenomenon became visible. Implicitly, we were defining style as a combination of smaller linguistic units, which... mehr

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    https://hds.hebis.de/ubffm/Record/HEB434680222

     

    We would study not style as such, but style 'at the scale of the sentence': the lowest level, it seemed, at which style as a distinct phenomenon became visible. Implicitly, we were defining style as a combination of smaller linguistic units, which made it, in consequence, particularly sensitive to changes in scale—from words to clauses to whole sentences.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Literatur und Rhetorik (800)
    Schriftenreihe: Pamphlets of the Stanford literary lab ; pamphlet 5
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Network theory, plot analysis
    Autor*in: Moretti, Franco
    Erschienen: May 2011

    In the last few years, literary studies have experienced what we could call the rise of quantitative evidence. This had happened before of course, without producing lasting effects, but this time it’s probably going to be different, because this time... mehr

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    In the last few years, literary studies have experienced what we could call the rise of quantitative evidence. This had happened before of course, without producing lasting effects, but this time it’s probably going to be different, because this time we have digital databases, and automated data retrieval. As Michel’s and Lieberman’s recent article on "Culturomics" made clear, the width of the corpus and the speed of the search have increased beyond all expectations: today, we can replicate in a few minutes investigations that took a giant like Leo Spitzer months and years of work. When it comes to phenomena of language and style, we can do things that previous generations could only dream of. When it comes to language and style. But if you work on novels or plays, style is only part of the picture. What about plot – how can that be quantified? This paper is the beginning of an answer, and the beginning of the beginning is network theory. This is a theory that studies connections within large groups of objects: the objects can be just about anything – banks, neurons, film actors, research papers, friends... – and are usually called nodes or vertices; their connections are usually called edges; and the analysis of how vertices are linked by edges has revealed many unexpected features of large systems, the most famous one being the so-called "small-world" property, or "six degrees of separation": the uncanny rapidity with which one can reach any vertex in the network from any other vertex. The theory proper requires a level of mathematical intelligence which I unfortunately lack; and it typically uses vast quantities of data which will also be missing from my paper. But this is only the first in a series of studies we’re doing at the Stanford Literary Lab; and then, even at this early stage, a few things emerge.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Englische, altenglische Literaturen (820)
    Schriftenreihe: Literary lab ; pamphlet 2
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Quantitative formalism: an experiment
    Autor*in: Allison, Sarah; Heuser, Ryan; Jockers, Matthew Lee; Moretti, Franco; Witmore, Michael
    Verlag:  Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main

    This paper is the report of a study conducted by five people – four at Stanford, and one at the University of Wisconsin – which tried to establish whether computer-generated algorithms could "recognize" literary genres. You take 'David Copperfield',... mehr

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    https://hds.hebis.de/ubffm/Record/HEB434686999

     

    This paper is the report of a study conducted by five people – four at Stanford, and one at the University of Wisconsin – which tried to establish whether computer-generated algorithms could "recognize" literary genres. You take 'David Copperfield', run it through a program without any human input – "unsupervised", as the expression goes – and ... can the program figure out whether it's a gothic novel or a 'Bildungsroman'? The answer is, fundamentally, Yes: but a Yes with so many complications that it is necessary to look at the entire process of our study. These are new methods we are using, and with new methods the process is almost as important as the results.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Englische, altenglische Literaturen (820)
    Schriftenreihe: Pamphlets of the Stanford literary lab ; pamphlet 1
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Totentanz
    operationalizing Aby Warburg’s 'Pathosformeln'
    Autor*in: Impett, Leonardo; Moretti, Franco
    Verlag:  Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main

    The object of this study is one of the most ambitious projects of twentieth-century art history: Aby Warburg's 'Atlas Mnemosyne', conceived in the summer of 1926 – when the first mention of a 'Bilderatlas', or "atlas of images", occurs in his journal... mehr

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    The object of this study is one of the most ambitious projects of twentieth-century art history: Aby Warburg's 'Atlas Mnemosyne', conceived in the summer of 1926 – when the first mention of a 'Bilderatlas', or "atlas of images", occurs in his journal – and truncated three years later, unfinished, by his sudden death in October 1929. Mnemosyne consisted in a series of large black panels, about 170x140 cm., on which were attached black-and-white photographs of paintings, sculptures, book pages, stamps, newspaper clippings, tarot cards, coins, and other types of images. Warburg kept changing the order of the panels and the position of the images until the very end, and three main versions of the Atlas have been recorded: one from 1928 (the "1-43 version", with 682 images); one from the early months of 1929, with 71 panels and 1050 images; and the one Warburg was working on at the time of his death, also known as the "1-79 version", with 63 panels and 971 images (which is the one we will examine). But Warburg was planning to have more panels – possibly many more – and there is no doubt that Mnemosyne is a dramatically unfinished and controversial object of study.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Künste; Bildende und angewandte Kunst (700)
    Schriftenreihe: Pamphlets of the Stanford literary lab ; 16
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (10 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Patterns and interpretation
    Autor*in: Moretti, Franco
    Verlag:  Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main

    One thing for sure: digitization has completely changed the literary archive. People like me used to work on a few hundred nineteenth-century novels; today, we work on thousands of them; tomorrow, hundreds of thousands. This has had a major effect on... mehr

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    Universitätsbibliothek J. C. Senckenberg, Zentralbibliothek (ZB)
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    https://hds.hebis.de/ubffm/Record/HEB434689769

     

    One thing for sure: digitization has completely changed the literary archive. People like me used to work on a few hundred nineteenth-century novels; today, we work on thousands of them; tomorrow, hundreds of thousands. This has had a major effect on literary history, obviously enough, but also on critical methodology; because, when we work on 200,000 novels instead of 200, we are not doing the same thing, 1,000 times bigger; we are doing a different thing. The new scale changes our relationship to our object, and in fact 'it changes the object itself'.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Literatur und Rhetorik (800)
    Schriftenreihe: Pamphlets of the Stanford literary lab ; pamphlet 15
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (10 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. The emotions of London
    Autor*in: Heuser, Ryan; Moretti, Franco; Steiner, Erik
    Verlag:  Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main

    A few years ago, a group formed by Ben Allen, Cameron Blevins, Ryan Heuser, and Matt Jockers decided to use topic modeling to extract geographical information from nineteenth-century novels. Though the study was eventually abandoned, it had revealed... mehr

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    A few years ago, a group formed by Ben Allen, Cameron Blevins, Ryan Heuser, and Matt Jockers decided to use topic modeling to extract geographical information from nineteenth-century novels. Though the study was eventually abandoned, it had revealed that London-related topics had become significantly more frequent in the course of the century, and when some of us were later asked to design a crowd-sourcing experiment, we decided to add a further dimension to those early findings, and see whether London place-names could become the cornerstone for an emotional geography of the city.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Englische, altenglische Literaturen (820)
    Schriftenreihe: Pamphlets of the Stanford literary lab ; pamphlet 13
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (9 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Literature, measured
    Autor*in: Moretti, Franco
    Verlag:  Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main

    There comes a moment, in digital humanities talks, when someone raises the hand and says: "Ok. Interesting. But is it really new?" Good question... And let's leave aside the obvious lines of defense, such as "but the field is still only at its... mehr

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    There comes a moment, in digital humanities talks, when someone raises the hand and says: "Ok. Interesting. But is it really new?" Good question... And let's leave aside the obvious lines of defense, such as "but the field is still only at its beginning!", or "and traditional literary criticism, is that always new?" All true, and all irrelevant; because the digital humanities have presented themselves as a radical break with the past, and must therefore produce evidence of such a break. And the evidence, let's be frank, is not strong. What is there, moreover, comes in a variety of forms, beginning with the slightly paradoxical fact that, in a new approach, not everything has to be new. When "Network Theory, Plot Analysis” pointed out, in passing, that a network of Hamlet had Hamlet at its center, the New York Times gleefully mentioned the passage as an unmistakable sign of stupidity. Maybe; but the point, of course, was not to present Hamlet’s centrality as a surprise; it was exactly the opposite: had the new approach not found Hamlet at the center of the play, its plausibility would have disintegrated. Before using network theory for dramatic analysis, I had to test it, and prove that it corroborated the main results of previous research.

     
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    DDC Klassifikation: Literatur und Rhetorik (800)
    Schriftenreihe: Pamphlets of Stanford literary lab ; pamphlet 12
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (7 Seiten)